Modern Wireless Communications

by Haykin, Simon O.; Moher, Michael

• ISBN13: 9780130224729
• ISBN10: 0130224723
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-02-23
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

This book provides a self-motivating introduction to wireless communications; it presents topics in a manner consistent with their natural evolution, based on the principle of increasing spectral efficiency of the radio transmission.TOPICS:Wireless Systemsbegins with a discussion of FDMA systems and follows with the evolution through TDMA, CDMA, and SDMA techniques. Engineering principles required for each multiple access strategy are presented parallel to it.For electrical engineers and others involved in wireless communications.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xiii
Introduction	p. 1
Background	p. 1
Communication Systems	p. 3
The Physical Layer	p. 3
The Data-Link Layer	p. 5
FDMA	p. 5
TDMA	p. 6
CDMA	p. 7
SDMA	p. 8
Overview of the Book	p. 8
Notes and References	p. 10
Propagation and Noise	p. 11
Introduction	p. 11
Free-Space Propagation	p. 13
Isotropic Radiation	p. 13
Directional Radiation	p. 15
The Friis Equation	p. 18
Polarization	p. 19
Terrestrial Propagation: Physical Models	p. 19
Reflection and the Plane-Earth Model	p. 20
Diffraction	p. 24
Diffraction Losses	p. 28
Terrestrial Propagation: Statistical Models	p. 30
Median Path Loss	p. 30
Local Propagation Loss	p. 32
Indoor Propagation	p. 33
Local Propagation Effects with Mobile Radio	p. 36
Rayleigh Fading	p. 36
Rician Fading	p. 40
Doppler	p. 42
Fast Fading	p. 44
Channel Classification	p. 48
Time-Selective Channels	p. 50
Frequency-Selective Channels	p. 52
General Channels	p. 52
WSSUS Channels	p. 54
Coherence Time	p. 57
Power-Delay Profile	p. 58
Coherence Bandwidth	p. 60
Stationary and Nonstationary Channels	p. 61
Summary of Channel Classification	p. 62
Noise and Interference	p. 63
Thermal Noise	p. 63
Equivalent Noise Temperature and Noise Figure	p. 66
Noise in Cascaded Systems	p. 68
Man-Made Noise	p. 70
Multiple-Access Interference	p. 71
Link Calculations	p. 75
Free-Space Link Budget	p. 75
Terrestrial Link Budget	p. 80
Theme Example 1: Okumura-Hata Empirical Model	p. 82
Theme Example 2: Wireless Local Area Networks	p. 85
Propagation Model	p. 85
Receiver Sensitivity	p. 85
Range	p. 86
Power-Delay Profile	p. 86
Modulation	p. 88
Theme Example 3: Impulse Radio and Ultra-Wideband	p. 89
Summary and Discussion	p. 94
Notes and References	p. 95
Additional Problems	p. 96
Modulation and Frequency-Division Multiple Access	p. 103
Introduction	p. 103
Modulation	p. 105
Linear and Nonlinear Modulation Processes	p. 106
Analog and Digital Modulation Techniques	p. 107
Amplitude and Angle Modulation Processes	p. 107
Linear Modulation Techniques	p. 108
Amplitude Modulation	p. 108
Binary Phase-Shift Keying	p. 110
Quadriphase-Shift Keying	p. 112
Offset Quadriphase-Shift Keying	p. 114
[pi]/4-Shifted Quadriphase-Shift Keying	p. 116
Pulse Shaping	p. 116
Root Raised-Cosine Pulse Shaping	p. 119
Complex Representation of Linear Modulated Signals and Band-Pass Systems	p. 122
Complex Representation of Linear Band-Pass Systems	p. 124
Signal-Space Representation of Digitally Modulated Signals	p. 126
Nonlinear Modulation Techniques	p. 130
Frequency Modulation	p. 130
Binary Frequency-Shift Keying	p. 132
Continuous-Phase Modulation: Minimum Shift Keying	p. 133
Power Spectra of MSK Signal	p. 137
Gaussian-Filtered MSK	p. 139
