Molecular Principles of Animal Development

by Martinez Arias, Alfonso; Stewart, Alison

• ISBN13: 9780198792840
• ISBN10: 0198792840
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-05-09
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

Molecular Principles of Animal Development by Alfonso Martinez-Arias and Alison Stewart is the only textbook in the field that focuses on the molecules and mechanisms that underlie the developmental process. Offering a compellingly modern way of looking at developmental biology, it reflects recent literature and the dramatic advances and changes in the field over the last decade. It works from the molecular and cellular principles up to the organism level, rather than the traditional top-down emphasis on the complete organism. The authors demonstrate that an understanding of animal development requires an understanding of the universal mechanisms that emerge from molecular networks. Designed for advanced undergraduates and early graduate students, this well-organized book can be used to teach courses at different levels. It includes an introduction and three sections that increase in level of complexity while building on previous sections. It shows that development is not programmed into the genome but is an output of the opportunistic use of molecular networks and routines. Written with a rigorous but readable style, Molecular Principles of Animal Development is a stunningly useful addition to the field of developmental biology.

Author Biography

The authors are based in Cambridge. Martinez Arias is well-known worldwide; his main interest is in Drosophila. Stewart is a biochemist by training and was Editor of Trends in Genetics.

Table of Contents

Introduction: Towards a molecular analysis of development	1	(18)
The rationale for a different approach	3	(4)
Beginnings	7	(1)
The heyday of descriptive embryology	8	(2)
Experimental embryology is born	10	(2)
Morgan's `deviation': Genetics	12	(1)
The impasse	13	(1)
Genetics meets molecular biology	13	(1)
Lessons from history?	13	(1)
About this book	14	(5)
Programs and regulatory elements in DNA and RNA	19	(24)
The DNA during development	19	(3)
Types of DNA sequences	22	(2)
Genes and genomes	24	(3)
Regulatory sequences in DNA	27	(6)
Irreversible modifications of the DNA sequence	33	(1)
Regulatory regions in RNA	33	(2)
Coordination of gene expression	35	(1)
Developmental programs	36	(3)
Higher-order programs	39	(4)
Decoding the program: Transcription	43	(36)
Transcription in prokaryotes	43	(3)
The transcriptional machinery in eukaryotes	46	(3)
Enhancers and gene-specific transcription factors	49	(2)
DNA-binding specificity of transcription factors	51	(1)
Assembly of complexes at enhancers: Enhanceosomes	52	(6)
Interactions between promoters and enhancers	58	(1)
The role of chromatin in transcription	59	(2)
The dynamics of transcriptional activation and chromatin remodelling	61	(1)
Transcriptional repression in eukaryotes	62	(2)
The transcriptional machinery and regulated transcription	64	(1)
Transcriptional regulation during development: From domains to stripes in the Drosophila blastoderm	65	(3)
Transcriptional regulation during development: Regulation of the immunoglobulin μ heavy-chain gene	68	(1)
Transcriptional elongation and termination	69	(1)
The stability of the transcriptionally active or inactive state	70	(2)
RNA-binding proteins	72	(7)
RNA localization and the establishment of the body plan in Drosophila	76	(3)
Cell surface proteins: Receptors, ligands, and their environment	79	(36)
Intercellular communication: Cell signalling	79	(2)
Indentification of signalling molecules and receptors	81	(2)
Characterization of signalling molecules and receptors	83	(3)
Types of signalling molecules	86	(8)
Low-molecular-mass signalling molecules	87	(3)
Peptide and protein signalling molecules	90	(4)
Receptors	94	(1)
Cell-surface receptors	95	(7)
Receptor tyrosine kinases	95	(2)
Serine/threonine kinase receptors	97	(2)
Receptor phosphatases	99	(1)
Receptors associated with cytoplasmic kinases	99	(2)
Seven transmembrane domain receptors	101	(1)
Other cell-surface receptors	102	(2)
Signalling proteins as receptors	104	(2)
Intracellular receptors	106	(1)
Regulation of ligand-receptor interactions	107	(4)
The vertebrate organizer as a source of signal modulators	111	(1)
The extracellular environment and cell signalling	111	(4)
Intracellular effectors of cell interactions: Signalling pathways and networks	115	(46)
Epistasis and the analysis of signalling pathways	116	(3)
Signalling currencies	119	(1)
Adaptor motifs	119	(4)
A tool for detecting molecular interactions	123	(1)
Modular protein kinases and phosphatases	123	(1)
G proteins and intracellular switches	124	(3)
Signalling pathways	127	(1)
Routes triggering nuclear translocation of the effector	127	(6)
Delta-Notch signalling	127	(1)
NFκB/dorsal signalling	128	(1)
JAK-STAT signalling	128	(1)
TGFβ-Smad signalling	129	(4)
Membrane-nucleus relays: Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling cascades	133	(4)
Second-messenger signalling pathways	137	(2)
Cyclic AMP and protein kinase A	137	(1)
Lipid second-messenger pathways	138	(1)
Hedgehog and Wnt signalling	139	(6)
Hedgehog signalling	141	(2)
Wnt signalling	143	(2)
Dynamics and regulation of signal transduction during cell interactions	145	(6)
Changes in activity of signalling pathway components	146	(1)
Changes in the concentration or stability of signalling pathway components	146	(4)
Compartmentalization	150	(1)
Integration of signalling pathways	151	(10)
Connectivity and integration of signalling networks	154	(1)
Signal integration in the nucleus	155	(6)
Cells and their interactions	161	(36)
The extracellular matrix	163	(2)
The cytoskeleton	165	(9)
Intermediate filaments	165	(2)
