Modern Christian Thought : The Twentieth Century

by Livingston, James C.

• ISBN13: 9780800637965
• ISBN10: 0800637968
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-07-01
• Publisher: Fortress Pr

Summary

This widely acclaimed introduction to modern Christian thought, formerly published by Prentice Hall, provides full, scholarly accounts of the major movements and thinkers, theologians and philosophers in the Christian tradition since the eighteenth-century Enlightenment, together with solid historical background and critical assessments. This second edition deals with the entire modern period, in both Europe and America, and is the first to include extensive treatment of modern Catholic thinkers, Evangelical thought, and Black and Womanist theology.Visit the companion Web site at www.modernchristiantext.com

Author Biography

James C. Livingston is Professor of Religious Studies Emeritus at the College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia Francis Schussler Fiorenza is Charles Chauncy Stillman Professor of Roman Catholic Studies at Harvard Divinity School Sarah Coakley is Edwin Mallinckrodt Professor of Divinity at Harvard Divinity School James H. Evans Jr. is Robert K. Davies Professor of Systematic Theology at the Colgate Rochester Crozer Divinity School

Table of Contents

Preface	xiv
Chapter One The Legacy of Modernity and the New Challenges of Historical Theology	1	(32)
The Legacy of Modernity	1	(9)
The Question of Authority	2	(1)
The Development of Doctrine and the Essence of Christianity	3	(3)
Knowledge of God and God and World	6	(2)
Christianity and Other World Faiths	8	(1)
History, the Historical Jesus, and Christology	9	(1)
The New Challenges of Historical Theology	10	(7)
Religionswissenschaft	11	(1)
The Eschatological Interpretation of Weiss and Schweitzer	12	(1)
The Religionsgeschichtliche Schule	13	(2)
Form Criticism	15	(2)
Ernst Troeltsch	17	(16)
Historicism, the Science of Religion, and Theology	19	(1)
The Absoluteness of Christianity	20	(3)
What Does "Essence of Christianity" Mean?	23	(2)
The Historical Jesus, Faith, and Christology	25	(8)
Chapter Two American Empirical and Naturalistic Theology	33	(29)
Introduction	34	(1)
Radical Empiricism and Religion: William James	34	(8)
Experience, Pragmatism, and the "Will to Believe"	35	(3)
"The Varieties of Religious Experience": An Empirical Exploration	38	(4)
American Empirical Theology: Douglas Clyde Macintosh	42	(5)
Macintosh's Method	42	(3)
Normative Theology and Christian Belief	45	(2)
American Theological Modernism and Naturalism: Henry Nelson Wieman	47	(15)
Background: John Dewey and the Chicago School	47	(1)
Henry Nelson Wieman	48	(14)
Chapter Three The Dialectical Theology: Karl Barth, Emil Brunner, and Friedrich Gogarten	62	(34)
The Beginnings of Dialectical Theology	63	(8)
Liberal Theology: History and Interpretation	67	(4)
Major Themes in Karl Barth's Theology of the Word of God	71	(4)
The Dialectical Method	71	(1)
God as Wholly Other	72	(1)
The Strange World of the Bible	73	(2)
The Breakdown of the Dialectical Theology	75	(2)
Emil Brunner	77	(7)
Anthropology and the Apologetic Task	79	(1)
Revelation as Encounter and Truth	80	(4)
Friedrich Gogarten	84	(12)
The Christian Understanding of the World and Secularization	85	(3)
The Historicizing of Human Existence	88	(1)
Demythologizing and History	89	(7)
Chapter Four The Theologies of Karl Barth and Dietrich Bonhoeffer	96	(37)
Karl Barth	97	(14)
