Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

by Althouse, Andrew D.; Turnquist, Carl H.; Bracciano, A. F.

• ISBN13: 9781590702819
• ISBN10: 1590702816
• Edition: 18th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-08-01
• Publisher: Goodheart-Willcox Pub

Summary

Comprehensive text teaches both fundamental principles and the service techniques needed to diagnose and remedy HVAC problems.

Table of Contents

Fundamentals of Refrigeration	p. 25
History and Fundamentals of Refrigeration Module	p. 25
Development of Refrigeration	p. 25
How a Mechanical Refrigerator Operates	p. 26
Color Coding System in This Text	p. 26
Heat	p. 27
Cold	p. 28
Temperature, Pressure, and Measurements Module	p. 28
Temperature and Temperature Measurement	p. 28
Basic Arithmetic	p. 30
Temperature Conversion	p. 32
Temperature Difference Calculations	p. 33
Dimensions	p. 33
Pressure	p. 37
The Three Physical States	p. 39
Density	p. 41
Force	p. 41
Work	p. 42
Energy	p. 42
Power	p. 42
Unit of Heat	p. 43
Effect of Pressure on Evaporating Temperatures	p. 46
Effect of Pressure on Freezing Temperature of Water	p. 47
Refrigerating Effect of Ice	p. 47
Ambient Temperature	p. 49
Heat of Compression	p. 49
Energy Units	p. 50
Refrigeration Systems and Terms Module	p. 50
Refrigerant	p. 50
Heat Transfer	p. 50
Brine and Sweet Water	p. 51
Dry Ice	p. 51
Critical Temperature	p. 52
Critical Pressure	p. 52
Enthalpy	p. 52
Cryogenics	p. 52
Perfect Gas Equation	p. 53
Dalton's Law	p. 54
Evaporator	p. 54
Vapor--Gas	p. 54
Humidity--Relative Humidity	p. 54
Elementary Refrigerator	p. 54
Mechanical Refrigerating System	p. 56
Review of Abbreviations and Symbols	p. 57
Review of Safety	p. 57
Test Your Knowledge	p. 58
Refrigeration Tools and Materials	p. 61
Tubing and Fittings Module	p. 61
Tubing	p. 61
Cutting and Bending Tools	p. 64
Connecting Tubing	p. 66
Soldered or Brazed Tubing Fittings	p. 69
Tube Couplings	p. 75
Swaging Copper Tubing	p. 75
Tube Constrictor	p. 76
Pipe Fittings and Sizes	p. 76
Refrigeration Tools Module	p. 77
Hand Tools	p. 77
Instruments and Gauges Module	p. 88
Instruments and Gauges	p. 88
Measuring Tools	p. 92
Supplies and Use Module	p. 94
Fastening Devices	p. 94
Refrigeration Supplies	p. 96
Service Valves	p. 98
Purging	p. 99
Evacuating	p. 99
Review of Safety	p. 99
Test Your Knowledge	p. 100
Basic Refrigeration Systems	p. 103
Ice Refrigeration	p. 103
Evaporative Refrigeration (Desert Bag)	p. 104
Evaporative Refrigeration (Snow Making)	p. 104
Compression System Using Low-Side Float Refrigerant Control	p. 105
External-Drive (Open) Refrigerating System	p. 106
Compression System Using High-Side Float Refrigerant Control	p. 107
Compression System Using Automatic Expansion Valve (AEV) Refrigerant Control	p. 108
Compression System Using Thermostatically Controlled Expansion Valve (TEV)	p. 108
Compression System Using Capillary Tube Refrigerant Control	p. 109
Multiple Evaporator System	p. 110
Compound Refrigerating Systems	p. 111
Cascade Refrigerating Systems	p. 113
Modulating Refrigeration Cycle	p. 114
Ice Maker	p. 115
Drinking Water Cooler	p. 116
Expendable Refrigerant Refrigeration System	p. 117
Thermoelectric Refrigeration	p. 118
Dry Ice Refrigeration	p. 118
Intermittent Absorption System	p. 120
