Modern Welding

by Althouse, Andrew D.; Turnquist, Carl H.; Bowditch, William A.; Bowditch, Kevin E.; Bowditch, Mark A.

• ISBN13: 9781566379878
• ISBN10: 1566379873
• Edition: 10th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-12-01
• Publisher: Goodheart-Willcox Pub

Summary

Comprehensive text that has long been the standard for teaching the theory, fundamentals, equipment, and techniques of welding technology.

Table of Contents

PART 1 Welding Fundamentals
Chapter 1 Safety in the Welding Shop
1.1 Accidents	13	(1)
1.2 General Shop Safety	13	(4)
1.3 Safety in the Welding Environment	17	(2)
1.4 Oxyfuel Gas Welding and Cutting Safety	19	(2)
1.5 Arc Welding and Cutting Safety	21	(3)
1.6 Resistance Welding Safety	24	(1)
1.7 Safety around Welding Robots	24	(1)
1.8 Special Welding Process Safety	25	(1)
Safety Test (General Shop Safety)	25	(1)
Safety Test (Oxyfuel Gas Welding and Cutting)	26	(1)
Safety Test (Arc Welding and Cutting)	27	(1)
Safety Test (Resistance and Special Welding Processes)	27	(2)
Chapter 2 Print Reading
2.1 Types of Drawings	29	(1)
2.2 Orthographic Projection	30	(1)
2.3 Views	30	(1)
2.4 Using a Working Drawing	31	(1)
2.5 Types of Lines Used on a Drawing	31	(1)
2.6 Drawings Made to a Scale	32	(1)
2.7 The Title Block	33	(2)
Test Your Knowledge	35	(2)
Chapter 3 Reading Welding Symbols
3.1 Basic Welding Joints	37	(1)
3.2 The Welding Symbol	37	(5)
3.3 The Reference Line, Arrowhead, and Tail	42	(1)
3.4 Weld Symbols	43	(1)
3.5 The Arrow Side and Other Side	43	(1)
3.6 Root Opening and Groove Angle	44	(1)
3.7 Contour and Finish Symbols	44	(1)
3.8 Depth of Bevel, Size or Strength, and Groove Weld Size	45	(1)
3.9 Length and Pitch of the Weld	46	(3)
3.10 Backing Welds and Melt-Through Symbols
3.11 Weld-All-Around and Field Weld Symbols
3.12 Multiple Reference Lines	49	(1)
3.13 Plug and Spot Welds	49	(1)
3.14 Spot Welds	49	(1)
3.15 Seam Welds	50	(2)
3.16 Review of Welding Symbols	52	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	52	(4)
Chapter 4 Welding and Cutting Processes
4.1 Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)	56	(1)
4.2 Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW)	57	(1)
4.3 Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)	58	(1)
4.4 Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW)	59	(1)
4.5 Shielded Metal Arc Cutting (SMAC)	60	(1)
4.6 Plasma Arc Cutting (PAC)	61	(1)
4.7 Air Carbon Arc Cutting (CAC-A)	62	(1)
4.8 Oxygen Arc Cutting (OAC)	63	(1)
4.9 Gas Tungsten Arc Cutting (GTAC)	64	(1)
4.10 Exothermic (Ultrathermic) Cutting	65	(1)
4.11 Oxyacetylene Welding (OAW)	66	(2)
4.12 Oxyfuel Gas Cutting (OFC)	68	(4)
4.13 Torch Soldering (TS)	72	(1)
4.14 Torch Brazing (TB)	73	(2)
4.15 Resistance SpotWelding (RSW)	75	(1)
4.16 Projection Welding (PW)	76	(1)
4.17 Resistance Seam Welding (RSEW)	77	(1)
4.18 Flash Welding (FW)	78	(1)
4.19 Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)	79	(1)
4.20 Electroslag Welding (ESW)	80	(1)
4.21 Arc Stud Welding (SW)	81	(1)
4.22 Cold Welding (CW)	82	(1)
4.23 Explosion Welding (EXW)	83	(1)
4.24 Forge Welding (FOW)	84	(1)
4.25 Friction Welding (FRW)	85	(1)
