Modern Biogeochemistry

by Bashkin, V. N.; Howarth, Robert Warren

• ISBN13: 9781402009921
• ISBN10: 1402009925
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-02-01
• Publisher: Kluwer Academic Pub

Summary

Modern Biogeochemistry is aimed to generalize modern ideas of biogeochemical developments during the last decades. It is designed to support a general course in biogeochemistry, and as such, is likely to have a broad market among the many universities and colleges that are adding such courses to their curricula. This book aims to supplement the existing textbooks by providing modern understanding of biogeochemistry, from evolutionary biogeochemistry to practical applications of biogeochemical ideas such as human biogeochemistry, biogeochemical standards and biogeochemical technologies. To a certain extent this textbook is a summary of both scientific results of various authors and classes in biogeochemistry, that have been given to students by authors during the last 5 to 10 years at different universities throughout the world such as Cornell, Moscow, Seoul and Bangkok. Biogeochemistry is becoming an increasingly popular subject for graduate and postgraduate education. Courses in ecology, geography, biology, chemistry, environmental science, public health and environmental engineering all tend to have a biogeochemical component in their syllabuses to a greater or lesser extent.

Table of Contents

Preface	vii
Introduction	1	(12)
The Basic Concepts and Approaches to the Subject	1	(4)
Historical Development of Biogeochemistry	5	(8)
Further Reading	10	(1)
Questions and Problems	11	(2)
Evolutionary Biogeochemistry	13	(60)
Introduction	13	(1)
Origin of Elements	14	(1)
Earth Evolution	15	(20)
Evolution of the Lithosphere	15	(6)
Evolution of the Atmosphere	21	(6)
Evolution of the Hydrosphere	27	(4)
Prebiotic Earth and Mineral Cycling	31	(4)
Origin of Life	35	(15)
When Did Life Originate?	36	(2)
Primordial Soup	38	(4)
Clays and Life	42	(1)
Pyrite-Based Life Origin	43	(4)
The ``Thioester World''	47	(3)
Evolution of Biogeochemical Cycles	50	(11)
Application of Isotopic Analysis for the Geological History of the Biogeochemical Cycles	50	(3)
Evolution of Oxygen Biogeochemical Cycle	53	(1)
Evolution of the Nitrogen Biogeochemical Cycle	54	(2)
Evolution of Carbon and Sulfur Biogeochemical Cycles	56	(5)
Role of Biogeochemical Cycles in Biogenic Deposition Formation	61	(12)
Formation of Biogenic Depositions from Kerogen	63	(2)
Geological and Biological Factors of Oil Composition Formation	65	(3)
Further Reading	68	(1)
Questions and Problems	69	(4)
Biogeochemical Cycling of Macroelements	73	(88)
Introduction to Biogeochemical Cycling of Elements	73	(19)
Biogeochemical Cycling of Macroelements in the Atmosphere	76	(4)
Biogeochemical Cycling of Macroelements in Terrestrial Aquatic Ecosystems	80	(7)
Biogeochemical Cycling of Macroelements in Soils	87	(5)
Biogeochemistry Cycle of Carbon	92	(17)
Turnover of Carbon in the Biosphere	95	(4)
Carbon Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems	99	(2)
Comparison of Carbon Biogeochemical Processes in Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems	101	(5)
Global Carbon Fluxes	106	(3)
Biogeochemistry Cycle of Nitrogen	109	(16)
Nitrogen Cycling Processes	110	(1)
Main Nitrogen Species	111	(2)
General Characterization of Nitrogen Biogeochemical Cycling Processes	113	(7)
Global Nitrogen Cycle	120	(5)
Biogeochemistry Cycle of Phosphorus	125	(9)
Phosphorus Forms in the Biosphere	125	(3)
Fluxes and Pools of Phosphorus in the Biosphere	128	(6)