Frequency-Division Multiple Access	p. 142
Two Practical Issues of Concern	p. 144
Adjacent Channel Interference	p. 144
Power Amplifier Nonlinearity	p. 146
Comparison of Modulation Strategies for Wireless Communications	p. 148
Linear Channels	p. 148
Nonlinear Channels	p. 150
Channel Estimation and Tracking	p. 151
Differential Detection	p. 152
Pilot Symbol Transmission	p. 154
Receiver Performance: Bit Error Rate	p. 158
Channel Noise	p. 158
Theme Example 1: Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing	p. 162
Cyclic Prefix	p. 167
Theme Example 2: Cordless Telecommunications	p. 168
Summary and Discussion	p. 170
Notes and References	p. 171
Additional Problems	p. 173
Coding and Time-Division Multiple Access	p. 179
Introduction	p. 179
Sampling	p. 182
Why Follow Sampling with Coding?	p. 184
Shannon's Information Theory	p. 185
Source-Coding Theorem	p. 185
Channel-Coding Theorem	p. 186
Information Capacity Theorem	p. 187
Rate Distortion Theory	p. 188
Speech Coding	p. 189
Linear Prediction	p. 189
Multipulse Excited LPC	p. 190
Code-Excited LPC	p. 192
Error-Control Coding	p. 193
Cyclic Redundancy Check Codes	p. 194
Convolutional Codes	p. 195
Trellis and State Diagrams of Convolutional Codes	p. 198
Free Distance of a Convolutional Code	p. 200
Maximum-Likelihood Decoding of Convolutional Codes	p. 201
The Viterbi Algorithm	p. 203
Modifications of the Viterbi Algorithm	p. 205
Interleaving	p. 207
Block Interleaving	p. 208
Convolutional Interleaving	p. 210
Random Interleaving	p. 212
Noise Performance of Convolutional Codes	p. 212
Turbo Codes	p. 215
Turbo Encoding	p. 215
Turbo Decoding	p. 216
Noise Performance	p. 218
Maximum a Posteriori Probability Decoding	p. 219
Comparison of Channel-Coding Strategies for Wireless Communications	p. 222
Encoding	p. 223
Decoding	p. 224
AWGN Channel	p. 225
Fading Wireless Channels	p. 225
Latency	p. 225
Joint Equalization and Decoding	p. 226
RF Modulation Revisited	p. 226
Baseband Processing for Channel Estimation and Equalization	p. 227
Channel Estimation	p. 229
Viterbi Equalization	p. 231
Time-Division Multiple Access	p. 233
Advantages of TDMA over FDMA	p. 234
TDMA Overlaid on FDMA	p. 235
Theme Example 1: GSM	p. 236
Theme Example 2: Joint Equalization and Decoding	p. 239
Computer Experiment	p. 241
Theme Example 3: Random-Access Techniques	p. 243
Pure Aloha	p. 243
Slotted Aloha	p. 245
Carrier-Sense Multiple Access	p. 245
Other Considerations with Random-Access Protocols	p. 248
Summary and Discussion	p. 249
Notes and References	p. 251
Additional Problems	p. 252
Spread Spectrum and Code-Division Multiple Access	p. 258
Introduction	p. 258
Direct-Sequence Modulation	p. 260
The Spreading Equation	p. 260
Matched-Filter Receiver	p. 262
Performance with Interference	p. 263
Spreading Codes	p. 265
Walsh-Hadamard Sequences	p. 267
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factors	p. 269
Maximal-Length Sequences	p. 270
Scramblers	p. 274
Gold Codes	p. 274
Random Sequences	p. 276
The Advantages of CDMA for Wireless	p. 279
Multiple-Access Interference	p. 279
Multipath Channels	p. 283
RAKE Receiver	p. 284
Fading Channels	p. 288
Summary of the Benefits of DS-SS	p. 289
Code Synchronization	p. 290
Channel Estimation	p. 292
Power Control: The Near-Far Problem	p. 294
FEC Coding and CDMA	p. 297
Multiuser Detection	p. 299
CDMA in a Cellular Environment	p. 301
Frequency-Hopped Spread Spectrum	p. 306
Complex Baseband Representation of FH-SS	p. 307
