Modern Control Technology

by Kilian, Christopher

• ISBN13: 9781401858063
• ISBN10: 1401858066
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-03-30
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Summary

This book makes use of ample illustrations and clear, no-nonsense explanations to provide a fundamental understanding of modern automatic control systems and industrial electronics. It is logically organized, taking readers on a "virtual journey" through a typical control system, starting with an introduction, then moving on to discuss basic components, sensors, wiring, motors, motor control circuits, and mechanical parts. At the conclusion, these functional parts are "put together" by discussing control strategies and controller types, including Programmable Logic Controllers. The text is both contemporary and comprehensive in scope, with supplemental information on various basic applied physics and mechanical concepts, such as linear and rotational motion, springs, friction, gears, levers, heat transfer, and energy transfer not found in other books in its class. Digital controllers and concepts are introduced early and referenced throughout the book. Analog concepts are also included. This edition features new material on digital "panel mount" controllers, differential gears, the Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT), ultrasonic proximity sensors, inductive proximity sensors, ultrasonic flow sensors, and cascade control. Information has also been added to better address such topics as AC variable frequency motor drives, PID control, and the AS-I sensor factory network.

Author Biography

Christopher Kilian is the Chairman of the Engineering Technologies Department at Anne Arundel Community College.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Acknowledgments	xv
Introduction to Control Systems	1	(22)
Control Systems	2	(8)
Open-Loop Control Systems
Closed-Loop Control Systems
Transfer Functions
Analog and Digital Controllers	10	(1)
Classifications of Control Systems	11	(12)
Process Control
Motion Control (Servomechanisms, Numerical Control, Robotics)
Introduction to Microprocessor-Based Control	23	(30)
Introduction to Microprocessor System Hardware	25	(3)
Introduction to Microprocessor Operation	28	(2)
Interfacing to a Microprocessor Controller	30	(11)
The Parallel Interface (DACs, ADCs)
The Serial Interface (RS232, Networking)
Introduction to Controller Programming	41	(2)
Microprocessor-Based Controllers	43	(10)
Single-Chip Microcomputers (Microcontrollers)
Single-Board Computers
Digital ``Panel Mount'' Controllers
Programmable Logic Controllers
Personal Computers Used in Control Systems
Operational Amplifiers and Signal Conditioning	53	(54)
Operational Amplifiers	54	(30)
Voltage Follower
Inverting Amplifier
Noninverting Amplifier
Summing Amplifier
Differential and Instrumentation Amplifiers
Integrators and Differentiators
Active Filters
Comparator
Special Interface Circuits	84	(7)
The Current Loop (Voltage-Current Conversion)
Analog Switch Circuit
Sample-and-Hold Circuit
Signal Transmission	91	(16)
Earth Ground and Ground Loops
Isolation Circuits
Shielding
Shield-Grounding Considerations
Practical Wiring Considerations
Switches, Relays, and Power-Control Semiconductors	107	(42)
Switches	108	(6)
Toggle Switches
Push-Button Switches
Other Switch Types
Relays	114	(4)
Electromechanical Relays
Solid-State Relays
Power Transistors	118	(13)
Bipolar Junction Transistor
Field Effect Transistor (FET)
Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)
Silicon-Controlled Rectifiers	131	(6)
Triacs	137	(5)
Calculation of Delay and Conduction Periods
Trigger Devices	142	(7)
Unijunction Transistors
Programmable Unijunction Transistors Diac
Mechanical Systems	149	(60)
Behavior of Mechanical Components	150	(20)
Overview
Friction
Springs
Mass and Inertia
Basic Equations of Motion for Linear Systems
Basic Equations of Motion for Rotational Systems
Levers
Energy	170	(6)
Energy Conversion
Heat Transfer
Response of the Whole Mechanical System	176	(6)
Underdamped, Critically Damped, and Overdamped Mechanical Systems
Mechanical Resonance
Gears	182	(14)
Spur Gears
Using Gears to Change Speed
Using Gears to Transfer Power
Long Gear Trains
Worm Gears
Harmonic Drive
Differential Gears
Clutches and Brakes	196	(2)
Clutches
Brakes
Other Power-Transmitting Techniques	198	(11)
Belts
Roller Chain
Sensors	209	(78)
Position Sensors	210	(19)
Potentiometers
Optical Rotary Encoders
Linear Variable Differential Transformers
Angular Velocity Sensors	229	(8)
Velocity from Position Sensors
Tachometers (Optical, Toothed-Rotor, Direct Current)
Proximity Sensors	237	(10)
Limit Switches