The Development of Karl Barth's Theology	97	(2)
"Political Theology": Barth and the Question of a Christian Social Ethics	99	(5)
The Major Themes in Barth's Church Dogmatics	104	(5)
The Reception and Critique of Barth's Theology	109	(2)
Dietrich Bonhoeffer	111	(22)
Bonhoeffer's Early Writings and the Relationship with Karl Barth	113	(3)
The Christological Concentration	116	(3)
Discipleship and Ethics	119	(5)
The World Come of Age and a Religionless Christianity	124	(3)
Bonhoeffer's Legacy	127	(6)
Chapter Five Christian Existentialism	133	(32)
Key Existentialist Themes	134	(4)
Existence Precedes Essence	134	(1)
The Critique of Rational Objectivity	135	(1)
Authentic and Inauthentic Existence	136	(2)
Gabriel Marcel	138	(2)
Paul Tillich	140	(13)
The Existential Starting Point	141	(2)
The Method of Correlation	143	(1)
Humanity's Existential Situation	143	(3)
Being, God, and Being-Itself	146	(1)
Existence and the New Being in Jesus as the Christ	147	(4)
The Spirit's Presence and Morality	151	(2)
Rudolf Bultmann	153	(8)
God's Action and Faith	155	(2)
Demythologizing the New Testament	157	(4)
Conclusion	161	(4)
Chapter Six Christian Realism: A Post-Liberal American Theology	165	(32)
Introduction	165	(2)
H. Richard Niebuhr	167	(8)
Human Faith and Faith in God	169	(2)
The Confessional Method: Inner and Outer History	171	(4)
Reinhold Niebuhr	175	(22)
The Nature of the Self	177	(4)
The Dramas of History	181	(5)
Love, Justice, and Power	186	(11)
Chapter Seven The New Theology and Transcendental Thomism	197	(36)
Francis Schüssler Fiorenza
The Background and Context of the Nouvelle Théologie	198	(4)
Neo-Scholasticism as a Phenomenon of Modernity	198	(2)
Pierre Rousselot	200	(1)
Joseph Marechal and Modern Philosophy	200	(2)
Critical Issues	202	(1)
Henri de Lubac and the Nouvelle Theologie	202	(3)
The Supernatural	203	(1)
Interpretation of the Senses of Scripture	204	(1)
Theological Conflict	205	(1)
Karl Rahner	205	(9)
Spirit in the World and Hearers of the Word	207	(1)
The Religious Dimension of Human Experience	208	(1)
The Supernatural Existential	209	(1)
Revelation as Transcendental and as Categorical	210	(1)
Rahner's Theological Method	211	(1)
The Symbol	212	(1)
Critical Issues	213	(1)
Bernard Lonergan	214	(7)
Critical Realism	214	(2)
A New Ideal of Knowledge	216	(1)
The Question of God	217	(1)
Method in Theology: Functional Specialties	218	(1)
Conversion	219	(1)
Religion and Theology	220	(1)
Critical Issues	220	(1)
Edward Schillebeeckx	221	(6)
Sacramental Theology	222	(1)
Jesus as Eschatological Prophet	223	(1)
Method of Correlation	224	(1)
The Conflict over Ministry	225	(2)
Critical Issues	227	(1)
Conclusion	227	(6)
Chapter Eight Vatican II and the Aggiornamento of Roman Catholic Theology	233	(40)
Francis Schüssler Fiorenza
Yves Congar	233	(3)
True Reform and the Resources of the Tradition	234	(1)
The Role of the Laity and France's Catholic Action Movement	235	(1)
Church as Communio	235	(1)
John XXIII	236	(1)
Vatican II	237	(10)
Vatican II's Understanding of the Church	238	(2)
The Church and the Liturgy	240	(1)
The Tensions and Compromises in the Understanding of the Church	240	(2)
The Church and Its Relation to the World	242	(2)
Biblical Historical Criticism	244	(1)
Religious Pluralism, Freedom, and Ecumenism	245	(2)
Hans Küng	247	(5)
Justification and the Dialogue with Karl Barth	247	(1)
Kung's Interpretation of Vatican II	248	(1)
Structures of the Church	249	(1)
On Being a Christian	249	(1)
