Modern Digital Electronics

by JAIN

• ISBN13: 9780073404578
• ISBN10: 0073404578
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-08-21
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math

Summary

Part of the McGraw-Hill Core Concepts Series, Modern Digital Electronics is an ideal textbook for a course on digital electronics at the undergraduate level. The text introduces digital systems and techniques through a bottom-up approach that allows users to start out with the basics of integrated circuits/circuit design and delve into topics such as digital design, flip flops, A/D and D/A. The book then moves on to explore elements of complex digital circuits with material like FPGAs, PLDs, PLAs, and more. Rich pedagogical features include review question with answers, a glossary of key terms, a large number of solved examples, and numerous practice problems. About the Core Concepts in Electrical Engineering Series:As advances in networking and communications bring the global academic community even closer together, it is essential that textbooks recognize and respond to this shift. It is in this spirit that we will publish textbooks in the McGraw-Hill Core Concepts in Electrical Engineering Series. The series will offer textbooks for the global electrical engineering curriculum that are reasonably priced, innovative, dynamic, and will cover fundamental subject areas studied by Electrical and Computer Engineering students. Written with a global perspective and presenting the latest in technological advances, these books will give students of all backgrounds a solid foundation in key engineering subjects.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements	xi
Fundamental Concept	1	(20)
Introduction	1	(2)
Digital Signals	3	(1)
Basic Digital Circuits	4	(2)
The And Operation	4	(1)
The Or Operation	5	(1)
The Not Operation	5	(1)
Nand and Nor Operations	6	(3)
The Nand Operation	6	(1)
The Nor Operation	7	(2)
Exclusive-Or Operation	9	(1)
Boolean Algebra	9	(3)
Examples of IC Gates	12	(1)
Summary	13	(8)
Glossary	14	(2)
Review Questions	16	(1)
Problems	17	(4)
Number Systems and Codes	21	(37)
Introduction	21	(1)
Number Systems	22	(1)
Binary Number System	22	(4)
Binary-to-Decimal Conversion	23	(1)
Decimal-to-Binary Conversion	24	(2)
Signed Binary Numbers	26	(4)
Sign-Magnitude Representation	26	(1)
One's Complement Representation	27	(1)
Two's Complement Representation	28	(2)
Binary Arithmetic	30	(2)
Binary Addition	30	(1)
Binary Subtraction	31	(1)
Binary Multiplication	32	(1)
Binary Division	32	(1)
Complement Arithmetic	32	(2)
Subtraction Using 2's Complement	33	(1)
Addition/Subtraction in 2's Complement Representation	33	(1)
Octal Number System	34	(4)
Octal-to-Decimal Conversion	34	(1)
Decimal-to-Octal Conversion	35	(1)
Octal-to-Binary Conversion	36	(1)
Binary-to-Octal Conversion	36	(1)
Octal Arithmetic	37	(1)
Applications of Octal Number System	38	(1)
Hexadecimal Number System	38	(4)
Hexadecimal-to-Decimal Conversion	39	(1)
Decimal-to-Hexadecimal Conversion	39	(1)
Hexadecimal-to-Binary Conversion	40	(1)
Binary-to-Hexadecimal Conversion	40	(1)
