Modern Earth Science

by Sager, Robert J.; Ramsey, William L.; Phillips, Clifford R.; Watenpaugh, Frank M.

• ISBN13: 9780030565335
• ISBN10: 0030565332
• Edition: Student
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-12-01
• Publisher: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt School

Table of Contents

Introducing Earth Science	xvi
Lab and Field Safety	xviii
Concept Mapping	xxi
UNIT 1 Studying the Earth	xxii
Introduction to Earth Science	2	(20)
What Is Earth Science?	3	(6)
EarthBeat: The Earth's Circumference	4	(5)
Paths to Discovery: Scientific Methods	9	(5)
Science & Technology: The Internet	10	(4)
Birth of a Theory: The Big Bang	14	(8)
Small-Scale Investigation: The Big Bang Theory	17	(1)
Chapter 1 Review	18	(2)
In-Depth Investigation: Scientific Method	20	(2)
The Earth in Space	22	(20)
Earth: A Unique Planet	23	(6)
Career Focus: Earth Structure (Field Geologist, Instrumentation Technician, Surveyor)	26	(3)
Movements of the Earth	29	(6)
Impact on Society: Biological Clocks	33	(2)
Artificial Satellites	35	(7)
Small-Scale Investigation: Gravity and Orbits	37	(1)
Chapter 2 Review	38	(2)
In-Depth Investigation: Earth-Sun Motion	40	(2)
Models of the Earth	42	(22)
Finding Locations on the Earth	43	(3)
Mapping the Earth's Surface	46	(4)
Topographic Maps	50	(14)
Science & Technology: Navstar: A Global Positioning System	52	(2)
Small-Scale Investigation: Topographic Maps	54	(2)
Chapter 3 Review	56	(2)
In-Depth Investigation: Contour Maps	58	(2)
Maps in Action: Journey to Red River	60	(2)
Eye on the Environment: Mapping Life on Earth	62	(2)
UNIT 2 The Dynamic Earth	64	(72)
Plate Tectonics	66	(16)
Continental Drift	67	(5)
EarthBeat: Evidence of Seafloor Spreading	69	(1)
Impact on Society: Living on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge	70	(2)
The Theory of Plate Tectonics	72	(10)
Small-Scale Investigation: Lithospheric Plate Boundaries	75	(3)
Chapter 4 Review	78	(2)
In-Depth Investigation: A Model of Convection Currents	80	(2)
Deformation of the Crust	82	(16)
How the Crust Is Deformed	83	(2)
The Results of Stress	85	(3)
Small-Scale Investigation: Folds and Fractures	87	(1)
Mountain Formation	88	(10)
Science & Technology: Tracking Plate Movements	90	(3)
EarthBeat: The Disappearing Mediterranean	93	(1)
Chapter 5 Review	94	(2)
In-Depth Investigation: Continental Collisions	96	(2)
Earthquakes	98	(18)
Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics	99	(4)
EarthBeat: The Big Squeeze	102	(1)
Recording Earthquakes	103	(3)
Small-Scale Investigation: Seismographic Record	105	(1)
Earthquake Damage	106	(10)
Impact on Society: The Great Hanshin Earthquake	107	(1)
Career Focus: Earth Forces (tectonophysicist, Volcanologist, Exploration Geophysicist)	108	(4)
Chapter 6 Review	112	(2)
In-Depth Investigation: Earthquake Waves	114	(2)
Volcanoes	116	(20)
Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics	117	(3)
Volcanic Eruptions	120	(6)
Small-Scale Investigation: Volcanic Cones	123	(2)
Impact on Society: Krakatau	125	(1)
Extraterrestrial Volcanism	126	(10)
Chapter 7 Review	128	(2)
In-Depth Investigation: Hot Spots and Volcanoes	130	(2)
Maps in Action: A Case of the Tennessee Shakes	132	(2)
Eye on the Environment: Volcanoes Put a Chill in the Air	134	(2)
UNIT 3 Composition of the Earth	136	(80)
Earth Chemistry	138	(18)
Matter	139	(8)
Small-Scale Investigation: Electrically Charged Objects	140	(4)
Science & Technology: The Smallest Particles	144	(3)
Combinations of Atoms	147	(9)
Chapter 8 Review	152	(2)
In-Depth Investigation: Chemical Analysis	154	(2)
Minerals of the Earth's Crust	156	(18)
What Is a Mineral?	157	(6)
Career Focus: Mineral Resources (Mining Engineer, Gem Cutter, Mine Inspector)	160	(3)
Identifying Minerals	163	(11)
Small-Scale Investigation: Mineral Identification	167	(2)
Impact on Society: Mineral Resources	169	(1)
Chapter 9 Review	170	(2)
In-Depth Investigation: Mineral Identification	172	(2)
Rocks	174	(20)
Rocks and the Rock Cycle	175	(3)
Igneous Rock	178	(4)