4.26 Friction Stir Welding (FSW)	86	(1)
4.27 Ultrasonic Welding (USW)	87	(1)
4.28 Laser Beam Welding (LBW)	88	(1)
4.29 Electron Beam Welding (EBW)	89	(1)
4.30 Torch Plastic Welding	90	(1)
4.31 Oxygen Lance Cutting (OLC)	91	(1)
4.32 Oxyfuel Gas Underwater Cutting (OFC)	92	(1)
4.33 Flux Cutting (OC-F)	93	(1)
4.34 Steel Temperature and Color Relationships	93	(2)
4.35 Welding and Allied Processes	95	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	96	(3)
PART 2 Shielded Metal Arc Welding
Chapter 5 Shielded Metal Arc Welding Equipment and Supplies
5.1 Arc Welding Power Source Classifications	99	(1)
5.2 Constant Current Power Sources	100	(13)
5.3 NEMA Arc Welding Power Source Classifications	113	(1)
5.4 Welding Leads	114	(4)
5.5 SMAW Electrodes	118	(2)
5.6 Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Covered Electrode Classification	120	(4)
5.7 Nonferrous Electrode Classifications	124	(1)
5.8 Electrode Care	125	(1)
5.9 Power Source Remote Controls	125	(1)
5.10 Weld-Cleaning Equipment	125	(1)
5.11 Shields and Helmets	125	(3)
5.12 Special Arc Welder Clothing	128	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	129	(2)
Chapter 6 Shielded Metal Arc Welding
6.1 Direct Current (dc) Arc Welding Fundamentals	131	(2)
6.2 DCEN and DCSP Fundamentals	133	(1)
6.3 Alternating Current (ac) Arc Welding Fundamentals	134	(3)
6.4 Selecting an Arc Welding Machine	137	(2)
6.5 Starting, Stopping, and Adjusting the Arc Welding Power Source for SMAW	139	(8)
6.6 DC Arc Blow	147	(1)
6.7 Arc Welded Joint Designs	148	(13)
6.8 Review of Safety in SMAW	161	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	162	(3)
PART 3 Gas Tungsten and Gas Metal Arc Welding
Chapter 7 GTAW and GMAW Equipment and Supplies
7.1 The Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Station	165	(1)
7.2 Arc Welding Power Sources for GTAW	166	(2)
7.3 Balanced and Unbalanced AC Waves	168	(2)
7.4 Shielding Gases Used with GTAW	170	(3)
7.5 Electrode Leads and Hoses Used for GTAW	173	(1)
7.6 GTAW Torches	174	(4)
7.7 Tungsten Electrodes	178	(1)
7.8 Filler Metals Used with GTAW	179	(1)
7.9 The Gas Metal Arc Welding Station	179	(2)
7.10 Arc Welding Power Sources for GMAW	181	(2)
7.11 Wire Feeders Used with GMAW	183	(1)
7.12 GMAW Shielding Gases	184	(2)
7.13 The GMAW Welding Gun	186	(3)
7.14 GMAW Electrodes	189	(1)
7.15 Smoke-Extracting Systems	190	(1)
7.16 Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW)	190	(2)
7.17 The Flux Cored Arc Welding Station	192	(2)
7.18 Flux Cored Arc Welding Electrode Wire	194	(1)
7.19 Accessory Devices	195	(3)
7.20 Filter Lenses for Use when Gas-Shielded Arc Welding	198	(1)
7.21 Protective Clothing	198	(1)
7.22 Safety Review	199	(2)
Test Your Knowledge	201	(3)
Chapter 8 Gas Tungsten Arc Welding
8.1 Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Principles	204	(3)
8.2 GTAW Power Sources	207	(1)
8.3 Setting up the GTAW Station	207	(13)
8.4 Preparing Metal for Welding	220	(1)
8.5 Methods of Starting the Arc	220	(1)
8.6 Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Techniques	221	(1)
8.7 Shutting Down the GTAW Station	222	(1)