Microtubules	167	(2)
Actin filaments	169	(5)
Cell adhesion and cell junctions	174	(2)
Molecular mediators of cell adhesion	176	(3)
Cell adhesion and signalling	179	(4)
Cell polarity	183	(1)
Apico-basal polarity	184	(3)
Planar polarity	187	(2)
Cell shape, movement, and migration	189	(6)
Cues for cell movement	195	(2)
Basic cellular routines: Division, differentiation, and cell death	197	(30)
The cell cycle	197	(2)
Uncovering the cell-cycle regulators	199	(2)
The cell-cycle machinery at work	201	(4)
Cell-cycle checkpoints: Integration and surveillance	205	(1)
The cell cycle in early development	205	(3)
Coordinating cell division with cell growth	208	(3)
Extracellular regulation of the link between growth and proliferation	211	(1)
The cell cycle and cell differentiation	211	(5)
Cell death: The ultimate `differentiation'	216	(2)
The cell death machinery	218	(3)
Death signals during development	221	(1)
Regulation of cell survival during development	221	(1)
Cell numbers and overall size	222	(5)
The generation of lineages: A developmental routine	227	(34)
Cell lineages and cell interactions	227	(2)
Lineages and fate maps	229	(1)
Stem cell lineages	229	(3)
Stem cell factors	232	(2)
Stem cell-like lineages	234	(3)
Complex determinate lineages	237	(3)
The leech Helobdella triserialis	238	(1)
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans	238	(2)
Cell fate determination within lineages	240	(2)
Mechanisms of segregation of determinants of lineage identity in S. cerevisiae and C. elegans	242	(3)
Mechanisms of segregation of determinants of lineage identity in the development of the nervous system	245	(4)
Notch signalling: A recurring element in the lineage-mediated assignment of cell fates	249	(4)
The spatial and temporal regulation of Notch signalling	253	(1)
Iterative molecular mechanisms for cell fate assignment	254	(2)
Indeterminate lineages and polyclonal lineage compartments	256	(5)
Long- and short-range influences in the generation of cell diversity	261	(34)
Induction and positional information	261	(4)
Long- and short-range inductive molecules	265	(4)
Cellular responses to inductive signals: Competence	269	(2)
Signalling-induced modifications of the inductive event	271	(3)
The morphogen concept: Graded responses to diffusible signals	274	(1)
Candidate morphogens	274	(2)
Candidate morphogens in Drosophila	276	(7)
Bicoid	276	(2)
Dorsal	278	(2)
Dpp	280	(3)
Candidate morphogens in vertebrates	283	(2)
Activin	283	(2)
Limitations of the classical concept of the morphogen	285	(3)
The generation of graded molecular information	288	(1)
The interpretation of graded molecular information	288	(3)
Long- versus short-range patterning mechanisms in pattern formation	291	(4)
Cell-type specification: A developmental operation	295	(38)
Methods for the spatial and temporal analysis of gene activity	295	(3)
Muscle development: Myogenesis	298	(1)
The origins of muscle cells	298	(3)
Establishment of different mesodermal fates	301	(4)
Myogenic regulatory factors and the commitment to the myogenic pathway	305	(7)
Muscle differentiation	312	(2)
Neurogenesis: The central nervous system	314	(1)
The origins of the central nervous system	314	(1)
The emergence of neural tissue	315	(4)
Axial organization of the nervous system	319	(1)
The commitment to the neurogenic pathway	320	(3)
The birth of neurons: Individual cell-type specification	323	(2)
Neurogenesis in Drosophila	325	(1)
Regulatory hierarchies in the establishment of cell fates	325	(8)
Patterns in one and two dimensions	333	(30)
Development and patterning of the Caenorhabditis elegans vulva	333	(2)
Generation and specification of the vulva precursor cells (VPCs)	335	(1)
The signal from the anchor cell: Ras signalling and the specification of VPCs	335	(6)
VPCs: lin-12 signalling	341	(2)
Execution of the fates of the VPCs	343	(1)
Morphogenesis of the vulva	344	(1)
Development and patterning of the larval epidermis of Drosophila	345	(1)
Establishment of references and polarity	346	(5)
Generation of cell diversity with respect to the coordinates	351	(3)
The emergence of the pattern	354	(1)
Development and patterning of the teeth	354	(3)
Initiation of tooth development	357	(1)
Morphogenesis and differentiation	358	(1)
Different types of teeth	359	(2)
General principles for the patterning of two-dimensional cellular assemblies	361	(2)
Patterns in three dimensions	363	(40)
Limbs and appendages	363	(2)
Initiation of vertebrate limb development	365	(2)
Establishment of AP and DV coordinates in the limb bud	367	(1)
Initiation of appendage development in insects	368	(1)
Cellular parameters of vertebrate limb development	368	(4)
AER-driven initiation of PD patterning and growth	372	(2)
Molecular mediators of growth and positional information in the growing bud	374	(3)
Integration of information from the ZPA and the AER	377	(1)
The role of the DV axis in limb patterning	377	(1)
Growth and patterning along the PD axis	377	(3)
Hox codes and the registration of the positional information	380	(1)
The patterning of the digits	380	(2)
Development and patterning of the appendages of Drosophila	382	(1)
The initiation of wing development	383	(3)
Patterning and growth of the wing	386	(2)
The patterning of the wing: Veins	388	(1)
Common strategies in the development and patterning of vertebrate limbs and the appendages of insects	389	(3)
Branched structures: The insect tracheal system and vertebrate lungs	392	(1)
The tracheal system of Drosophila	392	(1)
Cell-type specification in the tracheal system	393	(2)
Branching morphogenesis in the tracheal system	395	(2)
Specification of cell types within the migrating branch	397	(1)
The development of the vertebrate lung	398	(2)
Are there general principles for three-dimensional patterning?	400	(3)
Index	403