Biogeochemistry Cycle of Sulfur	134	(10)
Sulfur in the Earth	134	(2)
Sulfur in the Biosphere	136	(3)
Global Fluxes and Pools of Sulfur	139	(5)
Biogeochemical Cycle of Silicon	144	(8)
Silicon in the Earth	144	(1)
Migration and Accumulation of Silicon Compounds in Soil-Water Systems	144	(2)
Biogeochemical Migration of Silicon in Arid Tropical Ecosystems	146	(1)
Biogeochemical Migration of Silicon in Wet Boreal and Tropical Ecosystems	147	(4)
The Importance of Silicon in Coastal Ecosystems	151	(1)
Global Pools and Fluxes of Silicon	151	(1)
Biogeochemistry Cycle of Calcium	152	(9)
Calcium in the Earth	152	(1)
Calcium Pools and Fluxes in the Biosphere	153	(1)
Solubility of Calcium Species in Natural Waters	153	(4)
Overall Global Biogeochemical Fluxes of Calcium	157	(1)
Further Reading	158	(1)
Questions and Problems	158	(3)
Biogeochemical Cycling of Trace Elements	161	(38)
Biogeochemistry of Copper	161	(6)
Copper Speciation	162	(4)
Global Cycle of Copper	166	(1)
Biogeochemistry of Zinc	167	(6)
Zinc in Biosphere	168	(3)
Biogeochemical Fluxes of Zinc	171	(2)
Global Biogeochemical Fluxes and Pools of Zinc	173	(1)
Biogeochemistry of Selenium	173	(12)
Selenium in the Biosphere	174	(1)
Selenium Enriched Biogeochemical Food Webs	175	(1)
Case Studies	175	(9)
Global Selenium Cycle	184	(1)
Biogeochemistry of Boron	185	(7)
Boron Enriched Biogeochemical Food Webs in Arid Ecosystems	185	(7)
Biogeochemistry of Molybdenum	192	(7)
Mo-Enriched Biogeochemical Food Web	192	(3)
Biochemical and Physiological Response to High Content of Molybdenum in Biogeochemical Food Webs	195	(1)
Further Reading	196	(1)
Questions and Problems	196	(3)
Interactions of Biogeochemical Cycles	199	(40)
Stoichiometric Aspects of Nutrient Uptake and Nutrient Limitation of Living Matter Production	199	(15)
Interactions of Biogeochemical Cycles in Terrestrial Ecosystems	201	(3)
Eutrophication of Natural Waters	204	(10)
Stoichiometric Aspects of Nutrient Recycling	214	(7)
Stoichiometric Aspects of Nutrient Recycling in Terrestrial Ecosystems	214	(5)
Stoichiometric Aspects of Nutrient Recycling in Aquatic Ecosystems	219	(2)
Thermodynamics of Bacterial Energetics	221	(4)
Biogeochemical modelling	225	(14)
General Principles	225	(4)
Models	229	(6)
Further Reading	235	(1)
Questions and Problems	236	(3)
Regional Biogeochemistry	239	(68)
Biogeochemistry of Arctic Ecosystems	239	(7)
Geographical Peculiarities	239	(1)
Landscape and Vegetation Impacts	240	(2)
Chemical Composition of Plants	242	(1)
Biogeochemistry of Soils	243	(1)
Biogeochemical Cycles	244	(2)
Biogeochemistry of Tundra Ecosystems	246	(1)
Plant Uptake of Trace Metals	246	(1)
Biogeochemistry of Tundra Soils	246	(1)
Productivity of Tundra Ecosystems and Cycling of Elements	247	(1)
Biogeochemistry of Boreal and Sub-Boreal Forest Ecosystems	247	(27)
Biogeochemical Cycling of Elements in Forest Ecosystems	247	(18)
Biogeochemical Fluxes in Soils of Boreal Forest Ecosystems	265	(4)
Biogeochemical Processes in the Soil-Water System of Boreal and Sub-Boreal Forest Ecosystems	269	(5)
Biogeochemistry of Steppes and Deserts	274	(13)
Biogeochemical Cycle of Nutrients in Arid Ecosystems	274	(8)
Soil Biogeochemistry in Arid Ecosystems	282	(3)
Role of Biogeochemical Processes in Aqueous Migration of Elements in Steppe Ecosystems	285	(2)
Biogeochemistry of Tropical Ecosystems	287	(20)
Biogeochemical Cycles of Chemical Species in Tropical Ecosystems	288	(6)
Biogeochemical Peculiarities of Tropical Soils	294	(5)
Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Ecosystems	299	(5)
