Mineral and Thermal Groundwater Resources

by Albu, Marius; Banks, David; Nash, Harriet

• ISBN13: 9780412610400
• ISBN10: 041261040X
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1997-09-01
• Publisher: Chapman & Hall

Table of Contents

List of contributors	ix	(3)
Acknowledgments	xii	(1)
Introduction	xiii
Part One Mineral and Thermal Groundwater Resources	3	(202)
Marius Albu
David Banks
Harriet Nash
1 History of mineral and thermal waters	3	(18)
1.1 Therapeutic waters	4	(8)
1.2 Mineral extraction from groundwaters	12	(2)
1.3 Bottling of mineral waters	14	(5)
1.4 Energy from thermal waters	19	(2)
2 Uses of mineral and thermal waters	21	(27)
2.1 Mineral waters	21	(2)
2.2 Therapeutic spas	23	(10)
2.3 Regulations governing mineral and bottled waters	33	(6)
2.4 Geothermal energy	39	(9)
3 Hydrogeochemistry and origin of mineral waters	48	(53)
3.1 Introduction	48	(1)
3.2 Chemical evolution of groundwater	49	(7)
3.3 Hydrochemical principles	56	(14)
3.4 Evolution of groundwater in a stratabound aquifer	70	(6)
3.5 Evolution of groundwater in crystalline rocks	76	(2)
3.6 Radioactive mineral waters	78	(9)
3.7 Categories of mineral waters	87	(5)
3.8 Isotope hydrochemistry, water origins and groundwater dating	92	(9)
4 Thermal water systems	101	(18)
4.1 Heat production and heat flow	101	(3)
4.2 Heat transport	104	(1)
4.3 Geothermal systems	105	(2)
4.4 Thermal water systems	107	(1)
4.5 Origins and chemistry of thermal waters	118	(1)
5 Investigation of mineral and thermal water systems	119	(26)
5.1 Stages of investigation	119	(2)
5.2 The resource base	121	(1)
5.3 Exploration	121	(13)
5.4 Estimation of the potential yield of mineral waters	134	(7)
5.5 Methods for estimating the quantity of heat stored in thermal water systems	141	(4)
6 Modelling of groundwater systems	145	(16)
6.1 Conceptual models	145	(1)
6.2 Constructing a model	146	(3)
6.3 Fundamental equations	149	(2)
6.4 Analytical modelling	151	(1)
6.5 Numerical modelling	151	(8)
6.6 Comparison of modelling methods	159	(2)
7 Exploitation and management of mineral and thermal waters	161	(29)
7.1 Abstraction of mineral waters	161	(1)
7.2 Abstraction of thermal waters	162	(1)
7.3 Drilling and borehole construction	163	(2)
7.4 Scaling and corrosion	165	(4)
7.5 Transport	169	(1)
7.6 Heat recoverability	169	(5)
7.7 Heat regeneration	174	(5)
7.8 Resource management	179	(11)
8 Environmental issues and conservation	190	(15)
8.1 Anthropogenic impacts	190	(2)
8.2 Concerns of mineral water exploitation	192	(1)
8.3 Protection of mineral water resources	192	(2)
8.4 Impacts of exploitation of thermal waters	194	(3)
8.5 Operational characterization of resource conservation	197	(8)
Part Two Case Studies	205	(201)
9 Geothermal energy in Iceland	205	(30)
Hjalti Franzson
Jens Tomasson
Gudrun Sverrisdottir
Freysteinn Sigurdsson
9.1 Geological outline	205	(2)
9.2 Geothermal activity, hydrogeology and chemistry	207	(6)
9.3 History of exploitation of geothermal resources	213	(1)
9.4 Case studies	214	(20)
Acknowledgments	234	(1)
10 The spas of England	235	(46)
David Banks
10.1 Introduction	235	(2)
10.2 The spas of London and Surrey	237	(4)
10.3 The `wyches' of Mercia and Cheshire	241	(2)
10.4 Other Mercian spas	243	(4)
10.5 Spas of the Carboniferous limestone of the White Peak	247	(19)
10.6 Harrogate spas	266	(7)
10.7 Bath	273	(8)
11 Geothermal and mineral water resources of Lithuania	281	(36)
Vytautas Juodkazis
Povilas Suveizdis
Vita Rasteniene
11.1 Geological context	281	(1)
11.2 Mineral waters of Lithuania	281	(22)
11.3 Geothermal energy	303	(14)
12 Natural mineral waters of Mineralnye Vody region of north Caucasus, CIS	317	(14)
John Ferry
12.1 Introduction	317	(2)
12.2 Geography	319	(1)
12.3 Geology	320	(1)
12.4 Hydrogeology	321	(4)
12.5 Narzan bottled water source	325	(2)
12.6 Resource management	327	(1)
12.7 Narzan water quality	328	(3)
13 Geological, hydrochemical, regulatory and economic aspects of natural packaged water production: Nordland County, Norway	331	(26)
Arve Misund
Patrice de Caritat
13.1 Introduction	331	(2)
13.2 Methodology	333	(1)
13.3 Geology and hydrogeology	334	(13)
13.4 Spring water, mineral water or packaged water?	347	(2)
13.5 Hydrogeochemistry	349	(2)
13.6 Logistical considerations	351	(2)
13.7 Export possibilities	353	(2)
13.8 Discussion and conclusions	355	(1)
Acknowledgments	356	(1)
14 The mineral and thermal waters of the Krusne Hory rift valley, Czech Republic	357	(19)
Zbynek Hrkal
14.1 Introduction	357	(4)
14.2 Karlovy Vary	361	(5)
14.3 Marianske Lazne	366	(5)
14.4 Frantiskovy Lazne	371	(2)
14.5 Hajek-Soos	373	(1)
14.6 Jachymov	374	(2)
15 The spa of Buzias, Romania	376	(13)
Mirced U. Feru
Adrian Feru
15.1 Position and brief history	376	(1)
15.2 Geology and occurrence of groundwater	377	(1)
15.3 The mineral water resource	378	(6)
15.4 Exploitation of mineral waters	384	(2)
15.5 Utilization of mineral waters	386	(1)
15.6 Optimization of exploitation	386	(1)
15.7 Protection and conservation of sources	387	(2)
16 Optimization of exploitation of geothermal reservoirs in the Pannonian Basin, Romania	389	(17)
Horia Mitrofan
Viorel Serbu
16.1 Introduction	389	(1)
16.2 Reservoir characteristics	390	(2)
16.3 Specific management approaches	392	(2)
16.4 Single well analysis	394	(6)
16.5 Well field analysis	400	(3)
16.6 Final Remarks	403	(2)
Acknowledgments	405	(1)
References	406	(25)
Index	431