Continuous-Cycle Absorption System	p. 122
Solid Absorbent Refrigeration	p. 124
Sophisticated Commercial Systems	p. 125
Hot-Gas Defrost	p. 125
Electric Defrost	p. 128
Test Your Knowledge	p. 129
Compression Systems and Compressors	p. 131
Compression Systems Module	p. 131
Laws of Refrigeration	p. 131
Compression Cycle	p. 131
Evaporator	p. 134
Accumulator	p. 134
Suction Line	p. 134
Compressor	p. 135
Oil Separator	p. 136
Condenser	p. 137
Liquid Receiver	p. 139
Liquid Line	p. 139
Types of Refrigerant Flow Control	p. 140
Motor Control	p. 145
Compressors Module	p. 146
External-Drive Compressors	p. 146
Hermetic Compressors	p. 147
Types of Compressors	p. 147
Motors	p. 168
Service Valves	p. 168
Mufflers	p. 169
Compressor Cooling	p. 169
Lubrication	p. 170
Compressor Volumetric Efficiency	p. 170
Compression Ratio	p. 172
Check Valves	p. 172
Unloader	p. 172
Gaskets	p. 172
O-Rings	p. 172
Crankcase Heater	p. 173
Review of Safety	p. 173
Test Your Knowledge	p. 174
Refrigerant Controls	p. 177
Compression System Refrigerant Controls	p. 177
Comparing Refrigerant Controls	p. 202
Check Valve	p. 202
Suction Pressure Valves	p. 202
Review of Safety	p. 203
Test Your Knowledge	p. 204
Electrical-Magnetic Fundamentals	p. 207
Electrical Fundamentals Module	p. 207
Generating Electricity	p. 207
Types of Electricity	p. 208
Circuit Fundamentals	p. 210
Electrical Materials	p. 222
Magnetism	p. 224
Applied Electronics and Electricity Module	p. 234
Electronics	p. 234
Electrical Power	p. 242
Electrical Codes	p. 250
Circuit Protection	p. 250
Review of Safety	p. 253
Test Your Knowledge	p. 254
Electric Motors	p. 257
Electric Motors Module	p. 257
Electric Motor Applications	p. 257
The Motor Structure	p. 257
Types of Electric Motors	p. 258
Motor Speeds	p. 261
Starting and Running Windings	p. 262
Starting Current	p. 263
Motor Connections	p. 264
Hermetic System Motors	p. 265
Direct Current and Universal Motors	p. 272
Motor Horsepower and Motor Characteristics	p. 273
Electric Motor Grounding	p. 273
Motor Protection	p. 274
Motor Temperature	p. 277
Standard Motor Data	p. 278
Fan Motors	p. 278
Shaded-Pole Motors	p. 279
Electronic Variable Speed Motors	p. 280
Servicing Electric Motors Module	p. 282
Servicing Electric Motors	p. 282
Pulleys	p. 287
Belts	p. 288
Motor Testing Stand	p. 290
Servicing and Repairing Hermetic Motors	p. 290
Review of Safety	p. 292
Test Your Knowledge	p. 292
Electric Circuits and Controls	p. 295
Electric Control Circuits Module	p. 295
Electrical Circuits--Complete Wiring Diagram	p. 295
Electrical Circuits--Ladder Diagram	p. 297
Control Systems--Fundamentals	p. 297
Electric Controls Module	p. 309
Refrigerator and Freezer Controls	p. 309
Ice Maker Controls	p. 310
Comfort Cooling Air Conditioning Controls	p. 314
Central Air Conditioning Controls	p. 315
Water Cooler Controls	p. 316
Remote Temperature Sensing Elements	p. 316
Pressure Motor Controls	p. 317
Motor Safety Controls	p. 317
Motor Starting Relays	p. 319
Automatic Defrost Controls	p. 324
Semiautomatic Defrost Controls	p. 326
Hot-Gas Defrost Controls	p. 327
Ice Bank Controls	p. 328
De-Ice Controls	p. 329
Humidity Controls	p. 330
Defrosting Timers	p. 330
Review of Safety	p. 331
Test Your Knowledge	p. 331
Refrigerants	p. 335