Slow-Frequency Hopping	p. 308
Fast-Frequency Hopping	p. 310
Processing Gain	p. 310
Theme Example 1: IS-95	p. 311
Channel Protocol	p. 311
Pilot Channel	p. 313
Downlink CDMA Channels	p. 314
Power Control	p. 316
Cellular Considerations	p. 317
Uplink	p. 318
Theme Example 2: GPSS	p. 319
Theme Example 3: Bluetooth	p. 321
Theme Example 4: WCDMA	p. 323
Bandwidth and Chip Rate	p. 324
Data Rates and Spreading Factor	p. 324
Modulation and Synchronization	p. 324
Forward Error-Correction Codes	p. 324
Channel Types	p. 325
Uplink	p. 325
Downlink	p. 326
Multicode Transmission	p. 327
Cellular Considerations	p. 327
Theme Example 5: Wi-Fi	p. 328
Summary and Discussion	p. 331
Notes and References	p. 332
Additional Problems	p. 333
Diversity, Capacity, and Space-Division Multiple Access	p. 339
Introduction	p. 339
"Space Diversity on Receive" Techniques	p. 341
Selection Combining	p. 341
Maximal-Ratio Combining	p. 346
Equal-Gain Combining	p. 353
Square-Law Combining	p. 353
Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output Antenna Systems	p. 357
Coantenna Interference	p. 358
Basic Baseband Channel Model	p. 360
MIMO Capacity for Channel Known at the Receiver	p. 363
Ergodic Capacity	p. 363
Two Other Special Cases of the Log-Det Formula: Capacities of Receive and Transmit Diversity Links	p. 366
Outage Capacity	p. 367
Channel Known at the Transmitter	p. 371
Singular-Value Decomposition of the Channel Matrix	p. 371
Eigendecomposition of the Log-det Capacity Formula	p. 374
Space-Time Codes for MIMO Wireless Communications	p. 376
Preliminaries	p. 378
Alamouti Code	p. 379
Performance Comparison of Diversity-on-Receive and Diversity-on-Transmit Schemes	p. 387
Generalized Complex Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes	p. 389
Performance Comparisons of Different Space-Time Block Codes Using a Single Receiver	p. 392
Differential Space-Time Block Codes	p. 395
Differential Space-Time Block Coding	p. 395
Transmitter and Receiver Structures	p. 401
Noise Performance	p. 402
Space-Division Multiple Access and Smart Antennas	p. 404
Antenna Arrays	p. 406
Multipath with Directional Antennas	p. 412
Theme Example 1: BLAST Architectures	p. 415
Diagonal-BLAST Architecture	p. 416
Vertical-BLAST Architecture	p. 417
Turbo-BLAST Architecture	p. 419
Experimental Performance Evaluation of Turbo-BLAST versus V-BLAST	p. 422
Theme Example 2: Diversity, Space-Time Block Codes, and V-BLAST	p. 426
Diversity-on-Receive versus Diversity-on-Transmit	p. 426
Space-Time Block Codes versus V-BLAST	p. 427
Diversity Order and Multiplexing Gain	p. 429
Theme Example 3: Keyhole Channels	p. 432
Summary and Discussion	p. 436
Notes and References	p. 439
Additional Problems	p. 441
Wireless Architectures	p. 450
Introduction	p. 450
Comparison of Multiple-Access Strategies	p. 450
OSI Reference Model	p. 454
The OSI Model and Wireless Communications	p. 457
MAC Sublayer Signaling and Protocols	p. 458
Power Control	p. 461
Open Loop	p. 462
Closed Loop	p. 463
Outer-Loop Power Control	p. 464
Other Considerations	p. 464
Handover	p. 465
Handover Algorithms	p. 465
Multiple-Access Considerations	p. 466
Network Layer	p. 467
Cellular Networks	p. 467
Indoor LANs	p. 469
Theme Example 1: Wireless Telephone Network Standards	p. 470
Theme Example 2: Wireless Data Network Standards	p. 472
Theme Example 3: IEEE 802.11 MAC	p. 473
Summary and Discussion	p. 475
Notes and References	p. 476
Problems	p. 476
Table of Contents provided by Rittenhouse. All Rights Reserved.

