Modern Elementary Statistics

by Freund, John E.

• ISBN13: 9780130467171
• ISBN10: 0130467170
• Edition: 11th
• Format: Hardcover w/CD
• Copyright: 2004-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

Updated to reflect the latest technological advances in statistical tools, this solid text presents ideas and concepts more clearly for students who have little or no background in statistics. The Tenth Edition retains all the elements and style that educators nationwide have come to expectclear prose, excellent problems and precise presentation of mathematics involvedwhile eliminating some of the computational drudgery. The seamless integration of technology gives professors multiple teaching options.The volume outlines all aspects of summarizing data, possibilities and probabilities, rules of probability, expectations and decisions, distribution, sampling, problems of estimation, tests of hypotheses, analysis of variance, regression, correlation and nonparametric tests.For Statistics professionals and others using elementary statistics.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Introduction	1	(11)
The Growth of Modern Statistics	2	(1)
The Study of Statistics	3	(1)
Descriptive Statistics and Statistical Inference	4	(3)
The Nature of Statistical Data	7	(3)
Checklist of Key Terms	10	(1)
References	10	(2)
Summarizing Data: Listing and Grouping	12	(33)
Listing Numerical Data	13	(3)
Stem-and-Leaf Displays	16	(5)
Frequency Distribution	21	(9)
Graphical Presentations	30	(6)
Summarizing Two-Variable Data	36	(7)
Checklist of Key Terms	43	(1)
References	43	(2)
Summarizing Data: Measures of Location	45	(30)
Populations and Samples	46	(1)
The Mean	47	(4)
The Weighted Mean	51	(5)
The Median	56	(3)
Other Fractiles	59	(3)
The Mode	62	(4)
The Description of Grouped Data	66	(6)
Technical Note (Summations)	72	(2)
Checklist of Key Terms	74	(1)
References	74	(1)
Summarizing Data: Measures of Variation	75	(26)
The Range	76	(1)
The Standard Deviation and the Variance	77	(3)
Applications of the Standard Deviation	80	(7)
The Description of Grouped Data	87	(1)
Some Further Descriptions	88	(6)
Checklist of Key Terms	94	(1)
References	94	(7)
Review Exercises for Chapters 1, 2, 3, & 4	95	(6)
Possibilities and Probabilities	101	(25)
Counting	102	(3)
Permutations	105	(3)
Combinations	108	(8)
Probability	116	(8)
Checklist of Key Terms	124	(1)
References	124	(2)
Some Rules of Probability	126	(34)
Sample Spaces and Events	127	(7)
The Postulates of Probability	134	(3)
Probabilities and Odds	137	(4)
Addition Rules	141	(6)
Conditional Probability	147	(2)
Multiplication Rules	149	(5)
Bayes' Theorem	154	(5)
Checklist of Key Terms	159	(1)
References	159	(1)
Expectations and Decisions	160	(19)
Mathematical Expectation	161	(5)
Decision Making	166	(3)
Statistical Decision Problems	169	(3)
Checklist of Key Terms	172	(1)
References	172	(7)
Review Exercises for Chapters 5, 6, & 7	173	(6)
Probability Distributions	179	(29)
Random Variables	180	(1)
Probability Distributions	181	(2)
The Binomial Distribution	183	(8)
The Hypergeometric Distribution	191	(4)
The Poisson Distribution	195	(4)
The Multinomial Distribution	199	(1)
The Mean of a Probability Distribution	200	(3)
The Standard Deviation of a Probability Distribution	203	(4)
Checklist of Key Terms	207	(1)
References	207	(1)
The Normal Distribution	208	(25)
Continuous Distributions	209	(3)
The Normal Distribution	212	(9)
A Check for Normality	221	(2)
Applications of the Normal Distribution	223	(3)
The Normal Approximation to the Binomial Distribution	226	(5)
Checklist of Key Terms	231	(1)
References	231	(2)
Sampling and Sampling Distributions	233	(33)
Random Sampling	234	(6)
Sample Designs	240	(1)
Systematic Sampling	241	(1)
Stratified Sampling	241	(2)
Cluster Sampling	243	(3)
Sampling Distributions	246	(3)
The Standard Error of the Mean	249	(3)
The Central Limit Theorem	252	(1)
Some Further Considerations	253	(4)
Technical Note (Simulation)	257	(1)
Checklist of Key Terms	258	(1)
References	259	(7)
Review Exercises for Chapters 8, 9, & 10	260	(6)
Problems of Estimation	266	(25)
The Estimation of Means	267	(5)
The Estimation of Means (σ unknown)	272	(6)
The Estimation of Standard Deviations	278	(5)
The Estimation of Proportions	283	(6)
Checklist of Key Terms	289	(1)
References	289	(2)
Tests of Hypotheses: Means	291	(31)
Tests of Hypotheses	292	(5)
Significance Tests	297	(7)
Tests Concerning Means	304	(4)
Tests Concerning Means (σ unknown)	308	(4)
Differences Between Means	312	(3)
Differences Between Means (σ's unknown)	315	(2)
Differences Between Means (Paired data)	317	(3)
Checklist of Key Terms	320	(1)
References	321	(1)
Tests of Hypotheses: Standard Deviations	322	(9)
Tests Concerning Standard Deviations	323	(3)
Tests Concerning Two Standard Deviations	326	(4)
Checklist of Key Terms	330	(1)
References	330	(1)
Tests of Hypotheses Based on Count Data	331	(32)
Tests Concerning Proportions	332	(1)
Tests Concerning Proportions (Large Samples)	333	(1)
Differences between Proportions	334	(4)
The Analysis of an r x c Table	338	(12)
Goodness of Fit	350	(5)
Checklist of Key Terms	355	(1)
References	356	(7)
Review Exercises for Chapters 11, 12, 13, & 14	357	(6)
Analysis of Variance	363	(38)
Differences Among k Means: An Example	364	(4)
The Design of Experiments: Randomization	368	(1)
One-Way Analysis of Variance	369	(7)
Multiple Comparisons	376	(5)
The Design of Experiments: Blocking	381	(2)
Two-Way Analysis of Variance	383	(1)
Two-Way Analysis of Variance without Interaction	383	(4)
The Design of Experiments: Replication	387	(1)
Two-Way Analysis of Variance with Interaction	388	(4)
The Design of Experiments: Further Considerations	392	(7)
Checklist of Key Terms	399	(1)
References	399	(2)
Regression	401	(34)
Curve Fitting	402	(2)
The Method of Least Squares	404	(10)
Regression Analysis	414	(8)
Multiple Regression	422	(4)
Nonlinear Regression	426	(8)
Checklist of Key Terms	434	(1)
References	434	(1)
Correlation	435	(20)
The Coefficient of Correlation	436	(6)
The Interpretation of r	442	(4)
Correlation Analysis	446	(4)
Multiple and Partial Correlation	450	(3)
Checklist of Key Terms	453	(1)
References	454	(1)
Nonparametric Tests	455	(42)
The Sign Test	456	(2)
The Sign Test (Large Samples)	458	(4)
The Signed-Rank Test	462	(3)
The Signed-Rank Test (Large Samples)	465	(4)
The U Test	469	(4)
The U Test (Large Samples)	473	(1)
The H Test	474	(4)
Tests of Randomness: Runs	478	(1)
Tests of Randomness: Runs (Large Samples)	479	(1)
Tests of Randomness: Runs Above and Below the Median	480	(3)
Rank Correlation	483	(3)
Some Further Considerations	486	(1)
Summary	487	(1)
Checklist of Key Terms	487	(1)
References	488	(9)
Review Exercises for Chapters 15, 16, 17, & 18	489	(8)
Statistical Tables	497	(26)
Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises	523	(16)
Index	539

