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Jonathan N. Lipman is the Felicia Gressitt Bock professor of Asian studies and professor of history at Mount Holyoke College in South Hadley, Massachusetts. Lipman specializes in the study of Islam and Muslims in China, however he covers all of East Asia in his courses. He is the author of Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China (1998) and co-author of Imperial Japan: Expansion and War, A Humanities Approach to Japanese Histry Part III (1995). He has also recently contributed to Twentieth Century China, The Xinjiang Project and Ethnic Identity and the China Frontier (forthcoming). Lipman has published additional articles, book chapters and reviews on religion, ethnicity and diversity in Chinese history. He is a member of the Association for Asian Studies and its regional affiliate. He is also an associate in research at the Fairbank Center for East Asian Research and the Committee on Inner Asian and Altaic Studies at Harvard University.
Barbara Molony has been a professor of history at Santa Clara University since 1981 and has served as the department chair since 2005. Molony is the co-author of Civilizations Past and Present, 12th Edition (Pearson, 2009). She also co-edited Asia's New Mothers: Crafting Gender Roles and Childcare Networks in East And Southeast Asian Societies (Global Oriental, 2008) and Gendering Modern Japanese History (Harvard, 2005). Her primary research interests are centered on women's rights and the construction and representation of gender. Additionally, her research interests focus on modern Japan and its global connections. She currently serves as the associate editor of the US-Japan Women's Journal as well as the president of the Pacific Coast Branch of the American History Association.
Michael A. Robinson teaches in the department of East Asian languages and cultures and the department of history at Indiana University. Although he is involved in the study of both modern and contemporary Northeast Asia, his principle studies have focused on modern Korea during the period of Japanese colonial rule. Robinson is the author of Korea's Twentieth Century Odyssey: A Short History (University of Hawaii Press, 2007), Cultural Nationalism in Colonial Korea (1988) and co-author of Korea Old and New: A History (1991). He also co-edited Colonial Modernity in Korea, 1910-1945 (Harvard East Asia Council Publications, 2000).
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Lands and Languages of East Asia
Lands
China
North China
Central China
Southern China
North of China
West of China
South and Southeast of China
Korea
Japan
Languages
Speech and Writing
Vocabulary and Local
Written Forms
Pronunciation, Phonetics, and Romanization
Japanese
Korean
Chinese
Names
Chapter 2: MIng China, Choson Korea, and Warring States Japan in 1600
World Context
Chinese Society and Culture in the Late Ming
Neo-Confucianism and the Ideal of Self-Cultivation
Individuals and Families, Ideals and Realities
Women’s Lives
Native Place
Food and Hobbies
Religions
Orthodoxy, Meritocracy, and the Examination System
Hai Rui Rebukes His Lord
Time and the Cosmos
Agriculture and Commerce
Land and Population
Frontiers, Defense, and Diversity
Being Chinese
Korea under the ChosOn Kings
The Yangban Ruling Class
Ms. Kim hangs herself
Examinations and the Limited Power of a Centralized State
Land, Slaves, and Commoners
Tribute and Invasion
The Origins of Tokugawa Japan
The International Context
The End of the Warring States Period
Hideyoshi’s Pacification
Hosokawa Gracia Tama
The Road to Sekigahara
Diasporas
Connections
Chapter 3: The Seventeenth Century
World Context
Dynastic Upheaval and a New Ruling Elite
The End of the Ming
The Rise of the Manchus
The Conquest of Ming
The Xu Brothers, Scholars of the Early Qing
Empire-Building under the Kangxi Emperor
State, Society, and the Intellectual Elite in the Early Qing
Korea
Tax Reform and the Economy
Farmers, Rice, and the Commercialization of Agriculture
International Trade
Kim Manjung
Cultural Growth and Criticism
Japan in the Seventeenth Century: Consolidating the Realm
The Tokugawa and the DaimyM
The Tokugawa Regime and the World
Economic Growth and Social and Environmental Change
Culture and Society
Ihara Saikaku
Diasporas
Connections
Chapter 4: The Eighteenth Century
World Context
The High Qing: Triumph and the Sources of Decline
Population Growth and the Qing Economy
Social Transformation and the Status of Women
Shen Fu and Chen Yun, A Qing Love Story
Manchus and Political Power
The Late Kangxi Period
Fiscal Reform and Yongzheng Period Economics
The Qianlong Emperor
Ending the Nomadic Threat and Creating “China”
