Modern Lens Design

by Smith, Warren

• ISBN13: 9780071438308
• ISBN10: 0071438300
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-11-12
• Publisher: McGraw Hill

Summary

Unlike the first edition, which was more a collection of lens designs for use in larger projects, the 2nd edition of Modern Lens Design is an optical "how-to." Delving deep into the mechanics of lens design, optics legend Warren J. Smith reveals time-tested methods for designing top-quality lenses. He deals with lens design software, primarily OSLO, by far the current market leaders, and provides 7 comprehensive worked examples, all new to this edition. With this book in hand, there's no lens an optical engineer can't design.

Author Biography

Warren J. Smith is Chief Scientist at Kaiser Electro-Optics as well as an independent consultant. He is the author of three prior books on lens design, including the first edition of this one, and the classics, Modern Optical Engineering and Practical Optical System Layout. He lives in Carlsbad, California.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Introduction	1	(10)
Lens Design Books	1	(1)
Reference Material	2	(1)
Specifications	2	(2)
Lens Design	4	(3)
Lens Design Program Features	7	(21)
About This Book	28
Automatic Lens Design: Managing the Lens Design Program	11	(36)
Optimization	11	(2)
The Merit Function	13	(6)
Local Minima	19	(2)
The Landscape Lens	21	(7)
Types of Merit Functions	28	(1)
Stagnation	29	(1)
Generalized Simulated Annealing	30	(1)
Considerations about Variables for Optimization	31	(5)
How to Increase the Speed or Field of a System and Avoid Ray Failure Problems	36	(1)
Test Plate Fits, Melt Fits, Thickness Fits, and Reverse Aberration Fits	37	(3)
Spectral Weighting	40	(1)
How to Get Started	41	(6)
Improving a Design	47	(24)
Lens Design Tip Sheet: Standard Improvement Techniques	47	(4)
Glass Changes: Index and V-value	51	(1)
Splitting Elements	52	(3)
Separating a Cemented Doublet	55	(1)
Compounding an Element	55	(3)
Vignetting and Its Uses	58	(2)
Eliminating a Weak Element---the Concentric Problem	60	(1)
Balancing Aberrations	60	(7)
The Symmetrical Principle	67	(1)
Aspheric Surfaces	68	(3)
Evaluation: How Good Is This Design?	71	(14)
The Uses of a Preliminary Evaluation	71	(1)
OPD versus Measures of Performance	71	(9)
Geometric Blur Spot Size versus Certain Aberrations	80	(2)
Interpreting MTF---The Modulation Transfer Function	82	(1)
Fabrication Considerations	83	(2)
Lens Design Data	85	(24)
About the Sample Lens Designs	85	(2)
Lens Prescriptions, Drawings, and Aberration Plots	87	(5)
Estimating the Potential of a Redesign	92	(4)
Scaling a Design, Its Aberrations, and Its Modulation Transfer Function	96	(2)
Notes on the Interpretation of Ray Intercept Plots	98	(5)
Various Evaluation Plots	103	(6)
Telescope Objectives	109	(42)
The Thin Airspaced Doublet	109	(1)
Merit Function for a Telescope Objective	110	(5)
The Design of an f/7 Cemented Doublet Telescope Objective	115	(3)
Spherochromatism	118	(5)
Zonal Spherical Aberration	123	(1)
Induced Aberrations	124	(1)
Three-Element Objectives	125	(1)
Secondary Spectrum (Apochromatic Systems)	125	(8)
The Design of an f/7 Apochromatic Triplet	133	(12)
The Diffractive Surface in Lens Design	145	(5)
A Final Note	150	(1)
Eyepieces and Magnifiers	151	(50)
Eyepieces	151	(4)
A Pair of Magnifier Designs	155	(1)
The Simple, Classical Eyepieces	155	(5)
Design Story of an Eyepiece for a 6 x 30 Binocular	160	(16)
Four-Element Eyepieces	176	(11)
Five-Element Eyepieces	187	(1)
Very High index Eyepiece/Magnifier	187	(13)
Six-and Seven-Element Eyepieces	200	(1)
Cooke Triplet Anastigmats	201	(46)
Airspaced Triplet Anastigmats	201	(4)
Glass Choice	205	(1)
Vertex Length and Residual Aberrations	206	(3)
Other Design Considerations	209	(6)
A Plastic, Aspheric Triplet Camera Lens	215	(8)
Camera Lens Anastigmat Design ``from Scratch''---The Cooke Triplet	223	(11)
Possible Improvements to Our ``Basic'' Triplet	234	(2)
