Modern Microwave And Millimeter-wave Power Electronics

by Barker, Robert J.; Luhmann, Neville C.; Booske, John H.; Nusinovich, Gregory S.

• ISBN13: 9780471683728
• ISBN10: 0471683728
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-04-19
• Publisher: Wiley-IEEE Press

Summary

A comprehensive study of microwave vacuum electronic devices and their current and future applications While both vacuum and solid-state electronics continue to evolve and provide unique solutions, emerging commercial and military applications that call for higher power and higher frequencies to accommodate massive volumes of transmitted data are the natural domain of vacuum electronics technology. Modern Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Power Electronics provides systems designers, engineers, and researchers-especially those with primarily solid-state training-with a thoroughly up-to-date survey of the rich field of microwave vacuum electronic device (MVED) technology. This book familiarizes the R&D and academic communities with the capabilities and limitations of MVED and highlights the exciting scientific breakthroughs of the past decade that are dramatically increasing the compactness, efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and reliability of this entire class of devices. This comprehensive text explores a wide range of topics: Traveling-wave tubes, which form the backbone of satellite and airborne communications, as well as of military electronic countermeasures systems Microfabricated MVEDs and advanced electron beam sources Klystrons, gyro-amplifiers, and crossed-field devices "Virtual prototyping" of MVEDs via advanced 3-D computational models High-Power Microwave (HPM) sources Next-generation microwave structures and circuits How to achieve linear amplification Advanced materials technologies for MVEDs A Web site appendix providing a step-by-step walk-through of a typical MVED design process Concluding with an in-depth examination of emerging applications and future possibilities for MVEDs, Modern Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Power Electronics ensures that systems designers and engineers understand and utilize the significant potential of this mature, yet continually developing technology. SPECIAL NOTE: All of the editors' royalties realized from the sale of this book will fund the future research and publication activities of graduate students in the vacuum electronics field.

Author Biography

ROBERT J. BARKER, PhD, is the program manager for ElectroEnergetic Physics at the U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research. A Fellow of both the IEEE and the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory, he is coeditor of High-Power Microwave Sources and Technologies (Wiley-IEEE Press).

JOHN H. BOOSKE, PhD, is a professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Wisconsin at Madison. He has published over ninety peer-reviewed journal articles and has received the University of Wisconsin's prestigious Chancellor's Distinguished Teaching Award and the Vilas Associates Award for research excellence.

NEVILLE C. LUHMANN Jr., PhD, is a professor in the departments of Applied Physics and Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of California at Davis. He won the 1994 Robert L. Woods/DoD Award for Excellence in Vacuum Electronics.

GREGORY S. NUSINOVICH, PhD, is a Fellow of the IEEE and a senior research scientist with the Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics at the University of Maryland at College Park.

