Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry

by Vayenas, Constantinos; White, Ralph E.; Gamboa-Aldeco, Maria E.

• ISBN13: 9780387494883
• ISBN10: 038749488X
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2008-09-30
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

Topics in Number 42 include: The electrochemistry and electrocatalysis of Ruthenium in regards to the development of electrodes for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cells, Breakthroughs in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) anodes and cathodes leading to improved electrocatalysis, Electrocatalysis of the electrochemical reduction of CO[subscript 2] on numerous metals, The interfacial phenomena of electrodeposition and codeposition, and the need for new theoretical analyses of the electrode-electrolyte interface, Advantages of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) in understanding the basics of catalysis, electrocatalysis and electrodeposition, The role of electrochemistry in emerging technologies including electro-deposition and electroforming at the micro and nano levels, semiconductor and information storage, includin g magnetic storage devices, and modern medicine.

Table of Contents

Some Recent Studies in Ruthenium Electrochemistry and Electrocatalysis
Introduction	p. 1
Preparation of Well-Ordered Ru Single-Crystal Surfaces	p. 3
Electrochemistry of Single-Crystal Ru surfaces	p. 3
Voltammetry Characterization	p. 3
Surface X-Ray Diffraction Study	p. 10
Infrared Spectroscopy and Anion Adsorption	p. 11
Polycrystalline Ru Electrode	p. 12
Ru(0001) and Ru(1010) Single-Crystal Electrode Surfaces	p. 13
Surface-Oxide Formation	p. 16
Gas-Phase Oxidation	p. 16
Electrochemical Oxidation	p. 19
Electrocatalysis on Ru Single-Crystals and Nanoparticle Surfaces	p. 20
Hydrogen Oxidation and Evolution Reactions	p. 21
CO Oxidation	p. 22
Oxygen Reduction Reaction	p. 28
Pt-Ru Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts	p. 32
Pt Submonolayers on Ru Single-Crystal Surfaces	p. 33
Adsorption Properties of Pt Submonolayers on Ru(0001)	p. 35
Pt Deposition on Ru Nanoparticles	p. 37
EXAFS and TEM Characterization	p. 38
H[subscript 2]/CO Oxidation	p. 40
Fuel Cell Tests	p. 42
Methanol Oxidation	p. 44
Conclusions	p. 47
References	p. 48
High-Performance Electrodes for Medium-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Introduction	p. 53
Characteristics of SOFCs	p. 53
Development of Medium-Temperature SOFCs	p. 54
Design Concept of Catalyzed Reaction Layer for Medium-Temperature SOFC	p. 55
Activation of Mixed-Conducting Ceria-Based Anode	p. 58
Effect of Various Metal Catalysts Dispersed on Samaria-Doped Ceria	p. 58
Effect of the Composition and Microstructure on the Performance of SDC Anodes	p. 59
Activation of SDC Anode with Highly-Dispersed Ni Electrocatalysts	p. 64
Activation of Mixed-Conducting Perovskite-Type Oxide Cathodes	p. 67
La(Sr)MnO[subscript 3] Cathode with Highly Dispersed Pt Catalysts	p. 67
La(Sr)CoO[subscript 3] Cathode with Ceria-Interlayer on Zirconia Electrolyte	p. 69
Control of Microstructure of LSC Cathodes	p. 70
Activation of the Optimized LSC Cathode by Loading nm-Sized Pt Catalysts	p. 75
Effects of Ionic Conductivity of Zirconia Electrolytes on the Polarization Properties of Various Electrodes in SOFCs	p. 77
Effect of [sigma subscript ion] on the Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction Rate at Porous Pt Anode	p. 77
Effect of [sigma subscript ion] on Activities of Various Electrodes and the Reaction Mechanism	p. 80
Conclusion	p. 84
References	p. 85
Electrochemical CO[subscript 2] Reduction on Metal Electrodes
Introduction	p. 89
Fundamental Problems	p. 90
Reactions Related with CO[subscript 2] Reduction	p. 90
Electrochemical Equilibria	p. 90
Equilibria of CO[subscript 2] Related Species in Aqueous Solution	p. 93
Variation of pH at the Electrode During CO[subscript 2] Reduction	p. 95
Problems Related with Experimental Procedures and Data Analysis	p. 99
Difference Current Obtained from Voltammetric Measurements	p. 99
Purity of the Electrolyte Solution	p. 100
Overviews of Electrochemical Reduction of CO[subscript 2] at Metal Electrodes	p. 101
Aqueous Solutions	p. 102
Nonaqueous Solutions	p. 110
Methanol, another Nonaqueous Solution	p. 113
Electrochemical Reduction of CO[subscript 2] in High Concentration	p. 115
CO[subscript 2] Reduction under Elevated Pressures	p. 115
CO[subscript 2] Reduction Promoted by High Concentration	p. 116
Electroactive Species in the Electrochemical Reduction of CO[subscript 2]	p. 117
Deactivation of Electrocatalytic Activity of Metal Electrodes	p. 121
Classification of Electrode Metals and Reaction Scheme	p. 127
Classification of Electrode Metals and CO Selectivity	p. 127