Conversion from Hex-to-Octal and Vice-Versa	41	(1)
Hexadecimal Arithmetic	42	(1)
Codes	42	(7)
Straight Binary Code	43	(1)
Natural BCD Code	43	(1)
Excess-3 Code	43	(1)
Gray Code	44	(1)
Octal Code	45	(1)
Hexadecimal Code	45	(1)
Alphanumeric Codes	46	(3)
Error Detecting and Correcting Codes	49	(5)
Error-detecting Codes	49	(2)
Error-correcting Codes	51	(3)
Summary	54	(4)
Glossary	54	(2)
Review Questions	56	(1)
Problems	57	(1)
Semiconductor Devices---Switching Mode Operation	58	(31)
Introduction	59	(1)
Semiconductors	60	(1)
p-n Junction Diode	61	(6)
Forward Bias	62	(1)
Reverse Bias	63	(1)
The Volt-Ampere Characteristic	64	(1)
Zener Diode	64	(1)
Transition Capacitance of a p-n Junction Diode	65	(1)
Switching Characteristics of a Semiconductor Diode	65	(2)
Schottky Diode	67	(1)
Bipolar Junction Transistor	67	(8)
Transistor Configurations	69	(1)
Transistor as a Switch	70	(1)
CE Transistor Switch	71	(1)
Switching Speed of BJT	72	(3)
Schottky Transistor	75	(1)
Field-Effect Transistor	75	(8)
Junction Field-Effect Transistor	75	(2)
Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor	77	(2)
FET Switches	79	(3)
Complementary MOSFET (CMOS)	82	(1)
Summary	83	(6)
Glossary	83	(1)
Review Questions	83	(1)
Problems	84	(5)
Digital Logic Families	89	(49)
Introduction	89	(1)
Bipolar Logic Families	89	(1)
Unipolar Logic Families	90	(1)
Characteristics of Digital ICs	90	(3)
Speed of Operation	91	(1)
Power Dissipation	91	(1)
Figure of Merit	91	(1)
Fan-Out	91	(1)
Current and Voltage Parameters	91	(1)
Noise Immunity	92	(1)
Operating Temperature	92	(1)
Power Supply Requirements	93	(1)
Flexibilities Available	93	(1)
Resistor-Transistor Logic (RTL)	93	(3)
Logic Operation	93	(1)
Loading Considerations	93	(2)
Noise Margins	95	(1)
Propagation Delay Time	95	(1)
Current Source Logic	95	(1)
Wired-Logic	95	(1)
Direct-Coupled Transistor Logic (DCTL)	96	(1)
Integrated-Injection Logic (I2L)	96	(4)
I2L Inverter	97	(1)
I2L Configuration	97	(2)
Fabrication of I2L	99	(1)
Diode--Transistor Logic (DTL)	100	(3)
Operation of DTL Nand Gate	101	(1)
Propagation Delays	102	(1)
Current Sink Logic	102	(1)
Wired-Logic	103	(1)
Modified Integrated DTL NAND Gate	103	(1)
High-Threshold Logic (HTL)	103	(2)
Transistor-transistor Logic (TTL)	105	(3)
Operation of TTL NAND Gate	105	(1)
Active Pull-up	106	(2)
Wired-And	108	(1)
Open-Collector Output	108	(1)
Unconnected Inputs	108	(1)
Clamping Diodes	108	(1)
Schottky TTL	108	(1)
5400/7400 TTL Series	108	(2)
Emitter-Coupled Logic (ECL)	110	(4)
Fan-Out	113	(1)
Wired-OR Logic	113	(1)
Open-Emitter Outputs	114	(1)
Unconnected Inputs	114	(1)
ECL Families	114	(1)
Interfacing ECL and TTL	114	(1)
TTL-to-ECL Translator	114	(1)
ECL-to-TTL Translator	115	(1)
MOS Logic	115	(4)
Mosfet Nand and Nor Gates	117	(1)
Fan-Out	118	(1)
Propagation Delay Time	118	(1)
Power Dissipation	119	(1)
Unconnected Inputs	119	(1)
Cmos Logic	119	(4)
Cmos Inverter	119	(1)
Cmos Nand and Nor Gates	119	(1)
Cmos Transmission Gate	120	(1)
Noise Margin	120	(1)
Unconnected Inputs	121	(1)
Wired-Logic	121	(1)
Open-Drain Outputs	122	(1)
54C00/74C00 CMOS Series	122	(1)
Interfacing CMOS and TTL	123	(2)