Table of Contents

Foreword	xxi
Preface	xxiii
Acknowledgments	xxv
Contributors	xxvii
Acronyms and Abbreviations	xxxi
Introduction and Overview	1	(34)
John H. Booske
Robert J. Barker
Setting and Motivation	1	(3)
Fundamental Physical Differences Between Solid-State and Vacuum Microwave Power Electronics	4	(7)
Managing the Residual Electron Stream Energy	7	(1)
The High Peak Power Difference	8	(1)
An Instructive Example: Satellite Transmitters	9	(2)
The Advantages of Solid-State Electronics	11	(4)
Size Matters	15	(1)
Choosing the Appropriate Technology	16	(4)
Correcting Some Myths	20	(7)
Summary of Solid State Versus Vacuum Electronics Comparison	27	(1)
Organization and Scope of this Book	27	(8)
Acknowledgments	32	(1)
References	32	(3)
Historical Highlights	35	(72)
Neville C. Luhmann, Jr.
Gregory S. Nusinovich
Daniel M. Goebel
Introduction	35	(2)
Principles of Operation and Basic Types of MVEDs	37	(6)
The 1940s and the Birth of Practical MVEDs	43	(6)
Crossed-Field Devices	43	(2)
Klystrons	45	(1)
Slow-Wave Devices	45	(2)
Supporting Technologies	47	(1)
Applications	48	(1)
The 1950s and the Blossoming of MVED R&D	49	(8)
Slow-Wave Devices	49	(2)
Fast-Wave Devices	51	(2)
Crossed-Field Devices	53	(2)
Parametric Amplifiers	55	(1)
Supporting Technologies	55	(1)
Applications	56	(1)
The 1960s: Continued Growth Fueled by the Cold War	57	(13)
Fast-Wave Devices	57	(2)
Crossed-Field Devices	59	(1)
Slow-Wave Devices	60	(4)
Cyclotron Wave Electrostatic Amplifiers	64	(1)
Plasma-Based Devices	64	(1)
Supporting Technologies	65	(1)
Applications	66	(4)
The 1970s: New MVED Students, Gyrotrons for Fusion, and HPM Is Born	70	(5)
Slow-Wave Devices	70	(1)
Gyrotron Development and Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion	71	(2)
High-Power Microwave (HPM) Devices	73	(2)
Supporting Technologies	75	(1)
Applications	75	(1)
The 1980s: HPM Blossoms, Gyro-Devices for Radars, and Satcom Fuels TWT Growth	75	(7)
HPM Devices	76	(1)
Microfabricated Devices	77	(1)
Gyrotrons	77	(3)
Slow-Wave Devices	80	(1)
Applications	81	(1)
The 1990s: New Surge of Defense R&D, Satcom TWTs Continue, and Linacs Spur MVED Capabilities	82	(7)
Slow-Wave Devices	82	(1)
Gyrotrons	83	(1)
HPM Devices	84	(4)
Parametric Amplifiers	88	(1)
Applications	88	(1)
Solid-State Device History and Trends	89	(2)
Conclusions	91	(16)
Acknowledgments	91	(1)
References	91	(16)
Klystrons	107	(64)
George Caryotakis
Historical Background and Applications	107	(12)
Basic Klystron Capabilities	107	(1)
Early Historical Roots	108	(6)
Established Klystron Applications	114	(2)
Capabilities of Modern Klystrons	116	(3)
Kinematic Theory of Velocity Modulation	119	(13)
Introduction	119	(1)
Two-Cavity ``Bunching'' Theory	119	(5)
Small-Signal Analysis for the Coupling Coefficient	124	(7)
Beam-Loading	131	(1)
Space-Charge Wave Theory	132	(15)
Introduction	132	(2)
Fundamental Space-Charge Wave Analysis	134	(3)
Determination of Plasma Reduction Factor	137	(3)
Small-Signal Beam-Loading Analysis	140	(7)
Gain-Bandwidth Calculations	147	(10)
Introduction	147	(1)
Small-Signal Stagger-Tuning Theory	147	(7)
Large-Signal Methods	154	(2)
Design of the SLAC ``B-Factory'' Klystron (BFK)	156	(1)
Advanced Klystron Configurations	157	(11)
Extended Interaction Klystrons (EIKs)	157	(3)
Multiple-Beam Klystrons (MBKs)	160	(4)
Sheet-Beam Klystrons (SBKs)	164	(4)
A Note on the Appendices	168	(3)
References	168	(3)
Traveling-Wave Tubes (TWTs)	171	(76)
John H. Booske
David R. Whaley
William L. Menninger
Roger S. Hollister
Carter M. Armstrong
Introduction	171	(2)
Physics of Operation	173	(17)
Overview	173	(2)
Mathematical Model	175	(5)
Small-Signal Regime	180	(3)