Intellectual Life and the Literary Inquisition
Corruption and Rebellion in the Late Qianlong Period
The High Qing and the Europeans
ChosOn in the Eighteenth Century
Economic Growth and Commercialization
The Yangban Puzzle
State and Countryside
A Tragedy at Court
Relations with Qing
Domesticating Letters and Arts
The Coming of “Western Learning”
The Early Modern Transition in Tokugawa Japan
Japan in the Eighteenth-Century World
Scholars and Artists
Molding Class, Status, and Gender
Ema SaikM
Demographic Changes in the Eighteenth Century
The Blossoming of Intellectual Diversity
Diasporas
Connections
Chapter 5: Internal Contradictions, External Pressures (1800—1860S)
World Context
The Qing in Decline
End of an Era
Social Problems and Statecraft Solutions
Frontier Wars by Land
A Loyal Man of Qing
Frontier Wars by Sea
Mapping the World
Imagining Other Worlds
Shaking the Foundations
Korea
An End to Slavery
Practical Learning in a Changing World
The Escalation of Rural Resistance
From Factional to Consort Politics
Eastern and Western Learning
The “Disturbances” of 1866
Japan on the Eve of Modernity
The Cultural Scene, 1795—1853
Economic Crises
Japan in the New Diplomatic Scene
Nakahama ManjirM
The End of the Tokugawa Regime
Diasporas
Japan
China
Connections
Chapter 6: Traditionalist Reforms and the Origins of Modernity (1860S–1895)
World Context
Japan’s Meiji Transformation
Fukuzawa Yukichi
Drafting the Blueprints for the New Order
Implementing the Charter Oath: Constructing a New Nation
The New Japanese Subject
Planting the Seeds for Economic Modernity
Japan’s International Position and the Iwakura Mission
Reactionary Samurai, Progressive Reformers, and the Oligarchs
Religion, Culture, and Arts
Japan in the Late Nineteenth-Century World
Qing Restoration
and Reform
Defeating the Taipings
The Other Domestic Rebels
New Troubles in the Northwest
Wang Tao, A Confucian Christian Journalist-Reformer
Foreign Studies and the First Hundred
Self-Strengthening and Foreign Affairs
Social Change
The Great Shock of 1895
Korea
The “Opening” of Korea to Foreign Trade
The Early Self-Strengthening Movement
The Kapsin Coup of 1884
Yun Ch’iho
Qing Influence and Interference
The Sino-Japanese War and the Kabo Reform, 1894—5
Diasporas
Japan
China
Korea
Connections
Chapter 7: Meiji Japan Rises, Qing and Choson Fall, 1895-1912
World Context
Japan
From Farms to Factories and Mines
GotM Shinpei, Modernist and Imperialist
Japan and the World
Politics, Rights, and Citizenship
The End of the Qing 222
Responses to the 1895 Defeat
Reformers and Revolutionaries
Kang Youwei and the Hundred Days of 1898
“Support the Qing and Annihilate the Foreigners”
Too Much, Too Late: “New Government” and Qing Reformism
Free the Mind and the Feet: Women and Chinese Nationalism
Qiu Jin, Revolutionary Heroine
Toppling Heaven: The 1911 Revolution and the End of Imperial China
Korea
The Independence Club and Nationalist Reaction
Expansion of the Public Sphere
The Korean Enlightenment and the Origins of Korean Nationalism
Sin Ch’aeho, Nationalist Historian
The Russo-Japanese War and the Reemergence of Japanese Power
The Japanese Protectorate
Annexation and Descent into Colonial Status
Diasporas
Japan
China
Korea
Connections
Chapter 8: Triumphs, Revolutions, and Hard Times (1910-31)
World Context
Japan: Democracy and Empire
Japan’s Expansion during World War I
From World War I to the Earthquake: 1918—23
From Reconstruction to the Manchurian Incident: 1923—31
Ichikawa Fusae
China: Warlords and New Culture
Yuan Shikai, Militarism, and Imperialism
Public Intellectuals: The New Culture Movement
The May Fourth Movement
Lu Xun, Mirror for Modern China
The Family Broken, the People Gone
The Rise of Political-Military Parties
Economics in the 1920s
Centralization and Its Discontents
Colonial Korea
The Governor-General and the Colonial State
Land and the Survey of 1911—18
Cultural Control, Political Repression, and the Ideology of Empire, 1910—19
The March First Movement and Japanese Reforms
The Cultural Policy and Nationalist Renaissance
Cultural Nationalism and Literary Activity
Yi Kwangsu
Diasporas
Japan
China
Korea
Connections
Chapter 9: The FIfteen-Year War and Anti-Japanese War of Resistance (1931-45)
World Context
Japan at War
The Manchurian Incident
Domestic Politics and Economics
The 2-26 Incident
The Second Sino-Japanese War, 1937—45
Yamamoto Isoroku
The Road to Pearl Harbor
The Pacific War on the Battlefield
The War at Home
Creating Two Chinas 293
Nation-Building in the Nanjing Decade
Communists in Power: The Jiangxi Soviet
Defeat and Retreat
Yan’an, Xi’an, and the Second United Front
Invasion and All-Out War, 1937—38
Feng Zikai, Buddhist Cartoonist
The Long Wars of Resistance, 1938—45
