The Mit Encyclopedia of Communication Disorders

by Raymond D. Kent (Ed.)

• ISBN13: 9780262112789
• ISBN10: 0262112787
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-10-01
• Publisher: MIT PRESS

Summary

A massive reference work on the scale of MITECS (The MIT Encyclopedia of Cognitive Sciences), The MIT Encyclopedia of Communication Disorderswill become the standard reference in this field for both research and clinical use. It offers almost 200 detailed entries, covering the entire range of communication and speech disorders in children and adults, from basic science to clinical diagnosis. MITECDis divided into four sections that reflect the standard categories within the field (also known as speech-language pathology and audiology): Voice, Speech, Language, and Hearing. Within each category, entries are organized into three subsections: Basic Science, Disorders, and Clinical Management. Basic Science includes relevant information on normal anatomy and physiology, physics, psychology and psychophysics, and linguistics; this provides a scientific foundation for entries in the other subsections. The entries that appear under Disorders offer information on the definition and characterization of specific disorders, and tools for their identification and assessment. The Clinical Management subsection describes appropriate interventions, including behavioral, pharmacological, surgical, and prosthetic. Because the approach to communication disorders can be quite different for children and adults, many topics include separate entries reflecting this. Although some disorders that are first diagnosed in childhood may persist in some form throughout adulthood, many disorders can have an onset in either childhood or adulthood, and the timing of onset can have many implications for both assessment and intervention. Topics covered in MITECDinclude cochlear implants for children and adults, pitch perception, tinnitus, alaryngeal voice and speech rehabilitation, neural mechanisms of vocalization, holistic voice therapy techniques, computer-based approaches to children?s speech and language disorders, neurogenic mutism, regional dialect, agrammatism, global aphasia, and psychosocial problems associated with communicative disorders.

