This widely acclaimed introduction to modern Christian thought, formerly published by Prentice Hall, provides full, scholarly accounts of the major movements and thinkers, theologians and philosophers in the Christian tradition since the eighteenth-century Enlightenment, together with solid historical background and critical assessments.Visit the companion Web site at www.modernchristiantext.com

James C. Livingston is Professor of Religious Studies Emeritus at the College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia

Preface	p. xiii
Introduction: Modernity and Christianity	p. 1
The Enlightenment and Modern Christianity	p. 5
Autonomy	p. 6
Reason	p. 7
Nature	p. 7
Melioristic Optimism	p. 8
Progress	p. 9
Toleration	p. 10
The Religion of Reason	p. 14
Lord Herbert of Cherbury	p. 15
Rational Supernaturalism	p. 17
John Tillotson	p. 17
John Locke	p. 18
Deism in England	p. 21
John Toland	p. 21
Matthew Tindal	p. 22
Deism in France: Voltaire	p. 25
The Religion of Reason in Germany	p. 28
Christian Wolff and J. S. Semler	p. 29
H. S. Reimarus	p. 30
G. E. Lessing	p. 31
Conclusion	p. 36
The Breakdown of the Religion of Reason	p. 40
Jean Jacques Rousseau	p. 40
Joseph Butler	p. 46
David Hume	p. 49
Of Miracles	p. 50
The Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion	p. 53
Immanuel Kant	p. 58
The Critique of Rational Theology and Metaphysics	p. 60
The Moral Foundation of Rational Faith	p. 62
Rational Faith and Christianity	p. 64
The Counter-Enlightenment	p. 69
F. H. Jacobi	p. 69
Johann Georg Hamann	p. 70
Johann Gottfried Herder	p. 73
Christianity and Romanticism: Protestant Thought	p. 83
Introduction	p. 83
Samuel Taylor Coleridge	p. 86
Reason, Understanding, and Faith	p. 87
Experience and the Interpretation of Scripture	p. 90
Friedrich Schleiermacher	p. 93
The Speeches on Religion	p. 94
The Christian Religious Affections	p. 100
Horace Bushnell	p. 105
The Nature of Language	p. 106
Doctrines and Creeds	p. 108
Christian Comprehensiveness	p. 109
Nature and the Supernatural: Religious Experience	p. 109
Christian Nurture	p. 110
Christianity and Speculative Idealism	p. 116
G. W. F. Hegel	p. 117
Hegel's Early Theological Writings	p. 117
Hegel's Conception of Christianity	p. 122
F. C. Bauer	p. 127
A. E. Biedermann	p. 129
British Hegelianism: John and Edward Caird	p. 132
Conclusion	p. 137
Romanticism and French Catholic Thought: Traditionalism and Fideism	p. 142
Francois Rene de Chateaubriand	p. 143
Joseph de Maistre	p. 145
Hughes-Felicite Robert de Lamennais	p. 148
Lamennais and Traditionalism	p. 149
Lamennais and Liberal Catholicism	p. 150
Louis Bautain	p. 153
Bautain's Philosophy of Faith	p. 154
Romanticism and Anglo-Catholicism: The Oxford Movement	p. 162
The Beginnings of the Anglo-Catholic Revival	p. 163
The Thought of the Oxford Movement: Keble, Newman, Williams, and Pusey	p. 168
The Authority of the Church	p. 171
The Doctrine of Faith	p. 175
The Sacramental Principle	p. 179
Catholic Thought in Germany and England: The Tubingen School and John Henry Newman	p. 185
The Catholic Tubingen School	p. 186
Johann Sebastian von Drey	p. 187
Johann Adam Mohler	p. 192
English Roman Catholicism	p. 198
John Henry Newman	p. 200
The Post-Hegelian Critique of Christianity in Germany	p. 214
David Friedrich Strauss	p. 215
The Leben Jesu of 1835	p. 216
Ludwig Feuerbach	p. 221
The Critique of Hegel	p. 221
The Reduction of Christianity to Anthropology	p. 223
Karl Marx	p. 229
The Encounter Between Science and Theology: Biblical Criticism and Darwinism	p. 237
Advances in the Study of the Bible	p. 238
Essays and Reviews	p. 241
The Essays of Williams and Goodwin	p. 242
Jowett's "On the Interpretation of Scripture"	p. 245
The Book's Reception	p. 248
The Darwinian Controversy	p. 250
The Situation before Darwin	p. 250
Darwin's Theory	p. 253
The Reception of Darwin's Theory	p. 255
Christian Darwinism: Aubrey Moore	p. 257
Anti-Darwinism: Charles Hodge	p. 259
Christian Darwinisticism: Lyman Abbott	p. 262
The Ritschlian Theology and Protestant Liberalism	p. 270
Albrecht Ritschl	p. 271
Ritschl's Practical View of Religion	p. 272
The Theory of Value Judgments and the Historical Jesus Christ	p. 273
The Person and Work of Christ	p. 276
Wilhelm Herrmann	p. 281
Science, Metaphysics, and Theology	p. 282
Doctrine, Revelation, and Faith	p. 283
History and the Inner Life of Jesus	p. 284
Adolf von Harnack	p. 286
The Historical Interpretation of Christianity	p. 287
The Essence of Christianity	p. 288
Walter Rauschenbusch	p. 290
A Theology of the Social Gospel	p. 291
Christianizing the Social Order	p. 294
Movements of Recovery and Conservation: The Princeton Theology	p. 299
Background	p. 300
Charles Hodge	p. 304
Theological Method	p. 305
The Inspiration and Authority of the Bible	p. 308
Christian Anthropology	p. 312
Benjamin Breckinridge Warfield	p. 315
The Inspiration and Authority of the Bible	p. 316
Warfield's Critique of Liberal Theology	p. 320
Movements of Recovery and Conservation: Ultramontanism and the Neo-Thomistic Revival	p. 327
The Victory of Ultramontanism	p. 328
The Historical Background	p. 328
The Growth of Ultramontanism	p. 330
The Debate over Papal Authority and Infallibility: Manning, Dollinger, and Kenrick	p. 333
The First Vatican Council and Its Meaning	p. 339
The Neo-Thomistic Revival	p. 342
Beginnings	p. 342
Thomistic Metaphysics	p. 344
Desire Joseph Mercier	p. 345
Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange	p. 347
Conclusion	p. 352
Roman Catholic Thought at the End of the Century: The New Apologetics and Modernism	p. 356
Introduction	p. 356
The New Apologetics: Christian Philosophies of Action	p. 358
Leon Olle-Laprune	p. 359
Maurice Blondel	p. 360
Lucien Laberthonniere	p. 362
Roman Catholic Modernism	p. 364
Alfred Loisy	p. 365
George Tyrrell	p. 371
Edouard Le Roy	p. 376
The Outcome of Catholic Modernism	p. 377
Kierkegaard and Nietzsche: Toward the Twentieth Century	p. 384
Soren Kierkegaard	p. 385
Introduction	p. 385
The Dialectic of Existence	p. 388
Faith and the Absolute Paradox	p. 391
Truth Is Subjectivity	p. 394
Friedrich Nietzsche	p. 397
Introduction	p. 397
The "Death of God" and the Revaluation	p. 399
Naturalism, the Will to Power, and Perspectivism	p. 401
The Critique of Christianity	p. 404
The Ubermensch and the Eternal Recurrence	p. 408
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