Large-Signal Regime	183	(2)
Circuit Modifications: Attenuation and Severs, Velocity Tapers, and Dispersion Control	185	(2)
Axial Space-Charge Reduction: Plasma Frequency Reduction Factor	187	(1)
Magnetic Focusing	188	(1)
Two- and Three-Dimensional Effects	189	(1)
Spent Beam Energy Recovery	190	(1)
Modern Space-Qualified Traveling-Wave Tubes	190	(26)
Overview	190	(8)
Modern Space TWT Features	198	(18)
Conclusions	216	(1)
FEA Cathode TWTs	216	(8)
Introduction	216	(2)
Current Progress	218	(6)
Microwave Power Modules (MPMs)	224	(11)
Introduction	224	(3)
Illustrative MPM Accomplishments	227	(4)
Future Directions for MPMs	231	(4)
Summary and Future Opportunities	235	(12)
Acknowledgments	237	(1)
References	237	(10)
Gyro-Amplifiers	247	(42)
Bruce G. Danly
Gregory S. Nusinovich
John C. Rodgers
Neville C. Luhmann, Jr.
David B. McDermott
Victor L. Granatstein
Anthony T. Lin
Introduction	247	(8)
Importance of Gyro-Amplifiers	248	(1)
Physics of Operation	248	(4)
Advantages and Limitations	252	(3)
Gyroklystrons and Gyrotwystrons	255	(6)
Gyroklystrons	256	(4)
Gyrotwystrons	260	(1)
Gyro-TWTs	261	(11)
Review of Early Gyro-TWT Experiments	261	(1)
Distributed-Loss Gyro-TWTs	262	(7)
TE21 Second-Harmonic Gyro-TWT Amplifier	269	(1)
Coupled-Mode Gyro-TWTs	270	(1)
Gyro-Peniotron	271	(1)
New Concepts	272	(3)
Frequency-Multiplying Gyro-Amplifiers	272	(3)
Quasi-Optical Gyro-Amplifiers	275	(1)
Noise in Gyro-Amplifiers	275	(6)
Shot Noise and Phase Noise in Gyroklystrons	276	(1)
Noise in Frequency-Multiplying Gyro-Devices	277	(4)
Future Work and Applications	281	(1)
Summary	281	(8)
Acknowledgments	282	(1)
References	282	(7)
Crossed-Field Devices	289	(54)
Ronald M. Gilgenbach
Yue-Ying Lau
Hunter McDowell
Keith L. Cartwright
Thomas A. Spencer
Introduction	289	(2)
Basic Principles of Operation of Crossed-Field Devices	291	(7)
Basic Physics of Crossed-Field Devices	291	(5)
Magnetron Analysis and Design	296	(2)
Fundamental Theory of Crossed-Field Electron Flow	298	(4)
Noise in Crossed-Field Devices	302	(16)
Injected-Beam Crossed-Field Amplifiers	303	(4)
Magnetrons	307	(4)
Emitting-Sole Noise Generators	311	(1)
Emitting-Sole CFAs	311	(5)
Conclusions	316	(2)
Recent Crossed-Field Noise and Phase-Locking Experiments	318	(8)
Introduction	318	(1)
Noise Reduction via Azimuthally Varying Axial Magnetic Field	318	(5)
Injection-Locking of Magnetrons	323	(3)
Relativistic Magnetron Experiments and Simulations	326	(8)
Relativistic Magnetron Experimental Configuration at UM	326	(1)
Modern Simulation Techniques for CFD Design	327	(2)
Experimental Results from UM Relativistic Magnetron	329	(1)
Comparison of Simulations to Experimental Data	330	(4)
Future Directions of CFD Research	334	(9)
Acknowledgments	336	(1)
References	337	(6)
Microfabricated MVEDs	343	(50)
Glenn P. Scheitrum
Introduction	343	(10)
Competitive Advantages over Solid State at Millimeter Wavelengths	344	(2)
Overview of Microfabrication of MVEDs	346	(1)
Early Attempts at Microfabricated MVEDs	347	(6)
Microfabrication Methods and Tools	353	(11)
LIGA	353	(4)
SU-8 LIGA	357	(1)
MEMS	357	(4)
Laser Ablation Micromachining	361	(1)
Electric Discharge Machining	362	(1)
Comparison of Microfabrication Methods for RF Structures	363	(1)
Common Challenges with Microfabrication of RF Circuits	364	(6)
Vacuum Issues	365	(1)
Cavity Qs/RF Circuit Losses	365	(1)
Dimensional Accuracy of Cavities/Circuits	366	(1)
Alignment and Registration of Circuit Components	367	(1)
Beam Transport/Magnetic Focusing	368	(1)
Heat Transfer: CW and Pulse Heating	369	(1)
Cold Testing, Magnetic Measurements, Hot Testing	370	(1)
Current Programs Using Microfabrication for MVEDs	370	(13)