8.8 Welding Joints in the Flat Welding Position	222	(2)
8.9 Welding Joints in the Horizontal Welding Position	224	(2)
8.10 Welding Joints in the Vertical Welding Position	226	(1)
8.11 Welding Joints in the Overhead Welding Position	226	(1)
8.12 Semiautomatic Welding	227	(1)
8.13 Automatic and Mechanized GTAW	228	(2)
8.14 GTAW Troubleshooting Guide	230	(1)
8.15 GTAW Safety	230	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	230	(3)
Chapter 9 Gas Metal Arc Welding
9.1 Gas Metal Arc Welding Principles	233	(4)
9.2 GMAW Power Sources	237	(1)
9.3 Setting up the GMAW Station	238	(14)
9.4 Preparing Metal for Welding	252	(1)
9.5 Electrode Extension	252	(1)
9.6 Welding Procedures	253	(1)
9.7 Shutting down the Station	254	(1)
9.8 Welding Joints in the Flat Welding Position	255	(2)
9.9 Welding Joints in the Horizontal Welding Position	257	(1)
9.10 Welding Joints in the Vertical Welding Position	258	(1)
9.11 Welding Joints in the Overhead Welding Position	259	(1)
9.12 Automatic GMAW and FCAW	260	(1)
9.13 Gas Metal Arc Spot Welding	261	(1)
9.14 GMAW Troubleshooting Guide	262	(1)
9.15 GMAW and FCAW Safety	262	(2)
Test Your Knowledge	264	(3)
PART 4 Arc Cutting
Chapter 10 Plasma Arc Cutting
10.1 Plasma Arc Cutting Principles	267	(1)
10.2 Plasma Arc Cutting Equipment and Supplies	267	(2)
10.3 Plasma and Shielding Gases	269	(2)
10.4 Setting Up the PAC Station	271	(1)
10.5 Safety Equipment	271	(2)
10.6 Preparing to Cut	273	(1)
10.7 Cutting Procedure	273	(2)
10.8 Cutting Quality	275	(1)
10.9 Plasma Arc Gouging	276	(1)
10.10 Shutting Down the PAC Station	277	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	277	(2)
Chapter 11 Arc and Oxygen Arc Cutting Equipment and Processes
11.1 Air Carbon Arc Cutting (CAC-A) Equipment	279	(3)
11.2 Air Carbon Arc Cutting and Gouging	282	(2)
11.3 Exothermic Cutting Equipment and Supplies	284	(1)
11.4 Exothermic Cutting, Gouging, and Piercing	285	(4)
11.5 Oxygen Arc Cutting (OAC) Equipment	289	(1)
11.6 Oxygen Arc Cutting and Gouging	289	(2)
11.7 Shielded Metal Arc Cutting (SMAC) Electrodes	291	(1)
11.8 Shielded Metal Arc Cutting and Gouging	292	(1)
11.9 Gas Metal Arc (GMAC) and Gas Tungsten Arc (GTAC) Cutting Principles	293	(1)
11.10 Carbon Arc Cutting (CAC) and Gouging Equipment	294	(1)
11.11 Carbon Arc Cutting and Gouging	294	(1)
11.12 Safety Review: Arc Cutting	295	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	296	(3)
PART 5 Oxyfuel Gas Processes
Chapter 12 Oxyfuel Gas Welding Equipment and Supplies
12.1 Complete Oxyfuel Gas Welding Outfit	299	(2)
12.2 Oxygen Supply	301	(5)
12.3 Acetylene Supply	306	(4)
12.4 Pressure Regulator Principles	310	(9)
12.5 Welding Hose	319	(1)
12.6 Oxyacetylene Torch Types	320	(4)
12.7 Air-Acetylene Torch	324	(1)
12.8 Welding Goggles and Protective Clothing	324	(2)
12.9 Torch Lighters and Economizers	326	(1)
12.10 Oxyfuel Gas Welding Supplies	327	(5)
Test Your Knowledge	332	(3)
Chapter 13 Oxyfuel Gas Welding
13.1 Definition of Welding	335	(1)
13.2 Soldering and Brazing	335	(1)
13.3 Different Types of Welding and Cutting	335	(1)
13.4 Oxyfuel Gas Welding	336	(1)
