Modeling Coastal And Offshore Processes

by Dyke, Phil

• ISBN13: 9781860946745
• ISBN10: 1860946747
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2007-07-30
• Publisher: World Scientific Pub Co Inc

Summary

Modeling is now a major tool for important environmental strategies. This book allows the non-specialist reader to understand and criticize current models of the shallow sea and coastal environments. Sufficient background on mathematics and statistics is covered, but readers disinclined to spend time on this may use the book as a reference guide in modeling. Topics include the numerical schemes used, modeling the sea bed, modeling shallow sea dynamics and, unusually for this type of book, modeling ecosystems and animals.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. vii
Modeling Preliminaries	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Introduction to Modeling	p. 2
Environmental Issues	p. 4
The Modeling Process	p. 7
Engineering Projects and Consultancy	p. 11
Public Perception and Legal Issues	p. 12
Mathematical Preliminaries	p. 15
Statistical Preliminaries	p. 28
Maximum Likelihood Estimation	p. 40
Regression	p. 42
Principal Component Analysis	p. 48
Exercises	p. 55
Modeling Tools and Techniques	p. 57
Introduction	p. 57
The Buckingham Pi Theorem	p. 59
Dynamic Balances	p. 62
The Kalman Filter and Data Assimilation	p. 66
New Ideas on Modeling	p. 69
Genetic Algorithms	p. 70
Neural Networks	p. 71
Exercises	p. 72
Mathematical Foundations	p. 73
Introduction	p. 73
Fluid Mechanics	p. 73
The Shallow Water Equations	p. 78
Bernoulli Equation	p. 81
Modeling Waves	p. 83
Simple Harmonic Motion	p. 85
Energy of Water Waves	p. 94
Linear Surface Water Waves	p. 96
Modeling Turbulence	p. 99
Parameterising Bottom Friction	p. 106
Exercises	p. 108
Numerical Methods	p. 111
Introduction	p. 111
Finite Differences	p. 114
Errors and Instability	p. 118
Finite Differences in Coastal Sea Modeling	p. 123
The Arakawa Grids	p. 127
Boundary Conditions	p. 129
The Sea Bed	p. 134
Coastlines	p. 140
Open Boundaries	p. 143
The Start Condition	p. 146
Finite Element Schemes	p. 146
Rayleigh-Ritz Method	p. 149
Galerkin Weighted Residual Technique	p. 151
Finite Element Techniques in Coastal Sea Modeling	p. 153
Computational Fluid Dynamics	p. 156
Practical Data Assimilation	p. 158
Exercises	p. 161
Modeling Diffusion	p. 163
Introduction	p. 163
The Process of Diffusion	p. 164
Fickian Diffusion	p. 165
Shear Diffusion	p. 172
Homogeneous Diffusion	p. 176
Particle Tracking	p. 181
Box Models	p. 183
Case Studies in Diffusion	p. 184
A Particle Tracking Model	p. 184
Modeling Diffusion in the North Sea	p. 188
Modeling the Motion of Spilt Oil	p. 190
Multi-Phase Oil Spill Modeling	p. 194
Modeling Plumes	p. 195
Exercises	p. 200
Shoreline Management	p. 203
Introduction	p. 203
Applied Linear Wave Theory	p. 205
Real Sea Waves	p. 211
Extreme Events	p. 222
Interactions and Wider Issues	p. 227
Coastline Change	p. 233
Modeling Erosion	p. 234
Currents	p. 236
Software for Erosion Modeling	p. 237
Risk and Forecasting	p. 244
Exercises	p. 247
Ecosystems and other Biological-Modeling	p. 249
Introduction	p. 249
Population Models	p. 250
Michaelis-Menten Relationship	p. 258
Ecosystem Modeling	p. 262
Predator-Prey Ecosystems	p. 263
Simple Ecosystems Models	p. 266
Many Variable Ecosystem Models	p. 269
Ecosystems Software	p. 285
Modeling Animals	p. 290
Summary	p. 296
Exercises	p. 297
Climate Change and Other Topics	p. 299
Introduction	p. 299
Model Hierarchy	p. 302
Ocean Models	p. 304
Tides on Continental Shelves	p. 313
Modeling Kelvin Waves	p. 317
Numerical Models of Tides	p. 319
Wind Driven and Other Currents	p. 322
Storm Surge Modeling	p. 328
Trapped Waves and Currents	p. 332
Estuarial Circulation	p. 341
Models of Langmuir Circulation	p. 349
Waves and Flows around Islands	p. 351
Steady Flows	p. 360
The Firth of Forth and Forth Estuary, a Case Study	p. 362
Exercises	p. 365
Conclusion	p. 367
Answers to and Comments on the Exercises	p. 369
Chapter 1	p. 369
Chapter 2	p. 370
Chapter 3	p. 371
Chapter 4	p. 372
Chapter 5	p. 373
Chapter 6	p. 375
Chapter 7	p. 377
Chapter 8	p. 379
Notation	p. 383
Bibliography	p. 387
Index	p. 393
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