W-Band Klystrino	370	(5)
Terahertz BWO	375	(2)
NASA JPL 1.2-THz Reflex Klystron	377	(2)
Wisconsin Terahertz Folded-Waveguide TWT (FWTWT)	379	(1)
SNU Ka-Band Folded-Waveguide TWT (FWTWT)	380	(1)
1.2-THz SU-8 Reflex Klystron (University of Leeds)	380	(1)
Agere Triode Work	380	(3)
Cost Issues Related to Microfabrication	383	(2)
Future Directions	385	(3)
Lithographic Manufacturing with Multiple Modules on a Single Substrate	385	(1)
Microfabricated Electron Source and RF Circuit on a Single Substrate	385	(1)
Microwave Source, RF Components, and Load on a Single Substrate	386	(1)
Alternate Materials for Microfabrication	386	(1)
Micromolding	387	(1)
Microfabrication Resources in Print and on the Web	388	(1)
Summary	389	(4)
Acknowledgments	389	(1)
References	390	(3)
Advanced Electron-Beam Sources	393	(52)
Ryan J. Umstattd
Introduction and Motivation	393	(1)
Electron Emission Overview	394	(1)
Cathode Technologies	395	(26)
Thermionic Cathodes	395	(9)
Secondary Electron Emission (SEE) Cathodes	404	(4)
Field Emission Cathodes	408	(8)
Other Cathodes	416	(5)
Integrating Advanced Cathodes into Electron Guns	421	(9)
An Introduction to Electron Gun Design	421	(1)
Electron-Gun Simulation Issues	422	(1)
Predicting Space-Charge Limits on Emission	423	(4)
Electron Gun Designs	427	(3)
Summary and Future Directions	430	(15)
Acknowledgments	431	(1)
References	431	(14)
How to Achieve Linear Amplification	445	(62)
Kenneth E. Kreischer
John H. Booske
John E. Scharer
John G. Wohlbier
Daniel M. Goebel
Aarti Singh
Xiaodong Chen
Peter A. Lindsay
Introduction	445	(3)
Characterizing Linearity	448	(7)
Sources of Nonlinearity	448	(3)
Characterization of Device Linearity	451	(4)
Theoretical Principles	455	(11)
Modeling	455	(4)
Harmonic and Intermodulation Distortion	459	(2)
AM/AM and AM/PM Distortion	461	(4)
Nonlinear Klystron Theories	465	(1)
System Requirements	466	(6)
Digital Communication	467	(4)
Radar	471	(1)
Broadcasting	472	(1)
Designing for Linearity	472	(11)
TWT Design for Communication Applications	473	(7)
Modeling at NRL	480	(2)
Power-Combining of TWTs	482	(1)
Active Techniques	483	(14)
Predistortion	483	(4)
Signal Injection	487	(5)
Voltage Feedback	492	(2)
Linear Amplification Using Nonlinear Components (LINC)	494	(3)
Chaotic Transmitters	497	(3)
Summary	500	(7)
Acknowledgments	501	(1)
References	501	(6)
Computational Modeling	507	(80)
Lars D. Ludeking
Thomas M. Antonsen, Jr.
Robert J. Barker
Carol L. Kory
Baruch Levush
Anthony T. Lin
Alfred A. Mondelli
John J. Petillo
David N. Smithe
Introduction: The Role of Simulation in MVE Design Process	507	(2)
The Fundamental Equations	509	(13)
Extrinsic Formulations with Discrete Time and Discrete Space	511	(2)
Simple Field Boundary Conditions and Material Properties	513	(1)
Impedance Boundary Condition	513	(2)
Extrinsic Energy and Poynting's Theorem in Finite-Difference Form	515	(2)
Directional Splitting of Poynting Flux in 3-D	517	(2)
Discrete Representation of Particles	519	(1)
Statistical Control for Collision Events	520	(1)
Closing the Loop: Charge-Conserving Current Algorithm	521	(1)
Advanced Algorithms for Finite-Difference PIC	522	(5)
Perfect Conductors of Arbitrary Shape	523	(1)
The Discontinuity Operators for the Electric and Magnetic Fields	524	(1)
Particle Destruction and Creation for Nonconformal Conductors	525	(2)
Using FDTD-PIC	527	(23)
Modeling of a TWT with MAFIA	528	(7)
Modeling of an MBK with MAGIC	535	(10)
Modeling the L4717 Amplitron with MAGIC3D	545	(5)
Special-Purpose Codes	550	(37)
Michelle: A 3-D Gun and Collector Code	550	(4)
Other Special-Purpose Codes for CAD of Depressed Collectors	554	(3)