The Rare Earth (Lanthanum) Glasses	236	(1)
Aspherizing the Surfaces	237	(9)
Increasing the Element Thickness	246	(1)
Split Triplets	247	(12)
The Tessar, Heliar, and Other Compounded Triplets	259	(38)
The Classic Tessar	259	(7)
The Heliar/Pentac	266	(1)
The Portrait Lens and the Enlarger Lens	266	(6)
Other Compounded Triplets	272	(1)
Camera Lens Anastigmat Design ``from Scratch''---The Tessar and Heliar	272	(25)
Double-Meniscus Anastigmats	297	(22)
Meniscus Components	297	(1)
The Hypergon, Topogon, and Metrogon	297	(2)
A Two Element Aspheric Thick Meniscus Camera Lens	299	(3)
Protar, Dagor, and Convertible Lenses	302	(3)
The Split Dagor	305	(1)
The Dogmar	305	(1)
Camera Lens Anastigmat Design ``from Scratch''---The Dogmar Lens	305	(14)
The Biotar or Double-Gauss Lens	319	(36)
The Basic Six-Element Version	319	(10)
Twenty-Eight Things That Every Lens Designer Should Know About the Double-Gauss/Biotar Lens	329	(5)
The Seven-Element Biotar---Split-Rear Crown	334	(6)
The Seven-Element Biotar---Broken Contact Front Doublet	340	(1)
The Seven-Element Biotar---One Compounded Outer Element	340	(1)
The Eight-Element Biotar	340	(10)
A ``Doubled Double-Gauss'' Relay	350	(5)
Telephoto Lenses	355	(40)
The Basic Telephoto	355	(1)
Close-up or Macro Lenses	356	(2)
Telephoto Designs	358	(9)
Design of a 200-mm f/4 Telephoto for a 35-mm Camera ``from Scratch''	367	(28)
Reversed Telephoto (Retrofocus and Fish-Eye) Lenses	395	(20)
The Reversed Telephoto Principle	395	(2)
The Basic Retrofocus Lens	397	(5)
Fish-Eye, or Extreme Wide-Angle Reversed Telephoto, Lenses	402	(13)
Wide-Angle Lenses with Negative Outer Elements	415	(8)
The Petzval Lens; Head-up Display Lenses	423	(18)
The Petzval Portrait Lens	423	(1)
The Petzval Projection Lens	423	(3)
The Petzval with a Field Flattener	426	(3)
Very High Speed Petzval Lenses	429	(8)
Head-up Display (HUD) Lenses, Biocular Lenses, and Head/Helmet Mounted Display (HMD) Systems	437	(4)
Microscope Objectives	441	(14)
General Considerations	441	(1)
Classical Objective Design Forms: The Aplanatic Front	442	(4)
Flat-Field Objectives	446	(1)
Reflecting Objectives	446	(1)
The Microscope Objective Designs	447	(8)
Mirror and Catadioptric Systems	455	(48)
The Good and the Bad Points of Mirrors	455	(1)
The Classical Two-Mirror Systems	456	(13)
Catadioptric Systems	469	(4)
Aspheric Correctors and Schmidt Systems	473	(3)
Confocal Paraboloids	476	(1)
Unobscured Systems	476	(6)
Design of a Schmidt-Cassegrain ``from Scratch''	482	(21)
Infrared and Ultraviolet Systems	503	(18)
Infrared Optics	503	(1)
IR Objective Lenses	504	(3)
IR Telescopes	507	(4)
Laser Beam Expanders	511	(3)
Ultraviolet Systems	514	(1)
Microlithographic Lenses	514	(7)
Zoom Lenses	521	(30)
Zoom Lenses	521	(5)
Zoom Lenses for Point and Shoot Cameras	526	(13)
A 20x Video Zoom Lens	539	(2)
A Zoom Scanner Lens	541	(1)
A Possible Zoom Lens Design Procedure	542	(9)
Projection TV Lenses and Macro Lenses	551	(10)
Projection TV Lenses	551	(2)
Macro Lenses	553	(8)
Scanner/f-θ, Laser Disk and Collimator Lenses	561	(12)
Monochromatic Systems	561	(1)
Scanner Lenses	561	(10)
Laser Disk, Focussing, and Collimator Lenses	571	(2)
Tolerance Budgeting	573	(14)
The Tolerance Budget	573	(5)
Additive Tolerances	578	(5)
Establishing the Tolerance Budget	583	(4)
Formulary	587	(18)
Sign Conventions, Symbols, and Definitions	587	(1)
The Cardinal Points	588	(2)
Image Equations	590	(2)
Paraxial Ray Tracing (Surface by Surface)	592	(2)
Invariants	594	(1)
Paraxial Ray Tracing (Component by Component)	594	(1)
Two-Component Relationships	595	(1)
Third-Order Aberrations---Surface Contributions	596	(2)
Third-Order Aberrations---Thin Lens Contributions: The G-Sum Equations	598	(2)
Stop Shift Equations	600	(1)
Third-Order Aberrations---Contributions from Aspheric Surfaces	601	(1)
Conversion of Aberrations to Wavefront Deformation (Optical Path Difference)	601	(4)
Glossary	605	(16)
References	621	(2)
Index	623