13.5 The Oxyfuel Gas Welding Outfit	337	(10)
13.6 Torch Positions and Movements	347	(1)
13.7 Running a Continuous Weld Pool	348	(4)
13.8 Butt Joint Welding	352	(2)
13.9 Lap Joint Welding	354	(1)
13.10 Outside Corner Joint Welding	355	(1)
13.11 Inside Corner and T-Joint Welding	355	(3)
13.12 Welding Positions	358	(4)
13.13 Appearance of a Good Weld	362	(3)
13.14 Safety in Oxyfuel Gas Welding	365	(4)
Test Your Knowledge of Safety	369	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	370	(1)
Chapter 14 Oxyfuel Gas Cutting Equipment and Supplies
14.1 Complete Portable Oxyfuel Gas Cutting Outfit	371	(1)
14.2 The Cylinder Truck	372	(1)
14.3 Regulators for Oxyfuel Gas Cutting	372	(1)
14.4 The Cutting Torch	372	(4)
14.5 Torch Guides	376	(3)
14.6 Multiple Torches	379	(2)
Test Your Knowledge	381	(2)
Chapter 15 Oxyfuel Gas Cutting
15.1 The Heat of Combustion of Steel	383	(1)
15.2 Oxyfuel Gas Cutting Process	383	(1)
15.3 Cutting Outfit	384	(1)
15.4 Cutting Torch	385	(4)
15.5 Using a Cutting Torch	389	(3)
15.6 Cutting Steel with the Oxyfuel Gas Cutting Torch	392	(6)
15.7 Cutting Ferrous Alloy Metals	398	(1)
15.8 Cutting Cast Iron	399	(1)
15.9 Automatic Cutting	399	(1)
15.10 Safety in Oxyfuel Gas Cutting	400	(1)
Test your Knowledge	401	(2)
Chapter 16 Soldering
16.1 Soldering Principles	403	(2)
16.2 Solder Alloys	405	(3)
16.3 Soldering Fluxes	408	(1)
16.4 Soldering Procedures	409	(3)
16.5 Soldering Iron Method	412	(1)
16.6 Torch Soldering Method	412	(3)
16.7 Dip Soldering Method	415	(1)
16.8 Wave Soldering	415	(2)
16.9 Oven and Infrared Soldering	417	(1)
16.10 Resistance and Induction Soldering	418	(1)
16.11 Stainless Steel Soldering	418	(1)
16.12 Soldering Aluminum Alloys	418	(1)
16.13 Soldering Die Castings	419	(1)
16.14 Testing and Inspecting Soldered Joints	419	(1)
16.15 Review of Soldering Safety Practice	419	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	420	(1)
Chapter 17 Brazing and Braze Welding
17.1 Brazing and Braze Welding Principles	421	(1)
17.2 Joint Designs for Brazing and Braze Welding	422	(1)
17.3 Cleaning Base Metals Prior to Brazing or Braze Welding	422	(1)
17.4 Brazing and Braze Welding Fluxes	423	(6)
17.5 Brazing Filler Metal Alloys	429	(5)
17.6 Brazing and Braze Welding Processes	434	(8)
17.7 Heat-Resistant Brazed Joints	442	(1)
17.8 Safety Practices for Brazing and Braze Welding	442	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	443	(2)
PART 6 Resistance Welding
Chapter 18 Resistance Welding Equipment and Supplies
18.1 Electric Resistance Welding Machines	445	(1)
18.2 Transformers	446	(3)
18.3 Force Systems	449	(1)
18.4 Controllers	450	(2)
18.5 Contactors	452	(2)
18.6 Spot Welding Electrodes	454	(3)
18.7 Electrode Holder	457	(1)
18.8 Spot Welding Machines	457	(3)
18.9 Projection Welding Equipment	460	(1)
18.10 Portable Welding Machines	460	(1)
18.11 Seam Welding Machines	461	(1)
18.12 Upset and Flash Welding Machines	462	(2)
18.13 Special Resistance Welding Machines	464	(1)
18.14 Care of Resistance Welding Equipment	464	(1)
18.15 Parallel Gap Resistance Spot Welding	465	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	466	(1)