Small-Scale Investigation: Crystal Formation	180	(2)
Sedimentary Rock	182	(5)
Science & Technology: Landsat Maps the World	184	(3)
Metamorphic Rock	187	(7)
EarthBeat: Moon Rocks	189	(1)
Chapter 10 Review	190	(2)
In-Depth Investigation: Classification of Rocks	192	(2)
Resources and Energy	194	(22)
Mineral Resources	195	(3)
Fossil Fuels	198	(4)
Nuclear Energy	202	(2)
Alternative Energy Sources	204	(12)
Small-Scale Investigation: Solar Collector	205	(1)
Science & Technology: Solar Two	206	(2)
Chapter 11 Review	208	(2)
In-Depth Investigation: Extraction of Copper from Its Ore	210	(2)
Maps in Action: Buried Treasure	212	(2)
Eye on the Environment: What's Mined Is Yours	214	(2)
UNIT 4 Reshaping the Crust	216	(104)
Weathering and Erosion	218	(24)
Weathering Processes	219	(5)
Small-Scale Investigation: Mechanical Weathering	220	(3)
Impact on Society: The Price of Corrosion	223	(1)
Rates of Weathering	224	(3)
Weathering and Soil	227	(4)
Erosion	231	(11)
Career Focus: Natural Resources (Soil Conservationist, Hydrologist, Water Purification Technician)	234	(4)
Chapter 12 Review	238	(2)
In-Depth Investigation: Soil Chemistry	240	(2)
Water and Erosion	242	(18)
The Water Cycle	243	(4)
EarthBeat: Life Cycle of a Lake	245	(2)
River Systems	247	(5)
Small-Scale Investigation: Soil Erosion	248	(4)
Stream Deposition	252	(8)
Impact on Society: A River and a City	253	(3)
Chapter 13 Review	256	(2)
In-Depth Investigation: Sediments and Water	258	(2)
Groundwater and Erosion	260	(16)
Water Beneath the Surface	261	(5)
Small-Scale Investigation: Permeability	262	(4)
Wells and Springs	266	(3)
Groundwater and Chemical Weathering	269	(7)
Impact on Society: Disappearing Land	270	(2)
Chapter 14 Review	272	(2)
In-Depth Investigation: Porosity	274	(2)
Glaciers and Erosion	276	(20)
Glaciers: Moving Ice	277	(5)
Science & Technology: Monitoring Ice Streams in Antarctica	280	(2)
Landforms Created by Glaciers	282	(7)
Small-Scale Investigation: Glacial Erosion	284	(4)
EarthBeat: Lake Agassiz	288	(1)
Ice Ages	289	(7)
Chapter 15 Review	292	(2)
In-Depth Investigation: Glaciers and Sea Level	294	(2)
Erosion by Wind and Waves	296	(24)
Wind Erosion	297	(5)
Small-Scale Investigation: Dune Migration	300	(2)
Wave Erosion	302	(5)
Coastal Erosion and Deposition	307	(13)
Impact on Society: The Flooding of Venice	309	(3)
Chapter 16 Review	312	(2)
In-Depth Investigation: Beaches	314	(2)
Maps in Action: What Comes Down Must Go Where?	316	(2)
Eye on the Environment: Losing Ground	318	(2)
UNIT 5 The History of the Earth	320	(66)
The Rock Record	322	(22)
Determining Relative Age	323	(4)
Determining Absolute Age	327	(7)
Science & Technology: Advances in Uranium-Lead Dating	330	(2)
Small-Scale Investigation: Radioactive Decay	332	(2)
The Fossil Record	334	(10)
EarthBeat: Clues to Climate	339	(1)
Chapter 17 Review	340	(2)
In-Depth Investigation: Fossils	342	(2)
A View of the Earth's Past	344	(20)
The Geologic Time Scale	345	(2)
Geologic History	347	(17)
Science & Technology: CAT Scanning Fossils	350	(9)
Small-Scale Investigation: Geologic Time Scale	359	(1)
Chapter 18 Review	360	(2)
In-Depth Investigation: Geologic Time	362	(2)
The History of the Continents	364	(22)
Movements of the Continents	365	(5)
Small-Scale Investigation: Plate Tectonics Theory	366	(3)
EarthBeat: Geography of the Future	369	(1)
Growth of a Continent: North America	370	(4)
Impact on Society: Land Bridge to the Americas	373	(1)
Formation of the Grand Canyon	374	(12)
Career Focus: Fossils (Paleontologist, Stratigrapher, Paleontological Assistant)	376	(2)
Chapter 19 Review	378	(2)
In-Depth Investigation: History in the Rocks	380	(2)
Maps in Action: Where the Hippos Roam	382	(2)
Eye on the Environment: The Mysterious Bone Bed	384	(2)
UNIT 6 Oceans	386	(66)
The Ocean Basins	388	(18)
The Water Planet	389	(4)
Small-Scale Investigation: Sonar	392	(1)
Features of. the Ocean Floor	393	(6)
Impact on Society: Fishing on the Continental Shelves	394	(2)
Career Focus: Oceans (Underwater Photographer, Marine Surveyor, Oceanographer)	396	(3)