Refrigerants and the Ozone Layer	p. 335
Requirements for Refrigerants	p. 337
Use of Pressure-Temperature Curves	p. 337
Grouping and Classification of Refrigerants	p. 338
Group A Refrigerants	p. 338
Group B Refrigerants	p. 351
Combustible Refrigerants	p. 352
Expendable Refrigerants	p. 352
Water as a Refrigerant	p. 354
Food Freezants	p. 354
Cryogenic Fluids	p. 354
Refrigerant Cylinders	p. 355
Use of Pressure-Temperature Tables	p. 357
Head Pressures (High Side)	p. 357
Refrigerator Temperatures	p. 357
Refrigerant Applications	p. 358
Changing/Identifying Refrigerants	p. 358
Amount of Refrigerant Required in a System	p. 358
Refrigeration Oil	p. 361
Moisture in Refrigerant	p. 361
Review of Safety	p. 362
Test Your Knowledge	p. 363
Refrigerant Recovery/Recycling/Reclaiming	p. 365
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), and the Ozone Layer	p. 365
Recovery, Recycling, Reclaiming of Refrigerants	p. 367
Refrigerant Recovery Equipment	p. 367
Refrigerant Recycling Equipment	p. 372
Refrigerant Reclaiming Procedure	p. 375
Retrofit	p. 377
Mobile Air Conditioning	p. 378
Review of Safety	p. 379
Test Your Knowledge	p. 379
Domestic Refrigerators and Freezers	p. 381
Preserving Foods by Refrigeration and Freezing	p. 381
Refrigerator and Freezer Insulation	p. 382
Refrigerator--Single-Door, Manual Defrost	p. 382
Refrigerator-Freezer--Manual Defrost	p. 384
Refrigerator-Freezer--Automatic Defrost	p. 387
Refrigerator-Freezer--Frost-Free	p. 394
Refrigerator-Freezer--Frost-Free, Side-by-Side	p. 395
Solid-State Ice Maker	p. 401
Chest-Type Freezers	p. 401
Upright Freezers	p. 407
Care of Refrigerator or Freezer	p. 409
Ice Accumulation in Cabinet Insulation	p. 410
Butter Conditioner	p. 410
Cabinet Hardware	p. 411
Cabinet Gaskets	p. 412
Repairing Finishes	p. 413
Cabinet Thermometers	p. 413
Review of Safety	p. 414
Test Your Knowledge	p. 414
Servicing and Installing Small Hermetic Systems	p. 417
Instruments, Tools, and Supplies	p. 417
Installing Refrigerators and Freezers	p. 419
Troubleshooting the Hermetic Refrigerator-Freezer	p. 421
Hermetic Servicing	p. 427
External Servicing Operations	p. 427
Internal Service Operations	p. 433
Gauge (Service) Manifold Types and Construction	p. 434
Hermetic Service Valves and Adaptors	p. 438
Locating Refrigerant Leaks	p. 444
Repairing Leaks	p. 448
Refrigerant Recovery and Evacuation	p. 448
Diagnosing Component Problems	p. 452
Replacing System Components	p. 459
Evacuating a System with a Vacuum Pump	p. 463
Overhauling a Hermetic System	p. 470
Review of Safety	p. 470
Test Your Knowledge	p. 471
Commercial Systems	p. 473
Commercial Systems Module	p. 473
Construction of Refrigeration Components	p. 473
Refrigeration Components	p. 473
Packaged Commercial System Components	p. 475
Commercial Evaporators	p. 496
Commercial Systems--Controls Module	p. 513
Refrigerant Controls	p. 513
Motor Controls	p. 513
Ice Maker Controls	p. 519
Vending Machine Controls	p. 519
Defrost Timers	p. 520
Pressure Regulating Valves	p. 524
Compressor Protection Devices	p. 529
Manual Valves	p. 536
Refrigerant Lines	p. 539
Engine-Driven Systems	p. 543
Review of Safety	p. 544
Test Your Knowledge	p. 544
Commercial Systems--Applications	p. 547
Commercial Cabinet Construction	p. 547