Further Reading	304	(1)
Questions and Problems	304	(3)
Biogeochemical Mapping	307	(48)
Characterization of Soil-Biogeochemical Conditions in the World's Terrestrial Ecosystems	307	(25)
Eurasia	312	(8)
North America	320	(5)
Latin and South America	325	(3)
Africa	328	(2)
Australia	330	(2)
Biogeochemical Classification and Simulation of Biosphere Organization	332	(9)
Biogeochemical Classification of the Biosphere	332	(3)
Methodology of biogeochemical cycling simulation for biosphere mapping	335	(6)
Biogeochemical Mapping on Continental, Regional and Local Scales	341	(14)
Methods of Biogeochemical Mapping	341	(2)
Regional Biogeochemical Mapping of North Eurasia	343	(1)
Biogeochemical Mapping of the South Ural Region, Russia	343	(9)
Further Reading	352	(1)
Questions and Problems	353	(2)
Environmental Biogeochemistry	355	(76)
Environmental Biogeochemistry of Nitrogen	356	(47)
Environmental Biogeochemistry of Nitrogen in the North Atlantic Region	356	(26)
Environmental Biogeochemistry of Nitrogen in the East Asian Region	382	(21)
Environmental Biogeochemistry of Mercury	403	(13)
Speciation of Mercury	404	(3)
Anthropogenic Mercury Loading	407	(1)
Biological Effects of Mercury	407	(2)
Environmental Biogeochemical Cycling of Mercury	409	(4)
Global Mass Balance of Mercury	413	(3)
Environmental Biogeochemistry of Lead	416	(15)
Speciation of Lead	417	(1)
Anthropogenic Lead Loading	417	(1)
Biological Effects of Lead	417	(1)
Environmental Biogeochemistry of Lead	418	(6)
Global Mass Balance of Lead	424	(3)
Further Reading	427	(1)
Questions and Problems	428	(3)
Human Biogeochemistry	431	(26)
Biogeochemical and Physiological Peculiarities of Human Population Health	431	(16)
Cancer Diseases in the Carpathian Mountain Sub-Region of the Biosphere	435	(1)
Cancer Diseases in Middle Volga Silicon Sub-Region of the Biosphere	436	(4)
Cancer Diseases in the Boron Biogeochemical Sub-Region of the Biosphere	440	(7)
Human Health Indices in Technogenic and Agrogenic Biogeochemical Provinces	447	(10)
Physiological Indices for Human Biogeochemical Studies	447	(5)
Case study of Interactions between Human Health Indexes and Pollution in Crimea Dry Steppe Region of the Biosphere	452	(3)
Further Reading	455	(1)
Questions And Problems	455	(2)
Biogeochemical Standards	457	(78)
Critical Load Concept for Impact Oriented Emission Abatement Strategy of Sulfur and Nitrogen Acid-Forming and Eutrophication Compounds	457	(53)
Critical Load Approach: Challenges and Biogeochemical Fundamentals	457	(7)
General Approaches for Calculating Critical Loads	464	(2)
Environmental Risk Assessment under Critical Load Calculations	466	(5)
Sensitivity of European Ecosystems to Acid Deposition	471	(5)
Sensitivity of North American Ecosystems to Acid Deposition	476
Sensitivity of East Asian Ecosystem to Acid Deposition	289	(219)
Acid Deposition Influence on the Biogeochemical Migration of Heavy Metals in the Food Web	508	(2)
Calculation of critical loads for heavy metals at terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems	510	(15)
Selection of Receptor	512	(2)
Critical Limits	514	(6)
Calculation Methods	520	(4)
Input Data	524	(1)
Examples of Critical Loads Calculations for Heavy Metals	525	(10)
Calculation and Mapping of Critical Loads for HM in Germany	525	(3)
Calculation and Mapping of Critical Loads for Cd and Pb in the European Part of Russia	528	(3)
Further Reading	531	(1)
Questions and Problems	532	(3)
Future Trends in Modern Biogeochemistry	535	(4)
References	539	(16)
Index	555