Table of Contents

Introduction	ix
Acknowledgments	xi
Part I: Voice	1	(98)
Acoustic Assessment of Voice	3	(4)
Aerodynamic Assessment of Vocal Function	7	(3)
Alaryngeal Voice and Speech Rehabilitation	10	(3)
Anatomy of the Human Larynx	13	(7)
Assessment of Functional Impact of Voice Disorders	20	(3)
Electroglottographic Assessment of Voice	23
Functional Voice Disorders	21	(9)
Hypokinetic Laryngeal Movement Disorders	30	(2)
Infectious Diseases and Inflammatory Conditions of the Larynx	32	(3)
Instrumental Assessment of Children's Voice	35	(3)
Laryngeal Movement Disorders: Treatment with Botulinum Toxin	38	(3)
Laryngeal Reinnervation Procedures	41	(4)
Laryngeal Trauma and Peripheral Structural Ablations	45	(4)
Psychogenic Voice Disorders: Direct Therapy	49	(2)
The Singing Voice	51	(3)
Vocal Hygiene	54	(2)
Vocal Production System: Evolution	56	(3)
Vocalization, Neural Mechanisms of	59	(4)
Voice Acoustics	63
Voice Disorders in Children	61	(11)
Voice Disorders of Aging	72	(3)
Voice Production: Physics and Physiology	75	(3)
Voice Quality, Perceptual Evaluation of	78	(2)
Voice Rehabilitation After Conservation Laryngectomy	80	(2)
Voice Therapy: Breathing Exercises	82	(3)
Voice Therapy: Holistic Techniques	85	(3)
Voice Therapy for Adults	88	(3)
Voice Therapy for Neurological Aging-Related Voice Disorders	91	(4)
Voice Therapy for Professional Voice Users	95	(4)
Part II: Speech	99	(130)
Apraxia of Speech: Nature and Phenomenology	101	(3)
Apraxia of Speech: Treatment	104	(3)
Aprosodia	107	(3)
Augmentative and Alternative Communication
Approaches in Adults	110	(2)
Augmentative and Alternative Communication Approaches in Children	112	(3)
Autism	115	(4)
Bilingualism, Speech Issues in	119	(2)
Developmental Apraxia of Speech	121	(3)
Dialect, Regional	124	(2)
Dysarthrias: Characteristics and Classification	126	(3)
Dysarthrias: Management	129	(3)
Dysphagia, Oral and Pharyngeal	132	(3)
Early Recurrent Otitis Media and Speech Development	135	(2)
Laryngectomy	137	(3)
Mental Retardation and Speech in Children	140	(2)
Motor Speech Involvement in Children	142	(3)
Mutism, Neurogenic	145	(2)
Orofacial Myofunctional Disorders in Children	147	(3)
Phonetic Transcription of Children's Speech	150	(3)
Phonological Awareness Intervention for Children with Expressive Phonological Impairments	153	(3)
Phonological Errors, Residual	156	(2)
Phonology: Clinical Issues in Serving Speakers of African-American Vernacular English	158	(3)
Psychosocial Problems Associated with Communicative Disorders	161	(3)
Speech and Language Disorders in Children: Computer Based Approaches	164	(3)
Speech and Language Issues in Children from Asian Pacific Backgrounds	167	(2)
Speech Assessment, Instrumental	169	(5)
Speech Assessment in Children: Descriptive Linguistic Methods	174	(2)
Speech Development in Infants and Young Children with a Tracheostomy	176	(4)
Speech Disfluency and Stuttering in Children	180	(3)
Speech Disorders: Genetic Transmission	183	(3)
Speech Disorders in Adults, Psychogenic	186	(3)
Speech Disorders in Children: A Psycholinguistic Perspective	189	(3)
Speech Disorders in Children: Behavioral Approaches to Remediation	192	(2)
Speech Disorders in Children: Birth-Related Risk Factors	194	(2)
Speech Disorders in Children: Cross-Linguistic Data	196	(2)
Speech Disorders in Children: Descriptive Linguistic Approaches	198	(2)
Speech Disorders in Children: Motor Speech Disorders of Known Origin	200	(4)
Speech Disorders in Children: Speech-Language Approaches	204	(3)
Speech Disorders Secondary to Hearing Impairment Acquired in Adulthood	207	(3)
Speech Issues in Children from Latino Backgrounds	210	(3)
Speech Sampling, Articulation Tests, and Intelligibility in Children with Phonological Errors	213	(2)
Speech Sampling, Articulation Tests, and Intelligibility in Children with Residual Errors	215	(3)
Speech Sound Disorders in Children: Description and Classification	218	(2)
Stuttering	220	(3)
Transsexualism and Sex Reassignment: Speech Differences	223	(3)
Ventilator-Supported Speech Production	226	(3)
Part III: Language	229	(182)
Agrammatism	231	(2)
Agraphia	233	(3)
Alexia	236	(4)
Alzheimer's Disease	240	(3)
Aphasia, Global	243	(2)
Aphasia, Primary Progressive	245	(4)
Aphasia: The Classical Syndromes	249	(3)
Aphasia, Wernicke's	252	(2)
Aphasia Treatment: Computer-Aided
Rehabilitation	254	(3)