Supermarkets	p. 548
Grocery Cabinet (Reach-In Cabinet)	p. 548
Walk-In Cabinet	p. 550
Display Cases	p. 553
Frozen Food Storage Cabinet	p. 556
Fast-Freezing Case	p. 558
Ice Cream Cabinet	p. 558
Soda Fountain	p. 559
Dispensing Freezers	p. 559
Modular Refrigeration Systems	p. 562
Water Cooler	p. 562
Automatic Ice Maker	p. 563
Vending Machines	p. 564
Milk Cooler	p. 565
Bakeries	p. 565
Refrigerant-to-Water Heat Recovery System	p. 566
Laboratory Refrigerated Incubators	p. 566
Industrial Applications	p. 567
Review of Safety	p. 568
Test Your Knowledge	p. 569
Servicing and Installing Commercial Systems	p. 571
Installing Commercial Systems Module	p. 571
Types of Commercial Installations	p. 571
Installing Condensing Units	p. 572
Installing Evaporators	p. 574
Installing Refrigerant Piping	p. 575
Electrical Connections	p. 581
Testing Code Installations	p. 582
Evacuating System	p. 586
Checking System before Starting	p. 586
Charging Commercial Systems	p. 586
Starting a System	p. 588
Servicing Commercial Systems Module	p. 590
Servicing Commercial Units	p. 590
Service Equipment	p. 591
General Service Instructions	p. 591
Servicing Condensing Units	p. 596
Service Notes	p. 625
Summary of Refrigerator Mechanism Servicing	p. 625
Periodic Inspections	p. 625
Locating Troubles	p. 625
Refrigeration Service Contracting	p. 628
Refrigerant Recovering and Recycling	p. 628
Review of Safety	p. 629
Test Your Knowledge	p. 630
Commercial Systems--Heat Loads and Piping	p. 633
Heat Loads Module	p. 633
Heat Load	p. 634
Thermodynamics of the Refrigeration Cycle	p. 645
Evaporator and Condensing Unit Capacities	p. 650
Evaporator Installations	p. 651
Water-Cooling Loads	p. 659
Ice Cream Freezing and Storage Load	p. 660
System Capacity	p. 661
Compressor Capacities	p. 662
Cascade System	p. 664
Two-Stage Compressor	p. 664
Bypass Cycle	p. 664
Motor Sizes	p. 666
Condenser Capacities	p. 666
Servicing: Refrigeration Troubleshooting	p. 669
Lines and Piping Module	p. 670
Refrigerant Lines and Piping	p. 670
Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER)	p. 681
Review of Safety	p. 683
Test Your Knowledge	p. 683
Absorption Systems--Principles and Applications	p. 685
Absorption System Principles Module	p. 685
The Absorption System	p. 685
Types of Absorption Systems	p. 685
Principle of the Solid Adsorption System	p. 686
Efficiency of Absorption Systems	p. 686
Principle of the Intermittent Absorption System	p. 686
Principle of the Continuous Absorption System	p. 687
Installing an Absorption Refrigerator	p. 692
Portable Absorption Refrigerators	p. 695
Abosorption Refrigerators for Mobile Homes	p. 696
Residential and Commercial Absorption Systems Module	p. 696
Residential Absorption Air Conditioners	p. 696
Commercial Absorption System	p. 702
Absorption Unit for Air Conditioning and Heating	p. 702
Servicing Absorption Refrigerators	p. 704
Review of Safety	p. 706
Test Your Knowledge	p. 706
Special Refrigeration Systems and Applications	p. 709
Transportation Refrigeration	p. 709
Portable Air Conditioning/Spot Cooling	p. 715
Thermoelectric Refrigeration	p. 715
Vortex Tube	p. 717
Jet Cooling Systems	p. 718
Multistage Systems--Cascade and Compound	p. 719
Snow Making	p. 721
Heat Pipe	p. 721