CMOS Driving TTL	123	(1)
TTL Driving CMOS	124	(1)
Interfacing CMOS and ECL	125	(1)
Tri-State Logic	126	(2)
TSL Inverter	126	(2)
Summary	128	(10)
Glossary	129	(4)
Review Questions	133	(1)
Problems	134	(4)
Combinational Logic Design	138	(53)
Introduction	138	(1)
Standard Representations for Logical Functions	139	(7)
Karnaugh Map Representation of Logical Functions	146	(4)
Representation of Truth Table on K-Map	148	(1)
Representation of Standard SOP Form on K-Map	149	(1)
Representation of Standard POS Form on K-Map	150	(1)
Simplification of Logical Functions Using K-Map	150	(5)
Grouping Two Adjacent Ones	151	(1)
Grouping Four Adjacent Ones	152	(2)
Grouping Eight Adjacent Ones	154	(1)
Grouping 2, 4, and 8 Adjacent Zeros	155	(1)
Minimization of Logical Functions Specified in Minterms/Maxterms or Truth Table	155	(4)
Minimization of SOP Form	155	(3)
Minimization of POS Form	158	(1)
Minimization of Logical Functions not Specified in Minterms/Maxterms	159	(2)
Don't-Care Conditions	161	(2)
Design Examples	163	(5)
Arithmetic Circuits	163	(3)
BCD-to-7-Segment Decoder	166	(2)
Ex-or And Ex-Nor Simplification of K-Maps	168	(7)
Diagonal and Offset Adjacencies of Groups of Ones	171	(4)
Five and Six-Variable K-maps	175	(3)
Quine-McCluskey Minimization Technique	178	(7)
Summary	185	(6)
Glossary	186	(1)
Review Questions	187	(1)
Problems	187	(4)
Combinational Logic Design Using MSI Circuits	191	(46)
Introduction	191	(1)
Multiplexers and Their Use in Combinational Logic Design	191	(5)
Multiplexer	191	(1)
Combinational Logic Design Using Multiplexers	192	(4)
Multiplexer Tree	196	(1)
Demultiplexers/Decoders and Their Use in Combinational Logic Design	196	(5)
Demultiplexer	196	(3)
Demultiplexer Tree	199	(2)
Adders and Their Use as Subtracters	201	(4)
Adder with Look-Ahead Carry	202	(1)
Cascading of Adders	203	(2)
Subtraction Using Adder	205	(1)
BCD Arithmetic	205	(4)
BCD Adder	206	(1)
BCD Subtractor	206	(3)
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)	209	(3)
Digital Comparators	212	(3)
Parity Generators/Checkers	215	(2)
Code Converters	217	(9)
BCD-to-Binary Converter	218	(4)
Binary-to-BCD Converter	222	(4)
Priority Encoders	226	(2)
Decimal-to-BCD Encoder	226	(1)
Octal-to-Binary Encoder	227	(1)
Decoder/Drivers for Display Devices	228	(5)
BCD-to-Decimal Decoder/Driver	228	(1)
BCD-to-7-Segment Decoder/Driver	229	(4)
Summary	233	(4)
Glossary	233	(1)
Review Questions	234	(1)
Problems	234	(3)
Flip-Flops	237	(30)
Introduction	237	(2)
A 1-Bit Memory Cell	239	(1)
Clocked S-R Flip-Flop	240	(3)
Preset and Clear	241	(2)
J-K Flip-Flop	243	(3)
The Race-Around Condition	244	(1)
The Master-Slave J-K Flip-Flop	245	(1)
D-Type Flip-Flop	246	(1)
T-Type Flip-Flop	247	(1)
Excitation Table of Flip-Flop	248	(1)
Clocked Flip-Flop Design	249	(3)
Conversion From One Type of Flip-Flop to Another Type	250	(2)
Edge-Triggered Flip-Flops	252	(3)
Applications of Flip-Flops	255	(4)
Bounce-Elimination Switch	255	(1)
Registers	256	(1)
Counters	257	(1)
Random-Access Memory	258	(1)
Summary	259	(8)
Glossary	260	(2)
Review Questions	262	(1)
Problems	262	(5)
Sequential Logic Design	267	(68)