Chapter 19 Resistance Welding
19.1 Principles of Resistance Welding	467	(1)
19.2 Resistance Spot Welding (RSW)	468	(9)
19.3 Projection Welding (PW)	477	(1)
19.4 Resistance Seam Welding (RSEW)	477	(1)
19.5 Upset Welding (UW)	477	(1)
19.6 Flash Welding (FW)	478	(2)
19.7 Percussion Welding (PEW)	480	(1)
19.8 High-Frequency Resistance Welding	481	(1)
19.9 Feedback Control	481	(1)
19.10 Review of Safety in Resistance Welding	481	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	482	(3)
PART 7 Special Processes
Chapter 20 Special Welding Processes
20.1 Special Welding Processes	485	(1)
20.2 Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)	485	(3)
20.3 Electrogas Welding (EGW)	488	(1)
20.4 Narrow Groove Welding	489	(1)
20.5 Arc Stud Welding (SW)	490	(2)
20.6 Arc Spot Welding	492	(1)
20.7 Plasma Arc Welding (PAW)	493	(3)
20.8 Underwater Shielded Metal Arc Welding	496	(1)
20.9 Solid-State Welding (SSW)	497	(1)
20.10 Cold Welding (CW)	497	(1)
20.11 Explosion Welding (EXW)	498	(1)
20.12 Forge Welding (FOW)	498	(1)
20.13 Friction Welding (FRW)	499	(1)
20.14 Friction Stir Welding (FSW)	500	(2)
20.15 Ultrasonic Welding (USW)	502	(1)
20.16 Other Welding Processes	503	(1)
20.17 Electroslag Welding (ESW)	504	(2)
20.18 Thermite Welding (TW)	506	(2)
20.19 Electron Beam Welding (EBW)	508	(1)
20.20 Laser Beam Welding (LBW)	509	(3)
20.21 Self-Generating Oxyhydrogen Gas Welding (OFW)	512	(1)
20.22 Review of Safety	513	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	514	(1)
Chapter 21 Special Ferrous Welding Applications
21.1 Ferrous Metals and Alloys	515	(1)
21.2 Welding Medium- and High-Carbon Steels	515	(2)
21.3 Welding Alloy Steels	517	(1)
21.4 Welding Chrome-Molybdenum Steels	517	(3)
21.5 Nickel-Based Alloys	520	(1)
21.6 Welding Precoated Steels	520	(1)
21.7 Welding Managing Steels	520	(1)
21.8 Stainless Steels	521	(2)
21.9 Welding Dissimilar Ferrous Metals	523	(3)
21.10 Welding Cast Iron	526	(2)
Test Your Knowledge	528	(1)
Chapter 22 Special Nonferrous Welding Applications
22.1 Nonferrous Metals and Alloys	529	(1)
22.2 Aluminum	529	(1)
22.3 Preparing Aluminum for Welding	530	(2)
22.4 Arc Welding Wrought Aluminum	532	(2)
22.5 Welding Magnesium	534	(1)
22.6 Welding Die Castings	534	(1)
22.7 Copper and Copper Alloys	535	(3)
22.8 Titanium	538	(3)
22.9 Welding Zirconium	541	(1)
22.10 Welding Beryllium	541	(1)
22.11 Welding Dissimilar Metals	541	(1)
22.12 Plastics	541	(3)
Test Your Knowledge	544	(1)
Chapter 23 Pipe and Tube Welding
23.1 Types of Pipe	545	(2)
23.2 Types of Tubing	547	(2)
23.3 Preparing Pipe Joints for Welding	549	(2)
23.4 Arc Welding Pipe Joints	551	(4)
23.5 GTAW and GMAW Pipe Joints	555	(1)
23.6 Welding Tube Joints Using SMAW	555	(2)
23.7 Welding Tube Joints Using GMAW and GTAW	557	(1)
23.8 Heat Treating Pipe and Tube Welded Joints	558	(1)
23.9 Inspecting Pipe and Tube Welds	559	(1)
23.10 Hot Shortness	560	(1)
23.11 Weld Backing Rings	560	(1)
23.12 Welding Plastic Pipe	561	(1)
23.13 Review of Safety in Pipe and Tube Welding	562	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	563	(2)
Chapter 24 Special Cutting Processes