Excerpts

This edition of Modern Elementary Statistics, like all the preceding editions, is keynoted by the statement that "In general, statistical methods are nothing but a refinement of everyday thinking." These words paraphrase the statement made by the prominent scientist Albert Einstein that "the whole of science is nothing more than a refinement of everyday thinking." Many changes to the introductory statistics course have been advocated in recent years, consisting of more emphasis on data analysis utilizing real data and decreasing the level of mathematical rigor, particularly in the area of probability. Our views have remained basically unchanged and we present this new edition with the belief that this is an appropriate introduction to statistics that should be taught as a vital part of one's general education. It is difficult to deny the importance of emphasizing the analysis of real data, but it is more important to recommend that it be interesting real data. A classical example of the former, often used in the past, consists of the number of deaths resulting from the kick of a horse per year per army corps of the Prussian army! Such data fit the conditions for so-called Poisson data (see Section 8.5). EXERCISES Many of the more than 1200 exercises are new or updated from previous editions. Of course, the reader is not expected to work each one, but there is an adequate variety to provide exercise material for just about everyone, regardless of his or her primary area of interest. Among the new exercises in this edition, there are essentially two kinds. First, there is the conceptual kind that makes one think rather than devote one's time to tedious arithmetic. Such exercises are easy to spot because they are marked with an icon, based on Rodin's famous statue "The Thinker." The second kind serves to check whether a set of data satisfies the conditions required by a particular statistical procedure. COMPUTER PRINTOUTS The purpose of the computer printouts and the graphing calculator reproductions is to make the reader aware of some of the most popular and some of the most up-to-date technologies that are available for work in statistics. All the computer printouts from the tenth edition are replaced by new ones generated by MINITAB. The reproductions from the display screen of a TI-83 graphing calculator were first transferred to a computer with the use of a TI-GRAPH LINK and then printed with the use of the computer. With one exception, neither computers nor graphing calculators are required for the use of our book. Indeed, the book can be used effectively by readers who do not possess or have easy access to computers and statistical software or to a graphing calculator. The one exception is Section 9.3, the check for normality. Some of the exercises are labeled with a special icon for the use of a computer and/or the icon for the use of a graphing calculator, but this is optional.