This book presents a vital resource -- a comprehensive interdisciplinary selection of seminal papers in the foundations of cognitive science, from leading figures in artificial intelligence, linguistics, philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience. The collection is organized around three broad conceptions of the mind: the mind as computer program, the mind as a neural network, and the mind as brain. Each category includes papers that articulate the conception in question, papers that illustrate it, papers that interpret or criticize it, and papers that provide necessary technical background. Finally, there is a section of classic papers on four broad questions which have shaped contemporary thinking in cognitive science: What is innate in the mind? Is the mind a seamless whole, or is it made up of independent modules that differ significantly from each other? Are our ordinary mental concepts, such as belief, desire, and intention, a good starting place for a scientific understanding of the mind, or are they artifacts of a pre-scientific conception that should be discarded? How should biology generally, and the evolution of animals in particular, constrain our theories about mental phenomena? Taken together, these papers give a sense of the history of the field as well as its contents by presenting the argumnets, models, data, and experiments that most crucially influence theory and practice in cognitive science.

Robert Cummins is Professor of Philosophy at the University of California, Davis. He is the author of The Nature of Psychological Explanation (1983), Meaning and Mental Representation (1987), and Representations, Targets and Attitudes (1996), as well as many articles and several edited volumes. He specializes in the foundations of cognitive science and the nature of mental representation.

Denise D. Cummins is Associate Research Professor of Social Sciences at the University of California, Davis. She is the author of The Other Side of Psychology (1995), The Evolution of Mind (ed. with Colin Allen), and Human Reasoning: an Evolutionary Perspective as well as numerous articles and reviews. She specializes in higher cognition from an evolutionary perspective.

Preface

viii

Part I The Mind as Computer

1

(168)

Introduction

3

(5)

A History of Thinking

8

(12)

D. Dellarosa Cummins

Minds and Machines

20

(14)

H. Putnam

Semantic Engines: An Introduction to Mind Design

34

(17)

J. Haugeland

The Language of Thought: First Approximations

51

(18)

J. A. Fodor

Vision

69

(15)

D. Marr

GPS, a Program that Simulates Human Thought

84

(11)

A. Newell

H. A. Simon

A Procedural Model of Language Understanding

95

(19)

T. Winograd

A General Learning Theory and its Application to Schema Abstraction

114

(26)

J. R. Anderson

P. J. Kline

C. M. Beasley, Jr

Minds, Brains, and Programs

140

(13)

J. R. Searle

Computing Machinery and Intelligence

153

(16)

A. M. Turing

Part II The Mind as Neural Network

169

(150)

Introduction

171

(8)

The Perceptron : A Probabilistic Model for Information Storage and Organization in the Brain

179

(19)

F. Rosenblatt

Cognitive Activity in Artificial Neural Networks

198

(19)

P. M. Churchland

Cooperative Computation of Stereo Disparity

217

(8)

D. Marr

T. Poggio

On Learning the Past Tenses of English Verbs

225

(34)

D. E.Rumelhart

J. L.McClelland

Parallel Networks that Learn to Pronounce English Text

259

(14)

T. J. Sejnowski

C. R. Rosenberg

Connectionism and the Problem of Systematicity : Why Smolensky's Solution Doesn't Work

273

(13)

J. A. Fodor

B. P. McLaughlin

Connectionism, Constituency, and the Language of Thought

286

(21)

P. Smolensky

Rules and Connections in Human Language

307

(12)

S. Pinker

A. Prince

Part III The Mind as Brain

319

(126)

Introduction

321

(2)

The Organization of Behavior

323

(10)

D. O. Hebb

In Search of the Engram

333

(18)

K. S. Lashley

A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity

351

(10)

W. S. McCulloch

W. H. Pitts

Is Consciousness a Brain Process?

361

(6)

U. T. Place

The Computational Brain : Anatomical and Physiological Techniques

367

(15)

P. S. Churchland

T. J. Sejnowski

What the Frog's Eye Tells the Frog's Brain

382

(15)

J. Y. Lettvin

H. R. Maturana

W. S. McCulloch

W. H. Pitts

Positron Emission Tomographic Studies of the Cortical Anatomy of Single-word Processing

397

(8)

S. E. Petersen

P. T. Fox

M. I. Posner

M. Mintun

M. E. Raichle

Computational Neuroscience

405

(15)

T. J. Sejnowski

C. Koch

P. S. Churchland

Two Cortical Visual Systems

420

(25)

L. G. Ungerleider

M. Mishkin

Part IV Special Topics

445

(99)

Introduction

447

(5)

Recent Contributions to the Theory of Innate Ideas

452

(6)

N. Chomsky

The ``Innateness Hypothesis'' and Explanatory Models in Linguistics

458

(6)

H. Putnam

Linguistics and Philosophy

464

(20)

N. Chomsky

Initial Knowledge : Six Suggestions

484

(9)

E.Spelke

Precis of The Modularity of Mind

493

(7)

J. A. Fodor

Eliminative Materialism and the Propositional Attitudes

500

(13)

P. M. Churchland

The Social Function of Intellect

513

(10)

N. K. Humphrey

Origins of Domain Specificity : The Evolution of Functional Organization

523

(21)

L. Cosmides

J. Tooby

Index

544

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