Ocean-Floor Sediments	399	(7)
Chapter 20 Review	402	(2)
In-Depth Investigation: Ocean-Floor Sediments	404	(2)
Ocean Water	406	(20)
Properties of Ocean Water	407	(6)
Small-Scale Investigation: Density Factors	411	(2)
Life in the Oceans	413	(4)
Ocean Resources	417	(9)
Science & Technology: Efficient Desalination	418	(4)
Chapter 21 Review	422	(2)
In-Depth Investigation: Ocean Water Density	424	(2)
Movements of the Ocean	426	(26)
Ocean Currents	427	(6)
EarthBeat: Shifting Currents	430	(3)
Ocean Waves	433	(6)
Small-Scale Investigation: Waves	435	(4)
Tides	439	(13)
Science & Technology: Energy from the Ocean	440	(4)
Chapter 22 Review	444	(2)
In-Depth Investigation: Wave Motion	446	(2)
Maps in Action: Mapping the Sea Floor From Space	448	(2)
Eye on the Environment: A Harbor Makes a Comeback	450	(2)
UNIT 7 Atmospheric Forces	452	(92)
The Atmosphere	454	(24)
Characteristics of the Atmosphere	455	(8)
Small-Scale Investigation: Barometric Pressure	458	(5)
Solar Energy and the Atmosphere	463	(6)
EarthBeat: Visible Light and the Atmosphere	464	(5)
Winds	469	(9)
Science & Technology: Energy from the Wind	470	(4)
Chapter 23 Review	474	(2)
In-Depth Investigation: Air Density and Temperature	476	(2)
Water in the Atmosphere	478	(20)
Atmospheric Moisture	479	(5)
Small-Scale Investigation: Relative Humidity	482	(2)
Clouds and Fog	484	(5)
Precipitation	489	(9)
Impact on Society: The Destructive Power of Hail	490	(4)
Chapter 24 Review	494	(2)
In-Depth Investigation: Relative Humidity	496	(2)
Weather	498	(24)
Air Masses	499	(3)
Fronts	502	(7)
Impact on Society: Weather Watch	506	(3)
Weather Instruments	509	(3)
Small-Scale Investigation: Wind Chill	510	(2)
Forecasting the Weather	512	(10)
EarthBeat: Project VORTEX	515	(1)
Career Focus: Weather (Meteorologist, Severe-Storm Forecaster, Weather Observer)	516	(2)
Chapter 25 Review	518	(2)
In-Depth Investigation: Weather Map Interpretation	520	(2)
Climate	522	(22)
Factors That Affect Climate	523	(6)
Impact on Society: El Nino	525	(2)
Small-Scale Investigation: Evaporation	527	(2)
Climate Zones	529	(15)
EarthBeat: An Endangered Habitat	530	(6)
Chapter 26 Review	536	(2)
In-Depth Investigation: Factors That Affect Climate	538	(2)
Maps in Action: Snapshots of the Weather	540	(2)
Eye on the Environment: Keeping Cool With Algae	542	(2)
UNIT 8 Studying Space	544	(98)
Stars and Galaxies	546	(24)
Characteristics of Stars	547	(8)
Small-Scale Investigation: Parallax	551	(4)
Stellar Evolution	555	(6)
Science & Technology: The Hubble Space Telescope Eyes New Stars	556	(5)
Star Groups	561	(9)
EarthBeat: Quasars	565	(1)
Chapter 27 Review	566	(2)
In-Depth Investigation: Star Magnitudes	568	(2)
The Sun	570	(20)
Structure of the Sun	571	(5)
Small-Scale Investigation: Solar Viewer	573	(3)
Solar Activity	576	(4)
Impact on Society: Coronal Mass Ejections	578	(2)
Formation of the Solar System	580	(10)
Career Focus: Space (Astronomer, Planetarium Technician, Solar Energy Systems Designer)	582	(3)
EarthBeat: The Solar Constant	585	(1)
Chapter 28 Review	586	(2)
In-Depth Investigation: Size and Energy of the Sun	588	(2)
The Solar System	590	(24)
Models of the Solar System	591	(3)
The Inner Planets	594	(4)
The Outer Planets	598	(8)
Science & Technology: Galileo Probes Jupiter	602	(2)
Small-Scale Investigation: The Solar System	604	(2)
Asteroids, Comets, and Meteoroids	606	(8)
Chapter 29 Review	610	(2)
In-Depth Investigation: Crater Analysis	612	(2)
Moons and Rings	614	(28)
The Earth's Moon	615	(6)
Science & Technology: Mining on the Moon	618	(3)
Movements of the Moon	621	(5)
EarthBeat Effects of Tides	622	(3)
Small Scale Investigation: Eclipses	625	(1)
The Lunar Cycle	626	(4)
Satellites of Other Planets	630	(12)
Chapter 30 Review	634	(2)
In-Depth Investigation: Galilean Moons of Jupiter	636	(2)
Maps in Action: Stars in Your Eyes	638	(2)
Eye on the Environment: The Great Junkyard in the Sky	640	(2)
Long-Range Investigations	642	(22)
References	664	(30)
Glossary	694	(16)
Index	710	(18)
Credits	728