Immersion (Fast Freeze)	p. 722
Cryogenic Refrigeration	p. 723
Ozonized Ice and Water	p. 724
Sterling Cycle	p. 724
Review of Safety	p. 725
Test Your Knowledge	p. 725
Fundamentals of Air Conditioning	p. 727
Air Movement and Measurement Module	p. 727
Definition of Air Conditioning	p. 727
Air--Atmosphere	p. 728
Physical Properties of Air	p. 728
Vapor Barriers	p. 736
Air Movement	p. 736
Climate	p. 740
Heat Insulation	p. 742
Air Quality Module	p. 744
Air Quality	p. 744
Commercial and Residential Air Quality Systems	p. 750
Comfort Conditions	p. 753
Noise	p. 754
Review of Safety	p. 758
Test Your Knowledge	p. 759
Basic Heating and Air Conditioning Systems	p. 761
Gas-Fired Gravity Heating System	p. 761
Gas-Fired Forced-Air Heating	p. 762
Gas-Fired Hydronic Heating	p. 763
Oil-Fired Forced-Air Heating	p. 765
Oil-Fired Hydronic Heating	p. 766
Electrical Resistance Heating	p. 767
Radiant Heating	p. 768
Air-to-Air Heat Pumps	p. 768
Geothermal Heat Pump Systems	p. 771
Room Humidifiers	p. 773
Room Dehumidifiers	p. 773
Room Air Conditioners	p. 773
Central Air Conditioners	p. 775
Absorption Cycle Systems	p. 776
Evaporative Condensers	p. 779
Cooling Towers	p. 780
Steam Jet Cooling	p. 781
Vortex Tube Cooling	p. 782
Evaporative Cooling	p. 784
Automobile Air Conditioning	p. 785
Review of Safety	p. 786
Test Your Knowledge	p. 787
Heating and Humidification Systems	p. 789
Gas Heating Systems Module	p. 789
Types of Systems	p. 789
Combustion	p. 789
Fuel Gases	p. 791
Basic Forced Air Components	p. 792
Gas Burners	p. 794
Furnace Types and Construction	p. 795
Gas Furnace Efficiency	p. 796
Two-Stage Furnace	p. 799
Unit Heaters	p. 799
Venting of Furnaces and Chimney or Exhaust Gases	p. 799
Ignition Systems	p. 804
Piping and Gas Pressure	p. 805
Start-Up Check Sheet	p. 806
Maintenance	p. 807
Service and Instrument Check List	p. 807
Hydronic Radiant Heating Module	p. 811
Hydronic Heating System	p. 811
Installing Hydronic Systems	p. 817
Troubleshooting Hydronic Systems	p. 818
Steam Heating Systems	p. 819
Steam Heating Installation	p. 820
Servicing a Steam Heating System	p. 820
Oil Furnaces Module	p. 820
Fuel Oils	p. 820
Oil Furnaces	p. 821
Gun-Type Oil Burners	p. 822
Gun-Type Oil Burner Pumps	p. 825
Electrical (Transformer-Electrode) Ignition	p. 826
Primary Control	p. 829
Oil Tank Installation	p. 829
Oil Burner Installation	p. 831
Servicing a Fuel Oil Burner	p. 833
Electric Heating Module	p. 834
Electric Heat	p. 834
Principles of Electric Heating	p. 834
Applications of Electric Heating	p. 834
Principles of Electric Resistance Heating	p. 836
Electric Radiant Heat	p. 839
Installing Heating Coils	p. 840
Servicing Heating Coils	p. 840
Alternative Heating Methods Module	p. 841
Heat Pumps	p. 841
Coal and Wood Heating	p. 841
Solar Heating	p. 842
Cogeneration	p. 842
Humidification Module	p. 842
Humidifiers	p. 842
Types of Humidifiers	p. 844
Servicing and Installing Humidifiers	p. 846
Review of Safety	p. 847
Test Your Knowledge	p. 848
Cooling and Dehumidifying Systems	p. 853
Principles of Atmosphere Cooling	p. 853
Comfort Cooling Systems	p. 855
Self-Contained Comfort Coolers	p. 855
Remote Comfort Systems	p. 869
Dehumidifying Equipment	p. 869
Review of Safety	p. 870
Test Your Knowledge	p. 871