Aphasia Treatment: Pharmacological Approaches	257	(3)
Aphasia Treatment: Psychosocial Issues	260	(2)
Aphasic Syndromes: Connectionist Models	262	(3)
Aphasiology, Comparative	265	(4)
Argument Structure: Representation and Processing	269	(3)
Attention and Language	272	(3)
Auditory-Motor Interaction in Speech and Language	275	(2)
Augmentative and Alternative Communication: General Issues	277	(2)
Bilingualism and Language Impairment	279	(4)
Communication Disorders in Adults: Functional Approaches to Aphasia	283	(2)
Communication Disorders in Infants and Toddlers	285	(3)
Communication Skills of People with Down Syndrome	288	(3)
Dementia	291	(3)
Dialect Speakers	294	(3)
Dialect Versus Disorder	297	(3)
Discourse	300	(2)
Discourse Impairments	302	(3)
Functional Brain Imaging	305	(2)
Inclusion Models for Children with Developmental Disabilities	307	(4)
Language Development in Children with Focal Lesions	311	(3)
Language Disorders in Adults: Subcortical Involvement	314	(4)
Language Disorders in African-American Children	318	(3)
Language Disorders in Latino Children	321	(3)
Language Disorders in School-Age Children: Aspects of Assessment	324	(2)
Language Disorders in School-Age Children: Overview	326	(3)
Language Impairment and Reading Disability	329	(2)
Language Impairment in Children: Cross-Linguistic Studies	331	(2)
Language in Children Who Stutter	333	(3)
Language of the Deaf: Acquisition of English	336	(3)
Language of the Deaf: Sign Language	339	(5)
Lingustic Aspects of Child Language Impairment Prosody	344	(3)
Melodic Intonation Therapy	347	(2)
Memory and Processing Capacity	349	(3)
Mental Retardation	352	(2)
Morphosyntax and Syntax	354	(4)
Otitis Media: Effects on Children's Language	358	(3)
Perseveration	361	(2)
Phonological Analysis of Language Disorders in Aphasia	363	(3)
Phonology and Adult Aphasia	366	(3)
Poverty: Effects on Language	369	(3)
Pragmatics	372	(3)
Prelinguistic Communication Intervention for Children with Developmental Disabilities	375	(3)
Preschool Language Intervention	378	(3)
Prosodic Deficits	381	(2)
Reversibility/Mapping Disorders	383	(3)
Right Hemisphere Language and Communication Functions in Adults	386	(2)
Right Hemisphere Language Disorders	388	(4)
Segmentation of Spoken Language by Normal Adult Listeners	392	(3)
Semantics	395	(3)
Social Development and Language Impairment	398	(4)
Specific Language Impairment in Children	402	(3)
Syntactic Tree Pruning	405	(2)
Trace Deletion Hypothesis	407	(4)
Part IV: Hearing	411	(158)
Amplitude Compression in Hearing Aids	413	(8)
Assessment of and Intervention with Children Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing	421	(3)
Audition in Children, Development of	424	(3)
Auditory Brainstem Implant	427	(2)
Auditory Brainstem Response in Adults	429	(4)
Auditory Neuropathy in Children	433	(4)
Auditory Scene Analysis	437	(2)
Auditory Training	439	(3)
Classroom Acoustics	442	(2)
Clinical Decision Analysis	444	(3)
Cochlear Implants	447	(3)
Cochlear Implants in Adults: Candidacy	450	(4)
Cochlear Implants in Children	454	(4)
Dichotic Listening	458	(3)
Electrocochleography	461	(6)
Electronystagmography	467	(4)
Frequency Compression	471	(4)
Functional Hearing Loss in Children	475	(2)
Genetics and Craniofacial Anomalies	477	(3)
Hearing Aid Fitting: Evaluation of Outcomes	480	(2)
Hearing Aids: Prescriptive Fitting	482	(5)
Hearing Aids: Sound Quality	487	(2)
Hearing Loss and the Masking-Level Difference	489	(4)
Hearing Loss and Teratogenic Drugs or Chemicals	493	(2)
Hearing Loss Screening: The School-Age Child	495	(2)
Hearing Protection Devices	497	(3)
Masking	500	(4)
Middle Ear Assessment in the Child	504	(4)
Noise-Induced Hearing Loss	508	(3)
Otoacoustic Emissions	511	(4)
Otoacoustic Emissions in Children	515	(3)
Ototoxic Medications	518	(2)
Pediatric Audiology: The Test Battery Approach	520	(2)
Physiological Bases of Hearing	522	(3)
Pitch Perception	525	(2)
Presbyacusis	527	(4)
Pseudohypacusis	531	(3)
Pure-Tone Threshold Assessment	534	(4)
Speech Perception Indices	538	(3)
Speech Tracking	541	(2)
Speechreading Training and Visual Tracking	543	(5)
Suprathreshold Speech Recognition	548	(2)
Temporal Integration	550	(3)
Temporal Resolution	553	(3)
Tinnitus	556	(2)
Tympanometry	558	(5)
Vestibular Rehabilitation	563	(6)
Contributors	569	(8)
Name Index	577	(26)
Subject Index	603