Korea
Colonial Development and War Mobilization
Manchuria, Korea, and Developmental Colonialism
The Great Depression, Tenancy, and Rural Misery
Nationalist Resistance
The Anti-Japanese Guerrillas in Manzhouguo, 1937—45
Colonial Modernity, Urbanization, and Mass Culture in Korea
Modern Women
Na HyesOk
Forced Assimilation and War Mobilization
Comfort Women and the End of Japanese Rule
Diasporas
Japan
China
Korea’s Population Hemorrhage
Connections
Chapter 10: Occupations, Settlements, and Divisions (1945-53)
World Context
Korea
Japanese Surrender, the CPKI, and the Korean People’s Republic
YO UnhyOng
The Reoccupation of Korea
The Evolution of Separate States
The Road to Civil War
The Korean War
China
Conditions at War’s End
The Marshall Mission and Peacemaking
Zhang Junmai, Confucian Cosmopolitan
Large-Scale Civil War
Preparing Taiwan
The PRC and Its Frontiers
Land Reform
International Relations and the Korean War
Social Mobilization
The Occupation of Japan
The Winter of 1945—46
The American Occupation
Kurosawa Akira, Filmmaker
The End of the Occupation and the Beginning of Recovery
Diasporas
Korea
China
Japan
Connections
Chapter 11: Reconstruction and Divergent Development (1953- Late 1970s)
World Context
China
Hukou, Danwei, and Mass Mobilization
Socialist Economic Transformation
“Identifying” China’s Ethnic Groups
A Hundred Flowers
Yue Daiyun, Ambivalent Maoist
The Great Leap Forward
Manmade Famine
A Frontier Debacle: The Tibetan Uprising
Mao on the Margins
The Great Proletarian
Cultural Revolution
Détente and Changing the Guard
The Other China
Japan: The Era of Double-Digit Growth
Creation of the “1955 System”
The Climate for Recovery
Diverse and Conflicting Voices in the 1950s
The 1960s and Income Doubling
The Attainment of Wealth and the Rise of Discontent
Ienaga SaburM, crusading Historian
The End of an Era
Nation-Building in the Koreas
Authoritarian Patterns in South Korea: Syngman Rhee’s First Republic
Political Consolidation in North Korea
Rebuilding and North Korea’s Command Economy (1953—72)
Import Substitution in South Korea, 1953—60
The Second Republic and the 1961 Military Coup
The Economic Transformation of South Korea
The New Hermit Kingdom and the Cult of the Leader
The Yusin Constitution and the Fourth Republic
Kim Chi Ha, Dissident Poet
Diasporas
China
Japan
Korea
Connections
Chapter 12: Social Trans-Formations and Economic Growth (Mid 1970s-Early 1990s
World Context
China and Taiwan
The Beginnings of Reform
International Relations and War
Handling Mao’s Legacy
Economic Liberalization
Inflation and Planned Inequality
The “One Child” Policy
Attacking “Bourgeois Liberalization”
Intellectuals Under Reform
Wang Ruoshui, Liberal Marxist Humanist
The Road to Tiananmen
Taiwan under the Guomindang
A Watershed Decade for the Koreas
The Violent Origins of the Fifth Republic
The Kwangju Incident
The Fifth Republic and Growing Opposition
The Minjung Movement
Marking Time in 1980s North Korea
Democratization of South Korean Society
Im Kwon-Taek, Award-Winning Director
Labor Activism and Politics
International Relations
The 1992 Presidential Election
The Rise of Japan’s Bubble Economy
Japan in Asia
Trade Tensions with the United States
Stock-Market and Real-Estate Bubbles
The Era of National Confidence
Social Change and Continuing National Concerns
Politics in the Era of National Confidence
Japanese Arts on the Global Stage
Doi Takako, Political LeadeR
Diasporas
Japan
Korea
China
Connections
Chapter 13: Globalization with East Asian Characteristics (Early 1990s-2010)
World Context
Global Japan
New Directions in Politics
The Traumatic 1990s
The Koizumi Years and Beyond
The End of LPD Government?
Le KenzaburM, Nobel Laureate
Japanese Arts and Culture on a Global Stage
Korea at Century’s End: New Beginnings
Settling Accounts and Democratization
The Great Transformation: South Korean Society in the 1990s
Isolation, Economic Failure, and Nuclear Politics in North Korea
The Great Famine
Kim Dae Jung, from Prison to Presidency
The Asian Financial Crisis and its Aftermath
The “Sunshine Policy” and Rapprochement with North Korea
The Two Koreas in the New Millennium
The Reemergence of China and Taiwan
Post-Tiananmen Foreign Relations and Trade
Deng’s Last Years
The PRC at the Millennium: Globalization and Domestic Control
Religion and Falun Gong
The Great Firewall and Transnational Diseases
9/11 and the SCO
Hong Kong
Taiwan and the Politics of Reunification
Zhang Ruimin, Legendary Entrepreneur
The 2008 Beijing Olympics
Diasporas
Japan
North Korean Refugees
China
Connections
Politics
Economics
Culture
Regional Connectivity
Notes
Glossary
Bibliography
Index
Picture Credits
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