Excerpts

The rapid growth of wireless communications and its pervasive use in all walks of life are changing the way we communicate in some fundamental ways. Most important, reliance on radio propagation as the physical mechanism responsible for the transport of information-bearing signals from the transmitter to the receiver has endowed communications with a distinctive feature, namely, mobility. Modern Wireless Communicationsis a new book aimed at the teaching of a course that could follow a traditional course on communication systems, as an integral part of an undergraduate program in electrical engineering or as the first graduate course on wireless communications. The primary focus of the book is on the physical layer, emphasizing the fundamentals of radio propagation and communication-theoretic aspects of multiple-access techniques. Many aspects of wireless communications are covered in an introductory level and book form for the first time. 1. ORGANIZATION OF THE BOOK The book is organized in seven chapters, nine appendices, and a bibliography. Chapter 1 motivates the study of wireless communications. It begins with a brief historical account of wireless communications, and then goes on to describe the OSI model of communication networks. The discussion, however, focuses on the issues that arise in the study of the physical layer, which is the mainstay of the book. Chapter 2 on radio propagation starts with an explanation of the physical mechanisms of the propagation process, including free-space propagation, reflection, and diffraction. These physical mechanisms provide insight into the statistical models that are employed for terrestrial and indoor propagation effects that follow. The small-scale effects of fading and uncorrelated scattering are discussed, leading up to a careful classification of the different wireless channel types. The second half of the chapter describes noise and interference, and how combined with propagation, we may determine wireless communication system performance through a link-budget analysis. Chapter 3 reviews the modulation process with emphasis on digital transmission techniques. This introductory treatment of modulation paves the way for discussions of the following issues: Complex baseband representation of linear modulated signals, and the corresponding input/output descriptions of linear wireless communication channels and linear band-pass filters. Practical problems concerning adjacent channel interference and nonlinearities in transmit power amplifiers. The stage is then set for comparative evaluation of various modulation strategies for wireless communications, discussion of receiver performance in the presence of channel noise and Rayleigh fading, and discussion of frequency-division multiple-access (FDMA). Chapter 4 focuses on coding techniques and time-division multiple-access (TDMA). After a brief review of Shannon''s classical information theory, the source coding of speech signals is discussed, which is then followed by fundamental aspects of convolutional codes, interleavers, and turbo codes. The relative merits of convolutional codes and turbo codes are discussed in the context of wireless communications. The various aspects of channel-estimation, tracking, and channel equalization are treated in detail. The discussion then moves onto TDMA and the advantages it offers over FDMA. Chapter 5 discusses spread spectrum, code-division multiple-access (CDMA), and cellular systems. It first presents the basics of spread-spectrum systems, namely, direct-sequence, and frequency-hopped systems, and their tolerance to interference. A fundamental component of spread-spectrum systems is the spreading code: a section of the chapter is devoted to explaining Walsh-Hadamard, maximal-length sequences, Gold codes, and random sequences. This discussion is then followed with a description of RAKE receivers, channel estimation, code synchronization, and the multipath performance of direct-sequence systems. This leads naturally to a discussion of how direct-sequence systems perform in a cellular environment. Chapter 6 is devoted to the notion of space diversity and related topics. It starts with diversity on receive, which represents the traditional technique for mitigating the fading problem that plagues wireless communications. Then the chapter introduces the powerful notion of multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communications, which includes space diversity on receive and space diversity on transmit as special cases. Most important, the use of MIMO communications represents the "spatial frontier" of wireless communications in that, for prescribed communication resources in the form of fixed transmit power and channel bandwidth, it provides the practical means for significant increases in the spectral efficiency of wireless communications at the expense of increased computational complexity. The discussion of MIMO wireless communications also includes orthogonal space-time block codes (STBC), best exemplified by the Alamouti code and its differential form. The discussion then moves onto space-division multiple access (SDMA), and smart antennas. Chapter 7 links the physical layer and multiple-access topics of the previous chapters with the higher layers of the communications network. This final chapter of the book begins with a comparison of the different multiple-access strategies. The discussion then leads to a consideration of various link-management functions associated with wireless systems, namely, signaling, power control, and handover. The differences between systems used for telephony and those used for data transmission are clearly delineated. This is then followed by a discussion of wireless network architectures, both for telephony and data applications. 1.1 Theme Examples An enriching feature of the book is the inclusion of Theme Examples within each of the chapters in the book, except for Chapter 1. In a loose sense, they may be viewed as "Chapters within Chapters" that show the practical applications of the topics discussed in the pertinent chapters. Specifically, the following Theme Examples are discussed: Chapter 2: Empirical propagation model, wireless local area networks (LANs), and impulse radio and ultra-wideband Chapter 4: Global system for mobile (GSM) communications, joint equalization and decoding, and random-access techniques Chapter 5: Code-division multiple access (CDMA) Standard IS-95, GPSS, bluetooth, wideband CDMA and WiFi Chapter 6: BLAST architectures, diversity, space-time block codes, and V-BLAST, and keyhole channels Chapter 7: Wireless telephone network standards, wireless data network standards, and IEEE 801.11 MAC 1.2 Appendices To provide supplementary material for the book, nine appendices are included: Fourier theory Bessel functions Random variables and random processes Matched filters Error function Maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) decoding Capacity of MIMO links Eigendecomposition Adaptive antenna array The inclusion of these appendices is intended to make the book essentially self-sufficient. 1.3 Other Features of the Book Each chapter includes "within-text" problems that are intended to help the reader develop an improved understanding of the issues being discussed in the text. "End-of-chapter" problems provide an abundance of additional problems, whose solutions will further help the reader develop a deeper understanding of the material covered in the pertinent chapter. Moreover, each chapter includes examples with detailed solutions covering different aspects of the subject matter. "Notes and References" included at the end of the chapter pro