Cold-Test and Large-Signal Simulator (CTLSS): A Cold-Test Code	557	(6)
Christine-3D: Traveling-Wave Amplifier Code	563	(4)
The Mode Expansion Technique PIC (METPIC)	567	(9)
Hybrid Simulation Codes Using the Telegraphist's Equations	576	(3)
Summary of Special-Purpose Codes	579	(1)
References	579	(8)
Next-Generation Microwave Structures and Circuits	587	(62)
Richard J. Temkin
David K. Abe
Robert J. Barker
Baruch Levush
Gregory S. Nusinovich
John C. Rodgers
Michael Shapiro
Jagadishwar R. Sirigiri
Introduction	587	(1)
Photonic Bandgap (PBG) Structures	588	(11)
General Theory of Photonic Bandgap Structures with Metal Lattices	590	(5)
PBG Resonator Gyrotron Experiment	595	(4)
Quasi-Optical Open Structures	599	(20)
Quasi-Optical Applications in MVEDs	600	(6)
Gyrotron Experiments with Confocal Structures	606	(12)
Discussion and Conclusions	618	(1)
Multimode Structures for Harmonic and Frequency-Multiplying Gyrotrons	619	(8)
Introduction	619	(1)
Multimode Resonant Circuits	620	(3)
Extended and Clustered Interaction Cavities for Wideband Gyro-Amplifiers	623	(3)
Wideband Radial TE01 Mode Launcher for Gyro-TWTs	626	(1)
Multiple-Beam Configurations	627	(6)
Introduction: History and Motivation	627	(1)
Advantages of MBKs	628	(1)
RF Structures: Low-Order Mode; High-Order Mode	629	(2)
Current Status of MBKs	631	(1)
R&D Issues: Cathode Life; Beam Transport; Fabrication Techniques	631	(1)
Conclusions	632	(1)
Smart, Adaptive MVEDs	633	(9)
Origins of the ``Smart Tube'' Concept	633	(1)
Basic Elements of a Smart MVED	633	(1)
Motivation for Smart MVEDs	634	(1)
Smart MVED Experiments To Date	635	(7)
Conclusions	642	(7)
References	643	(6)
Advanced Materials Technologies	649	(42)
David K. Abe
Jeffrey P. Calame
Introduction and Overview	649	(1)
Applications of Diamond	650	(10)
Electromagnetic Windows	652	(5)
Electrically Insulating Electrode Supports	657	(3)
Applications in Microwave-Absorbing Dielectrics	660	(6)
Examples of Lossy Structures	661	(3)
Properties of Absorber Materials Relevant to MVEDs	664	(1)
Advances in High Thermal Conductivity AIN-Matrix Lossy Composites	665	(1)
Cooling Techniques for High-Heat-Flux Metal Structures	666	(8)
The Limitations of Conventional Liquid Cooling	667	(2)
Cooling Schemes Involving Boiling	669	(3)
Porous Metal Cooling	672	(2)
Applications of Pyrolytic Graphite	674	(5)
Manufacture, Structure, and Properties of Pyrolytic Graphite	674	(2)
Pyrolytic Graphite Collector Electrodes	676	(2)
Cathode Modulation Grids Fabricated from Pyrolytic Graphite	678	(1)
Applications of Rare-Earth Permanent Magnets	679	(6)
Advances in Permanent Magnetic Materials	680	(1)
Examples of Novel Applications of Rare-Earth Permanent Magnets in Linear Beam MVEDs	681	(1)
Rare-Earth Permanent Magnet Structures for Periodically Focused Fields	682	(1)
Rare-Earth Permanent Magnet Structures for Constant Fields	683	(2)
Conclusions	685	(6)
Acknowledgments	685	(1)
References	685	(6)
High-Power Microwave Sources	691	(40)
Don Shiffler
Tony K. Statom
Thomas W. Hussey
Otto Zhou
Peter Mardahl
Introduction	691	(1)
Motivation and Background	692	(4)
HPM Cathodes	696	(16)
Early HPM Field Emission Cathodes	698	(1)
Cesium-Iodide-Coated Cathodes	699	(5)
Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Cathodes	704	(6)
Ferroelectric Cathodes	710	(2)
HPM Anodes	712	(5)
HPM Anode Physics	712	(3)
Initial HPM Anode Experimental Results	715	(2)
The Future for HPM Anodes	717	(1)
Virtual Prototyping	717	(9)
ICEPIC Overview	717	(2)
ICEPIC Application: MILO	719	(3)
ICEPIC Application: Michigan Relativistic Magnetron	722	(3)
ICEPIC Application: Gyrotron Interaction Cavity	725	(1)
Conclusions	726	(5)
References	727	(4)