24.1 Oxygen Lance Cutting (OLC)	565	(1)
24.2 Oxyfuel Gas Cutting (OFC) Underwater	566	(2)
24.3 Oxygen Arc Underwater Cutting (OAC)	568	(2)
24.4 Metal Powder Cutting (OC-P)	570	(3)
24.5 Chemical Flux Cutting (OC-F)	573	(1)
24.6 Laser Beam Cutting (LBC)	574	(1)
24.7 Water Jet Cutting	575	(1)
24.8 Review of Safety in Special Cutting Processes	575	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	576	(1)
Chapter 25 Automatic and Robotic Welding
25.1 Advantages of Automatic Welding	577	(1)
25.2 Feedback Controls	578	(5)
25.3 Automatic Welding Processes	583	(1)
25.4 Introduction to Robots	584	(8)
25.5 Review of Safety Practices in Automatic and Robotic Welding	592	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	593	(2)
Chapter 26 Metal Surfacing
26.1 Principles of Surfacing	595	(2)
26.2 Selection of a Surfacing Process	597	(4)
26.3 Principles of Flame Spraying	601	(4)
26.4 Electric Arc Spray Surfacing	605	(2)
26.5 Detonation Spraying	607	(1)
26.6 Plasma Arc Spraying Process	608	(1)
26.7 Surface Preparation	609	(1)
26.8 Selecting Thermal Spray Surfacing Material	610	(1)
26.9 Testing and Inspecting Thermal Surfacings	610	(1)
26.10 Review of Surfacing Safety	610	(2)
Test Your Knowledge	612	(3)
PART 8 Metal Technology
Chapter 27 Production of Metals
27.1 Manufacturing Iron and Steel	615	(3)
27.2 Steelmaking Methods	618	(14)
27.3 Manufacturing Copper	632	(1)
27.4 Manufacturing Copper Alloys, Brass, and Bronze	632	(1)
27.5 Manufacturing Aluminum	633	(1)
27.6 Manufacturing Zinc	634	(1)
27.7 Processing Metals	634	(2)
27.8 Review of Safety	636	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	636	(1)
Chapter 28 Metal Properties and Identification
28.1 Iron and Steel	637	(3)
28.2 Cooling Curves	640	(1)
28.3 Iron-Carbon Diagram	641	(1)
28.4 Identification of Iron and Steel	642	(4)
28.5 Identification of Iron and Steel Alloys	646	(2)
28.6 Numbering Systems for Steels	648	(2)
28.7 Nonferrous Metals	650	(2)
28.8 Hard Surfacing Metals	652	(1)
28.9 Soft Surfacing Metals	652	(1)
28.10 Newer Metals	652	(1)
28.11 Review of Safety	653	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	653	(2)
Chapter 29 Heat Treatment of Metals
29.1 The Purposes of Heat Treatment	655	(2)
29.2 Carbon Content of Steel	657	(1)
29.3 Crystalline Structure of Steel	658	(2)
29.4 Annealing Steel	660	(1)
29.5 Normalizing Steel	660	(1)
29.6 Quenching and Tempering Steel	660	(1)
29.7 Thermal Stress Relieving	661	(1)
29.8 Spheroidizing	662	(1)
29.9 Hardening Steel	662	(3)
29.10 Heat Treating Tool Steels	665	(1)
29.11 Heat Treating Alloy Steels	665	(1)
29.12 Heat Treating Cast Irons	665	(1)
29.13 Heat Treating Copper	666	(1)
29.14 Heat Treating Aluminum	666	(1)
29.15 Temperature Measurements	667	(2)
29.16 Review of Safety	669	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	669	(2)
PART 9 Professional Welding
Chapter 30 Inspecting and Testing Welds
30.1 Nondestructive Examination (NDE)	671	(1)
30.2 Destructive Tests	672	(1)
30.3 Visual Inspection (VT)	672	(1)
30.4 Magnetic Particle Inspection (MT)	673	(1)
30.5 Liquid Penetrant Inspection (PT)	674	(2)