Introduction	267	(1)
Registers	268	(4)
Shift Register	269	(3)
Applications of Shift Registers	272	(4)
Delay Line	272	(1)
Serial-to-Parallel Converter	272	(1)
Parallel-to-Serial Converter	272	(1)
Ring Counter	273	(1)
Twisted-Ring Counter	273	(1)
Sequence Generator	274	(2)
Ripple or Asynchronous Counters	276	(11)
UP/DOWN Counters	279	(1)
Modulus of the Counter	280	(1)
54/74 Series Asynchronous Counter ICs	281	(6)
Synchronous Counters	287	(15)
Synchronous Counter Design	288	(4)
Lock Out	292	(1)
54/74 Series Synchronous Counter ICs	292	(10)
Clocked Sequential Circuit Design	302	(4)
Asynchronous Sequential Circuits	306	(21)
Asynchronus versus Synchronous Sequential Circuits	306	(1)
Applications of Asynchronous Sequential Circuits	306	(2)
Asynchronous Sequential Machine Modes	308	(1)
Analysis of Asynchronous Sequential Machines	309	(12)
Asynchronous Sequential Circuit Design	321	(6)
Summary	327	(8)
Glossary	328	(2)
Review Questions	330	(1)
Problems	330	(5)
Timing Circuits	335	(31)
Introduction	335	(1)
Applications of Logic Gates in Timing Circuits	336	(2)
Free-Running Multivibrator	336	(1)
Monostable Multivibrator	337	(1)
OP AMP and its Applications in Timing Circuits	338	(11)
OP AMP Comparator	339	(3)
Regenerative Comparator (Schmitt Trigger)	342	(3)
Astable (or Free-Running) Multivibrator	345	(2)
Monostable Multivibrator	347	(2)
Schmitt Trigger ICs	349	(1)
Schmitt Trigger Square-Wave Generator	349	(1)
Monostable Multivibrator ICs	350	(8)
74121 Monostable Multivibrator	350	(2)
Retriggerable Monostable Multivibrators (74122 and 74123)	352	(2)
Non-retriggerable Monostable Multivibrator with Clear (74221)	354	(3)
Astable Multivibrator Using One-Shots	357	(1)
555 Timer	358	(4)
Monostable Multivibrator	359	(1)
Astable Multivibrator	360	(2)
Summary	362	(4)
Glossary	362	(1)
Review Questions	363	(1)
Problems	364	(2)
A/D and D/A Converters	366	(35)
Introduction	366	(1)
Digital-to-Analog Converters	367	(11)
Weighted-Resistor D/A Converter	368	(4)
R-2R Ladder D/A Converter	372	(4)
Specifications for D/A Converters	376	(2)
An Example of D/A Converter IC	378	(4)
Digital Input Codes	379	(1)
Analog Output	380	(1)
Calibration	380	(2)
Sample-And-Hold	382	(1)
Sample-and-Hold Circuit	382	(1)
Analog-to-Digital Converters	383	(12)
Quantization and Encoding	383	(2)
Parallel-Comparator A/D Converter	385	(1)
Successive-Approximation A/D Converter	385	(4)
Counting A/D Converter	389	(1)
Dual-Slope A/D Converter	390	(2)
A/D Converter Using Voltage-to-Frequency Conversion	392	(1)
A/D Converter Using Voltage-to-Time Conversion	393	(2)
Specifications of A/D Converters	395	(1)
An Example of A/D Converter IC	395	(2)
Operation	395	(1)
Digital Output	395	(1)
Analog Input	396	(1)
Calibration	396	(1)
Summary	397	(4)
Glossary	398	(1)
Review Questions	399	(1)
Problems	399	(2)
Semiconductor Memories	401	(48)
Introduction	401	(1)
Memory Organization and Operation	401	(7)
Write Operation	403	(2)
Read Operation	405	(3)
Expanding Memory Size	408	(2)
Expanding Word Size	408	(1)
Expanding Word Capacity	408	(2)
Classification and Characteristics of Memories	410	(3)
Principle of Operation	410	(2)