Optical Proximity Sensors
Commercially Available Photoelectric Sensors
Ultrasonic Proximity Sensors
Inductive Proximity Sensors
Hall-Effect Proximity Sensors
Load and Force Sensors	247	(8)
Bonded-Wire Strain Gauges
Semiconductor Force Sensors
Other Force Sensors
Pressure Sensors	255	(1)
Bourdon Tubes
Bellows
Semiconductor Pressure Sensors
Temperature Sensors	256	(11)
Bimetallic Temperature Sensors
Thermocouples
Resistance Temperature Detectors
Thermistors
Integrated-Circuit Temperature Sensors
Flow Sensors	267	(5)
Pressure-Based Flow Sensors
Turbine Flow Sensors
Ultrasonic Flowmeters
Magnetic Flowmeters
Liquid-Level Sensors	272	(4)
Discrete-Level Detectors
Continuous-Level Detectors
Vision Sensors and Systems	276	(11)
Commercially Available Vision Sensor Systems
Direct Current Motors	287	(44)
Theory of Operation	288	(5)
Wound-Field DC Motors	293	(5)
Series-Wound Motors
Shunt-Wound Motors
Compound Motors
Permanent-Magnet Motors	298	(8)
Relationship Between Torque and Speed
Circuit Model of the PM Motor (Optional)
DC Motor-Control Circuits	306	(16)
DC Motor Control Using an Analog Drive
Reversing the PM Motor
DC Motor Control Using Pulse-Width Modulation
PWM Control Circuits
DC Motor Control for Larger Motors
Braking the DC Motor
A Comprehensive Application Using a Small DC Motor	322	(4)
Brushless DC Motors	326	(5)
Stepper Motors	331	(32)
Permanent-Magnet Stepper Motors	332	(12)
Effect of Load on Stepper Motors
Modes of Operation
Excitation Modes for PM Stepper Motors (Two-Phase (Bipolar) Stepper Motors, Four-Phase (Unipolar) Stepper Motors, Available PM Stepper Motors)
Variable-Reluctance Stepper Motors	344	(2)
Hybrid Stepper Motors	346	(2)
Stepper Motor Control Circuits	348	(8)
Controlling the Two-Phase Stepper Motor
Controlling the Four-Phase Stepper Motor Microstepping
Improving Torque at Higher Stepping Rates
Stepper Motor Application: Positioning a Disk Drive Head	356	(7)
Alternating Current Motors	363	(38)
AC Power	364	(7)
Background
Single-Phase AC
Three-Phase AC
Electrical Safety
Ground-Fault Interrupters
Induction Motors	371	(14)
Theory of Operation
Single-Phase Motors
Three-Phase Motors
Split-Phase Control Motors
AC Servomotors
Synchronous Motors	385	(3)
Theory of Operation
Power-Factor Correction and Synchronous Motors
Small Synchronous Motors
Universal Motors	388	(1)
AC Motor Control	388	(13)
Start-Stop Control
Jogging
Reduced-Voltage Starting
Variable-Speed Control of AC Motors
Variable-Frequency (V/Hz) Drives
Vector Drives
Actuators: Electric, Hydraulic, and Pneumatic	401	(32)
Electric Linear Actuators	402	(9)
Leadscrew Linear Actuators
Solenoids
Electric Linear Motors
Hydraulic Systems	411	(11)
Basic Principles of Hydraulics
Hydraulic Pumps
Hydraulic Actuators
Pressure-Control Valves
Accumulators
Directional Control Valves
Pneumatic Systems	422	(7)
Compressors, Dryers, and Tanks
Pressure Regulators
Pneumatic Control Valves
Pneumatic Actuators
Flow-Control Valves	429	(4)
Feedback Control Principles	433	(56)
Performance Criteria	436	(1)
On-Off Controllers	437	(2)
Two-Point Control
Three-Position Control
Proportional Control	439	(11)
The Steady-State-Error Problem
The Gravity Problem
Bias
Analog Proportional Controllers
Integral Control	450	(4)
Derivative Control	454	(1)
Proportional + Integral + Derivative Control	455	(18)
Analog PID Controllers
Digital PID Controllers
Stability
Tuning the PID Controller
Sampling Rate
Autotuning
Cascade Control	473	(1)
PIP Controllers	473	(1)
Fuzzy Logic Controllers	474	(15)
Introduction
Example of a One-Input System
Example of a Two-Input System
Closing Thoughts
Relay Logic, Programmable Logic Controllers, and Motion Controllers	489	(50)
Relay Logic Control	490	(8)
Relay Logic
Ladder Diagrams
Timers, Counters, and Sequencers
Programmable Logic Controllers	498	(9)
Introduction
PLC Hardware
PLC Setup Procedure
PLC Operation
Programming the PLC	507	(18)
Ladder Diagram Programming
Bit Instructions
Timers
Counters
Sequencers
Using a PLC as a Two-Point Controller
Advanced Instructions
PID Instruction
Other PLC Programming Languages
Programmable Logic Controllers and Networks	525	(4)
Motion Controllers	529	(10)
Appendix A Thermocouple Tables for Type J (°F and °C)	539	(5)
Appendix B The Getting Started Guide for APS, Chapter 2---Control Basics (tutorial on using the file system, addressing and ladder logic for the Allen-Bradley SLC 500 and MicroLogix 1000 PLCs)	544	(29)
Getting Results with RS Logix 500, Chapters 1 and 5 (instructions for using Windows-based ladder logic programming for Allen-Bradley SLC 500 and MicroLogix 1000 PLCs)	550	(23)
Appendix C Glossary	573	(24)
Appendix D Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises	597	(24)
Index	621