Papal Infallibility, Birth Control, and Religious Affirmations	250	(1)
Philosophical Theology and Comparative Religion	251	(1)
Critical Issues	252	(1)
John Courtney Murray and Religious Freedom	252	(4)
The Two Contrasting Views	254	(1)
Murray's Contribution	255	(1)
Hans von Balthasar	256	(4)
Analogy of Being and Karl Barth	257	(1)
Theological Aesthetics	258	(1)
From Theo-Drama to Theo-Logic	259	(1)
Critical Issues	260	(1)
Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger	260	(4)
From Church as People of God to Church as Body of Christ	261	(1)
The Optimism and Modernism of Vatican II	261	(1)
Theology of the Cross or Theology of Incarnation	262	(1)
Religious Pluralism and Moral Relativism	263	(1)
Conclusion: The Aftermath of Vatican II	264	(9)
Chapter Nine Political Theology and Latin American Liberation Theologies	273	(36)
Francis Schüssler Fiorenza
Political Theology	273	(5)
The Post—World War II Context	274	(1)
Interpretation of the Situation: The Privatization of Religion	275	(1)
The Critique of a Dominant Existential Theology	276	(1)
The Emphasis on Eschatology	277	(1)
Johann Metz	278	(5)
Political Theology as Fundamental Theology	279	(1)
The Critique of Bourgeois Religion	280	(1)
The Memory of Suffering and the Holocaust	281	(1)
Assessment: Political without Politics	282	(1)
Jürgen Moltmann	283	(5)
Promise and Hope	283	(1)
The Crucified God and the Doctrine of the Trinity	284	(3)
Critical Issues	287	(1)
Latin American Liberation Theology	288	(4)
The Context: From Development to Liberation	288	(1)
Interpretation of the Situation: Dependency	289	(1)
Previous Theology	290	(1)
Eschatology	291	(1)
Gustavo Gutiérrez	292	(3)
Gutierrez's Interpretation of the Historical Jesus	292	(1)
The Nature of the Church	293	(1)
The Meaning of Liberation and Salvation	294	(1)
Questions	294	(1)
Juan Luis Segundo	295	(3)
Faith and Ideology	295	(2)
The Hermeneutical Circle	297	(1)
A Critical Question: The Difference from Feminist Theology	297	(1)
Leonardo Boff	298	(2)
The Church as Sacrament of the Spirit	298	(1)
Social Analysis and the Church	299	(1)
Future Directions in Liberation Theology	300	(1)
Conclusion	300	(9)
Chapter Ten Process Theology	309	(32)
Background	309	(1)
Pierre Teilhard de Chardin	310	(2)
Henri Bergson	312	(1)
Alfred North Whitehead	312	(4)
Charles Hartshorne	316	(4)
Schubert Ogden	320	(7)
The Task of Christian Theology	321	(2)
Ogden's Later Reflections on Analogy, the Normative Christian Witness, and a Christology of Liberation	323	(4)
John B. Cobb, Jr.	327	(8)
The God Who Calls and Human Possibility	328	(4)
Christ and Creative Transformation	332	(1)
Theology and "Praxis": Ecological Theology as Example	333	(2)
Conclusion	335	(6)
Chapter Eleven History and Hermeneutics	341	(46)
Francis Schüssler Fiorenza
Wolfhart Pannenberg	342	(7)
Revelation as History	342	(1)
The Resurrection of Jesus Christ: Historical and Retroactive	343	(2)
Theology as an Intellectual Discipline	345	(1)
Anthropology as Fundamental Theology	346	(1)
Metaphysics and Systematic Theology	347	(1)
Critical Issues: The Rationality of Faith	348	(1)
Hans-Georg Gadamer	349	(8)
The Critique of Historicism and Romanticism	350	(1)
Recasting the Hermeneutical Circle	351	(1)
Hermeneutics of Belonging: Key Concepts	352	(1)
Self-Understanding, the New Testament, and Marburg Theology	353	(1)
Critical Issues: Gadamer in Dialogue and Confrontation	354	(3)
Paul Ricoeur	357	(6)
Phenomenology and the Symbols of Evil	358	(1)
The Hermeneutical Turn: From Symbol to Metaphor	359	(1)