Physical Characteristics	412	(1)
Mode of Access	413	(1)
Fabrication Technology	413	(1)
Sequential Memory	413	(6)
Static Shift Register	414	(1)
Dynamic Shift Register	414	(5)
Read-Only Memory	419	(7)
ROM Organization	421	(2)
Programming Mechanisms	423	(3)
ROM ICs	426	(1)
Read and Write Memory	426	(7)
Bipolar RAM Cell	428	(2)
MOS RAMs	430	(3)
RAM ICs	433	(1)
Content Addressable Memory	433	(7)
Operation of CAM	435	(5)
Charge Coupled Device Memory	440	(3)
Basic Concept of CCD	440	(1)
Operation of CCD	441	(1)
A Practical CCD Memory Device	442	(1)
Summary	443	(6)
Glossary	444	(1)
Review Questions	445	(1)
Problems	446	(3)
Programmable Logic Devices	449	(46)
Introduction	449	(8)
ROM as a PLD	457	(1)
Programmable Logic Array	457	(8)
Input Buffer	452	(1)
And Matrix	453	(1)
OR Matrix	454	(2)
Invert/Non-Invert Matrix	456	(1)
Output Buffer	456	(1)
Output through Flip-Flops and Buffers	457	(1)
Programming the PLA	457	(1)
Expanding PLA Capacity	457	(1)
Applications of PLAs	458	(7)
Available PLAs	465	(1)
Programmable Array Logic	465	(13)
Registered PALs	469	(1)
Configurable PALs	469	(3)
Generic Array Logic Devices	472	(1)
Ex-Or PALs	473	(2)
Available PALs	475	(3)
Simple PLDs (SPLDs)	478	(1)
Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLDs)	478	(5)
Block Diagram	479	(1)
Programming	480	(1)
Packaging	481	(1)
Available CPLDs	482	(1)
Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)	483	(8)
Logic Cell Array	484	(5)
Actel ACT	489	(1)
Antifuse	490	(1)
Plessey ERA	490	(1)
Summary	491	(4)
Glossary	491	(1)
Review Questions	492	(1)
Problems	492	(3)
Fundamentals of Microprocessors	495	(50)
Introduction	495	(1)
An Ideal Microprocessor	496	(2)
The Data Bus	498	(2)
The Address Bus	500	(1)
The Control Bus	501	(1)
Microprocessor Based System-Basic Operation	502	(3)
Microprocessor Operation	505	(1)
Microprocessor Architecture	506	(2)
System Bus	506	(1)
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)	507	(1)
Registers	507	(1)
Program Counter (PC)	507	(1)
Flags	507	(1)
Timing and Control Unit	508	(1)
Instruction set	508	(2)
The 8085A Microprocessor	510	(25)
Organization and Operation	510	(5)
Programming	515	(20)
The 8086 Microprocessor	535	(3)
The 8086 Architecture	536	(2)
Programming Languages	538	(1)
Summary	539	(6)
Glossary	540	(2)
Review Questions	542	(1)
Problems	543	(2)
Computer-Aided Design of Digital Systems	545	(24)
Introduction	545	(1)
Computer Aided Design (CAD) Concepts	546	(1)
CAD Tools	547	(4)
Design Entry	548	(1)
Initial Synthesis	549	(1)
Functional Simulation	549	(1)
Logic Synthesis and Optimization	549	(2)
Physical Design	551	(1)
Timing Simulation	551	(1)
Summary	551	(1)
Introduction to VHDL	551	(14)
Entity	553	(3)
Architecture	556	(5)
Configuration Declaration	561	(1)
Generic	562	(1)
Data objects	562	(1)
Examples of VHDL Codes	563	(2)
Summary	565	(4)
Glossary	565	(2)
Review Questions	567	(1)
Problems	568	(1)
Appendix-A1 Reserved Words in VHDL	569	(1)
A2 Symbols Defined in VHDL	570	(1)
Appendix-B Bibliography	571	(3)
Appendix-C Answers to Reviews Questions	574	(5)
Appendix-D Answers to Selected Problems	579	(24)
Index	603