Air Distribution, Measurement, and Cleaning	p. 873
Air Distribution Module	p. 873
Air Properties and Behavior	p. 873
Air Circulation	p. 875
Basic Ventilation Requirements	p. 875
Air Ducts	p. 877
Special Duct Problems and Duct Maintenance	p. 892
Duct Sizing	p. 893
Air Measurement and Cleaning Module	p. 900
Air Measurement	p. 900
Air Cleaning	p. 903
Review of Safety	p. 911
Test Your Knowledge	p. 912
Central Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps	p. 915
Heat Pumps Module	p. 915
Heat Pump Theory	p. 915
Types of Heat Pumps	p. 915
Heat Pump Operation	p. 916
Heat Pump Systems	p. 920
Heat Pumps and Solar Heating Systems	p. 929
Heat Pump Water Heaters	p. 932
Heat Pump Installation	p. 933
Troubleshooting Heat Pumps	p. 934
Servicing Heat Pumps	p. 934
Central Air Conditioning Systems Module	p. 936
Types of Central Air Conditioning Systems	p. 936
Installing Residential Central Air Conditioning Systems	p. 942
Inspecting Residential Central Air Conditioning Systems	p. 945
Servicing Residential Central Air Conditioning Systems	p. 946
Air Circulation Systems and Relative Humidity Control	p. 947
Large Systems Module	p. 949
Chilled Water Systems	p. 949
Types of Chillers	p. 949
Chiller Compressors	p. 952
Comfort Cooling Systems	p. 955
Rooftop Units	p. 956
Complete Air Conditioning Systems	p. 962
Ice-Based Systems	p. 962
Total Energy Systems	p. 963
District Heating and Cooling Systems	p. 965
Review of Safety	p. 966
Test Your Knowledge	p. 966
Solar Energy	p. 969
The Nature of Solar Energy	p. 969
Solar Energy Systems	p. 971
Solar Energy Storage Systems	p. 973
Supplementary Heat	p. 976
Solar Energy Cooling Systems	p. 978
Converting Solar Energy to Electricity	p. 979
Review of Safety	p. 981
Test Your Knowledge	p. 981
Air Conditioning and Heating Control Systems	p. 983
Control Mechanisms Module	p. 983
Controls	p. 983
Thermostats	p. 984
Thermostat Operation	p. 985
Heating Thermostats	p. 989
Cooling Thermostats	p. 994
Combination Thermostats	p. 994
Electronic Thermostats	p. 995
Timer-Thermostats	p. 998
Multistage Thermostats	p. 998
Hydronic Thermostats	p. 999
Portable Thermostats	p. 999
Thermostat Location and Servicing	p. 999
Control System Components Module	p. 1000
Controllers	p. 1000
Primary Controls	p. 1002
Sequential Operating Controls	p. 1004
Limit Controls	p. 1004
Fan Controls	p. 1005
Control Circuits	p. 1006
Airflow Controls	p. 1017
Distribution Controls	p. 1018
Energy Management Module	p. 1022
Total Energy Management Systems	p. 1022
Energy Management System Types and Functions	p. 1026
Control System Diagnostics and Repair	p. 1029
Review of Safety	p. 1030
Test Your Knowledge	p. 1030
Air Conditioning Systems--Heating and Cooling Loads	p. 1033
Heat Loads	p. 1033
Design Temperatures	p. 1047
Insulation and Vapor Barriers	p. 1050
Energy Conservation	p. 1051
Construction Types and Designs	p. 1052
Review of Safety	p. 1054
Test Your Knowledge	p. 1054
Automotive Air Conditioning	p. 1057
Automotive Air Conditioning and Heating Systems	p. 1057
Air Conditioner Operation	p. 1058
Operating Conditions	p. 1059
Electrical Systems	p. 1071
Air Distribution	p. 1071
Insulation	p. 1073
Types of Control Systems	p. 1073
Truck and Bus Air Conditioning	p. 1078
Servicing Automobile Air Conditioners	p. 1078