Affordable Manufacturing	731	(34)
Neville C. Luhmann, Jr.
George Caryotakis
Gun-Sik Park
Robert M. Phillips
Glenn P. Scheitrum
Introduction	731	(2)
Mass Production of Magnetrons for Microwave Ovens	733	(4)
Automated Manufacturing of High-Power MVEDs	737	(5)
Value Engineering Applied to TWTs	742	(11)
The Origins of Value Engineering	742	(1)
Value Engineering Applied to Low-Cost TWTs	743	(10)
DOD Manufacturing Technology (ManTech) Efforts	753	(8)
Ceramic Metalization	754	(1)
Coupled-Cavity TWT Manufacturing Improvement	755	(4)
Supply-Chain Viability for the U.S. MVED Industry	759	(2)
Conclusions	761	(4)
Acknowledgments	761	(1)
References	761	(4)
Emerging Applications and Future Possibilities	765	(56)
Victor L. Granatstein
Gregory S. Nusinovich
Robert J. Barker
Mary Anne Kodis
David R. Whaley
John H. Booske
Lars D. Ludeking
Yuval Carmel
Bruce G. Danly
Amarjit Singh
Richard J. Temkin
Introduction	765	(8)
Increasing MVED Power	767	(1)
Increasing MVED Frequency	768	(2)
Higher MVED Beam Perveance	770	(1)
Compact MVEDs	771	(1)
Optimizing MVED Performance	772	(1)
Overview of the Chapter	772	(1)
Emerging Applications	773	(12)
Radar	773	(2)
Accelerators	775	(1)
Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion	776	(2)
Deep Space Communications	778	(5)
Microwave-Assisted Plasma Chemistry	783	(2)
Selected Highlights of Current MVED Research	785	(4)
Micro-MVEDs	785	(2)
Multiple-Beam MVEDs	787	(1)
Overmoded MVEDs	788	(1)
Selected Highlights of Current Supporting Technologies Research	789	(10)
Microfabrication/MEMS	789	(4)
Automated Design Using Codes	793	(2)
Multistage Depressed Collectors	795	(2)
Advanced Ceramics with Tailored Properties	797	(2)
Areas for Increased Emphasis in MVED Research	799	(22)
Microfabricated MEVDs and MEMS	799	(2)
FEA Cathodes for High-Power MVEDs	801	(2)
Controlled Chaos in MVEDs	803	(10)
Acknowledgments	813	(1)
References	813	(8)
APPENDICES
3-A The Mathcad Small-Signal Code for Klystron Design
3-B The ``AJ-Disk'' 1-D Large-Signal Code for Klystron Design
3-C MRC's Magic Code Samples for Klystron Design
3-D Relativistic Corrections for Klystron Parameters
3-E Design of the SLAC ``XP-3'' Extended Interaction Klystron
3-F Design of the SLAC ``B-Factory'' Klystron
3-G Determination of Klystron Coupling Coefficients, R/Q, Beam Loading, and Stability Using Superfish and Mathcad Codes
4-A Reprint of Article to be published in IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science (2004). J. H. Booske, M. C. Converse, C. L. Kory, C. T. Chevalier, D. A. Gallagher, K. E. Kreischer, V. O. Heinen, and S. Bhattacharjee, ``Accurate Parametric Modeling of Folded Waveguide Circuits for Millimeter-Wave Traveling Wave Tubes''
4-B Reprint of Article by accepted for Publication in the IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science (2004). J. H. Booske and M. C. Converse, ``Insights from One-Dimensional Linearized Pierce Theory about Wideband Traveling-Wave Tubes with High Space Charge''
6-A Full Reprints of Two Classic Articles by J. Rodney M. Vaughan Regarding Magnetrons: ``A Model for Calculation of Magnetron Performance,'' IEEE Transactions Electron Devices, ED-20 (9), 818--826 (1973) and ``Discussion of Incorrect Equations in a Model for Calculation of Magnetron Performance,'' IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, ED-21 (1) 131 (1974)
9-A The Equations that Make Up the Lagrangian TWT Model
9-B The Equations that Make Up the S-Muse Model
9-C An Overview of TWT Power-Combining
9-D Considerations for Communications TWTS
9-E List of Chaos-Based Optical Communications Publications
Index	821
About the Editors