Hermeneutics of Objectification: Key Concepts	360	(1)
Religious Language and Forms of Discourse	361	(1)
Narrative and Hermeneutics	362	(1)
Critical Issues	363	(1)
David Tracy	363	(6)
Theological Method and Fundamental Theology	363	(1)
The Method of Correlation and Revisionist Theology	364	(2)
Publics and Modes of Argument	366	(1)
The Theological Reception of Hermeneutical Theory	367	(1)
Religion and Ambiguity	368	(1)
Critical Issues	368	(1)
Hans Frei	369	(7)
The Critique of Modern Historical Criticism	370	(2)
Narrative and Identity	372	(1)
Against Correlation Theology	373	(1)
Redescription and Thick Description	374	(1)
Critical Issues	375	(1)
Conclusion	376	(11)
Chapter Twelve Evangelical Theology	387	(30)
Background	387	(1)
The Fundamentalist Defense of the Faith	388	(2)
The "New Evangelicalism"	390	(3)
Gerrit Cornelius Berkouwer	393	(8)
Co-Relationship	394	(1)
Holy Scripture	395	(2)
The Doctrine of Providence, Election, and Reprobation	397	(2)
The Last Things and Universalism	399	(2)
Carl F.H. Henry	401	(7)
The Bible, Revelation, and Authority	402	(6)
New Theological Soundings	408	(9)
Chapter Thirteen Feminist Theology	417	(26)
Sarah Coakley
Introduction: The Context of Twentieth-Century Feminist Theology	417	(2)
Mary Daly: The Move to "Post-Christian" Feminist Theology	419	(4)
Elisabeth Schassler Fiorenza: Jesus and the "Discipleship of Equals"	423	(5)
Sallie McFague: Reconceiving God and Gender	428	(5)
Luce Irigaray: Feminist Philosophy and the Critique of Freud	433	(4)
Conclusion: "Difference" in Feminist Theology	437	(6)
Chapter Fourteen Black Theology in America	443	(26)
James H. Evans, Jr.
Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Civil Rights Movement in the United States	443	(5)
The Contexts of Black Theology in America	448	(8)
The Historical Context	448	(2)
The Cultural Context	450	(1)
The Social Context	451	(2)
The Black Manifesto	453	(3)
James H. Cone's Black Theology of Liberation	456	(4)
The Central Affirmations of Cone's Black Theology of Liberation	456	(4)
Black Womanist Theology: Texts, Traditions, and Trajectories	460	(15)
Texts: Womanist Interpretations of the Bible	461	(1)
Traditions: The Meaning of Jesus Christ in Womanist Theology	462	(2)
Trajectories: Womanist Moral and Ethical Thought	464	(5)
Chapter Fifteen Theology of Religions: Christian Responses to Other Faiths	469	(24)
Introduction	469	(2)
Exclusivism	471	(4)
Roman Catholic Positions	475	(4)
Views Prior to Vatican II	475	(1)
The Inclusive Way of Karl Rahner	476	(3)
Theological Defenses of Religious Pluralism	479	(8)
Stanley Samartha	480	(1)
Wilfred Cantwell Smith	481	(3)
John Hick	484	(3)
Illustrations of the New Christian Interreligious Dialogue	487	(6)
Chapter Sixteen Christian Thought at the End of the Twentieth Century	493	(42)
The Modern and the Postmodern	494	(1)
Gordon D. Kaufman: Theology as Imaginative Construction	495	(5)
Radical and Conservative Postmodern Theologies: Thomas J.J. Altizer, Mark C. Taylor, and Jean-Luc Marion	500	(6)
Thomas J.J. Altizer	500	(3)
Mark C. Taylor	503	(1)
Jean-Luc Marion: A Conservative Postmodern Theology	504	(2)
Reformed Epistemology: The Critique of Modern Foundationalism and Evidentialism	506	(5)
Alvin Plantinga	507	(2)
Nicholas Wolterstorff	509	(2)
The Wittgensteinian Trajectory	511	(8)
Ludwig Wittgenstein	511	(3)
The Wittgensteinians	514	(5)
Postliberal Theology	519	(7)
George Lindbeck	520	(3)
Stanley Hauerwas	523	(3)
Conclusion	526	(9)
Acknowledgments	535	(2)
Index	537