Electrode Potential of CO[subscript 2] Reduction at Various Metal Electrodes	p. 129
Formation of CO[subscript 2 middle dot superscript -] Anion Radical and Further Reduction to HCOO[superscript -]	p. 130
Formation of Adsorbed CO[subscript 2 middle dot superscript -] Leading to Further Reduction to CO or HCOO[superscript -]	p. 134
Reaction Scheme in Nonaqueous Electrolyte	p. 137
Electrochemical Reduction of CO[subscript 2] to CO at Selected Metal and Nonmetal Electrodes	p. 141
CO Formation at Au, Ag, and Zn	p. 141
Au	p. 141
Ag	p. 143
Zn	p. 143
Platinum Group Metals	p. 144
Pt	p. 144
Pd	p. 148
Other Platinum Group Metals	p. 150
Ni and other CO Formation Metals	p. 151
Non-metallic Electrode Materials for CO[subscript 2] Reduction	p. 152
Mechanistic Studies of Electrochemical Reduction of CO[subscript 2] at Cu Electrode	p. 153
Formation of CO as an Intermediate Species	p. 153
CO[subscript 2] Reduction at Cu Electrode Affected by the Potential and the CO[subscript 2] Pressure	p. 156
Electrolyte Solution, Anionic Species	p. 157
Effects of Cationic Species in Electrolyte Solution	p. 158
Reaction Mechanism at Cu Electrode	p. 161
Surface Treatment, Alloying and Modification of Cu Electrode	p. 166
CO[subscript 2] Reduction at Cu Single-Crystal Electrodes	p. 167
Adsorption of CO on Cu Electrode: Voltammetric and Spectroscopic Studies	p. 170
Attempts to Enhance the Transport Process in CO[subscript 2] Reduction	p. 175
Elevated Pressure	p. 176
Gas-Diffusion Electrode	p. 176
Solid-Polymer Electrolytes	p. 178
Three-Phase Electrodes	p. 179
Conclusions	p. 180
Acknowledgment	p. 181
List of Abbreviations	p. 181
References	p. 182
Induced Codeposition of Alloys of Tungsten, Molybdenum and Rhenium with Transition Metals
Introduction	p. 191
Metal Deposition as a Class of its Own	p. 195
Redox Reactions	p. 195
Metal Deposition and Dissolution	p. 197
Specific Issues in Electrodeposition of Alloys	p. 211
History	p. 211
Special Considerations Related to Alloy Deposition	p. 212
Anomalous Alloy Deposition	p. 218
Possible Causes of Anomalous Alloy Deposition	p. 222
Induced Codeposition	p. 226
Electroless Deposition of Alloys	p. 227
Case Studies	p. 229
Tungsten Alloys Containing Ni, Co and Fe	p. 229
Properties of Tungsten Alloys	p. 229
Applications of Tungsten Alloys	p. 231
Electrodeposition of Tungsten Alloys	p. 231
New Interpretation of the Mechanism of Ni-W Codeposition	p. 240
Molybdenum Alloys Containing Ni, Co and Fe	p. 253
Properties of Molybdenum Alloys	p. 253
Applications of Molybdenum Alloys	p. 254
Electrodeposition of Molybdenum Alloys	p. 255
Rhenium and its Alloys	p. 267
Properties of Rhenium and its Alloys	p. 267
Applications of Rhenium and its Alloys	p. 268
Electrodeposition of Rhenium and its Alloys	p. 270
Concluding Remarks	p. 282
Acknowledgement	p. 287
List of Abbreviations and Symbols	p. 288
Appendices	p. 290
References	p. 296
25 Years of the Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: 20 Years of Application of STM in Electrochemistry
Introduction	p. 303
STM Landmarks	p. 306
Solid-Vacuum Interface STM Investigations	p. 307
STM Investigations in Air and in Liquid Environment: 20 Years in Electrochemical STM Probing	p. 327
Imaging of Metals and Metallic Deposits	p. 338
Imaging of Adsorbed Ions Adlattices	p. 343
Imaging of Molecules	p. 346
Imaging of Semiconductive Materials	p. 352
Electrochemical Fabrication of Nanostructures: Nanolithography	p. 355
Summary	p. 357
Acknowledgments	p. 360
References	p. 360
Modern Applications of Electrochemical Technology
Introduction	p. 369
LIGA, an Important Process in Micro-System Technology	p. 370
Micro Systems	p. 370
The LIGA Process	p. 373
Microstructures Manufactured by the LIGA Process	p. 377
The Sacrificial Layer Technique	p. 377
Microstructures with Different Shapes in the Third Dimension	p. 377
Applications in Semiconductor Technology	p. 378
Cu Interconnections on Chips	p. 378
Deposition of Cu Interconnections on Chips	p. 380
Diffusion Barriers and Seed Layer	p. 386
Super-Conformal Electrodeposition of Copper into Nanometer Vias and Trenches	p. 389
Super-Conformal Electrodeposition	p. 389
Mechanism of Super-Conformal Electrodeposition	p. 389
Mathematical Modeling	p. 391
Information Storage: Applications in the Fields of Magnetism and Microelectronic	p. 392
Magnetic Information Storage	p. 392
Read/Write Heads	p. 394
High Frequency Magnetics	p. 398
Spintronics	p. 400
Applications in Medicine and Medical Devices	p. 401
Background	p. 401
Electrochemical Power Sources	p. 402
Electrochemical Deposition in Medical Devices	p. 405
Surface Electrochemistry in the Processing of Biomaterials	p. 408
Materials Science of Biomaterials	p. 410
Frontiers: Various Applications in the Field of Medicine	p. 412
Conclusion	p. 412
References	p. 413
Index	p. 417
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