30.6 Ultrasonic Testing (UT)	676	(1)
30.7 Eddy Current Inspection (ET)	676	(1)
30.8 X-Ray Inspection (RT)	677	(1)
30.9 Inspecting Welds Using Pneumatic or Hydrostatic Pressure	677	(1)
30.10 Bend Tests	678	(2)
30.11 Tensile Test	680	(2)
30.12 Laboratory Methods of Testing Welds	682	(1)
30.13 Impact Tests	683	(1)
30.14 Hardness Testing	683	(3)
30.15 Microscopic Method of Testing Welds	686	(1)
30.16 Macroscopic Method of Testing Welds	687	(1)
30.17 Chemical Analysis Method of Testing Welds	688	(1)
30.18 The Peel Test	688	(1)
30.19 Review of Safety	689	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	689	(2)
Chapter 31 Procedures and Welder Qualifications
31.1 Welding Codes	691	(1)
31.2 Importance of Codes and Specifications	692	(1)
31.3 Welding Procedure Specifications	692	(4)
31.4 Welder Performance Qualifications	696	(2)
31.5 Methods of Testing Specimens	698	(9)
Test Your Knowledge	707	(2)
Chapter 32 The Welding Shop
32.1 Welding Shop Design	709	(1)
32.2 Welding Shop Equipment	709	(1)
32.3 Air Ventilation and Conditioning Equipment	710	(1)
32.4 Mechanical Metal Cutting Equipment	710	(3)
32.5 Metal-Forming Equipment	713	(1)
32.6 Furnaces	713	(2)
32.7 Overhead Crane	715	(1)
32.8 Jigs and Fixtures	715	(3)
32.9 Power Tools	718	(1)
32.10 Blast Cleaning Equipment	719	(1)
32.11 Welding Shop Tools	720	(1)
32.12 Welding Shop Supplies	720	(1)
32.13 Weld Test Equipment	721	(1)
32.14 Repair of Welding Equipment	721	(1)
32.15 Welding Shop Policy	721	(1)
32.16 Review of Safety	722	(1)
Test Your Knowledge	723	(2)
Chapter 33 Getting and Holding a Job in the Welding Industry
33.1 The Future of the Welding Industry	725	(1)
33.2 Welding Occupations and the Education Required	725	(1)
33.3 School Subjects Suggested for Success	726	(1)
33.4 Personal Traits Sought by Employers	727	(1)
33.5 Academic Skills Sought by Employers	728	(1)
33.6 Personal Management Skills Sought by Employers	728	(1)
33.7 Applying for a Job	728	(1)
33.8 Factors that Lead to Rejection for Employment	728	(1)
33.9 Factors that Can Lead to Termination from a Job	728	(2)
Test Your Knowledge	730	(1)
Chapter 34 Technical Data
34.1 The Effect of Temperature on Cylinder Pressure	731	(1)
34.2 The Effect of Hose Diameter and Length on Gas Flow and Pressure at the Torch	732	(1)
34.3 Flame Characteristics	733	(1)
34.4 The Chemistry of Oxyacetylene Gas Welding	733	(1)
34.5 Chemical Cleaning and Pickling Solutions	733	(1)
34.6 Thermit Reaction Chemistry	734	(1)
34.7 Blast Furnace Operations	734	(1)
34.8 Properties of Metals	734	(1)
34.9 Stresses Caused by Welding	734	(2)
34.10 Wire and Sheet Metal Gages	736	(1)
34.11 Judging Temperature by Color	736	(1)
34.12 Drill Sets and Sizes	737	(1)
34.13 Tapping a Thread	738	(1)
34.14 Metric Practices for Welding	738	(2)
34.15 Temperature Scales	740	(1)
34.16 Physics of Energy, Temperature, and Heat	740	(2)
34.17 Health Hazards	742	(3)
Test Your Knowledge	745	(2)
Glossary of Welding Terms	747	(14)
Acknowledgements	761	(2)
Appendix Correlation to AWS Standard QC-10, Specification for Qualification and Certification of Entry Level Welders	763	(6)
Index	769