Review of Safety	p. 1083
Test Your Knowledge	p. 1083
Servicing and Troubleshooting Simplified	p. 1085
Servicing and Troubleshooting	p. 1085
Troubleshooting Procedure	p. 1086
Troubleshooting Charts	p. 1087
Customer Relations	p. 1088
Review of Safety	p. 1102
Test Your Knowledge	p. 1102
Passing Technician Certification Exams	p. 1105
Preparing for Epa Exams Module	p. 1105
Technician Certification and Associations	p. 1105
Certification Types	p. 1107
Recovery Procedures	p. 1107
Leak Repairs	p. 1108
Exam Preparation	p. 1108
Test Format	p. 1109
Taking the Test	p. 1109
Areas for Research	p. 1109
North American Technician Excellence Air Conditioning Excellence HVAC Exam	p. 1110
Service Organizations and Industry Associations	p. 1110
Typical Questions Module	p. 1111
Types of Questions	p. 1111
Technical Characteristics	p. 1113
Kata Thermometer	p. 1113
Infrared Thermometer	p. 1114
Weights and Specific Heats of Substances	p. 1114
Energy	p. 1114
Energy Equivalents (U.S. Conventional)	p. 1115
Energy Equivalents (SI Metric)	p. 1115
Linear Measurement Equivalents (U.S. Conventional--SI Metric)	p. 1115
Fractional Inch Equivalents (Decimals and Millimeters)	p. 1115
Area Equivalents	p. 1116
Volume Equivalents	p. 1116
Pressure Equivalents	p. 1116
Velocity Equivalents	p. 1117
Liquid Measure Equivalents	p. 1117
Weight Equivalents	p. 1117
Flow Equivalents	p. 1117
Heat Equivalents	p. 1117
Pumping Ratio	p. 1117
Compression Ratio	p. 1118
Temperature Conversion Table	p. 1118
Seasonal Energy Efficiency Rating (SEER)	p. 1119
Standard Temperature	p. 1119
Standard Pressure	p. 1120
Standard Temperature and Pressure Sample	p. 1120
Standard Air	p. 1120
Heating Value of Fuels	p. 1120
Single-Source Energy	p. 1120
Thermodynamic Laws	p. 1120
Heat Conductivity	p. 1121
Entropy	p. 1121
Theory of Matter	p. 1121
Electron Theory	p. 1121
The Atom	p. 1122
The Electron	p. 1122
Electrical Units and Symbols	p. 1123
Motor Size Calculation	p. 1124
Lowering Voltage Saves Power	p. 1125
Resistances of Conductors, Semiconductors, and Nonconductors	p. 1125
Color Code for Resistors	p. 1125
Resistance in Series and Parallel Circuits	p. 1126
Electrical Codes	p. 1126
Root Mean Square (rms) Values	p. 1126
Galvanic Action Sequence	p. 1127
Electrolysis	p. 1127
Moisture-Holding Properties of Air	p. 1127
Evaporation Sources	p. 1129
Desiccants	p. 1129
Psychrometric Chart Formula	p. 1129
Boyle's Law	p. 1129
Charles's Law	p. 1130
Gas Law	p. 1130
Adiabatic Expansion and Contraction of a Gas	p. 1131
Isothermal Expansion and Contraction of a Gas	p. 1131
Gas and Vapor	p. 1131
Refrigerant Properties	p. 1131
Characteristics of Little-Used Refrigerants	p. 1131
Metric Pressure-Heat Diagrams	p. 1133
Moisture in Liquid Refrigerants	p. 1133
Dryness of Refrigerants	p. 1133
Refrigerant Oils	p. 1133
Eutectic (Phase-Change) Materials	p. 1133
Cryogenic Temperatures	p. 1136
Brine Freezing Temperatures	p. 1136
Twist Drill Sizes	p. 1137
Piping Color Codes	p. 1138
Solders and Brazing Metals	p. 1138
Flare Nut Wrench Sizes	p. 1138
Solvents and Cleaning	p. 1138
Clean Rooms	p. 1139
Review of Safety	p. 1139
Dictionary of Technical Terms	p. 1140
Acknowledgments	p. 1166
Index	p. 1170
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