Monteverde Ecology and Conservation of a Tropical Cloud Forest

by Nadkarni, Nalini M.; Wheelwright, Nathaniel T.

• ISBN13: 9780195133103
• ISBN10: 0195133102
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-03-09
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

The Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve has captured the worldwide attention of biologists, conservationists, and ecologists and has been the setting for extensive investigation over the past 30 years. Roughly 40,000 ecotourists visit the Cloud Forest each year, and it is often considered the archetypal high-altitude rain forest. This volume brings together some of the most prominent researchers of the region to provide a broad introduction to the biology of the Monteverde, and cloud forests in general. Collecting and synthesizing vital information about the ecosystem and its biota, the book also examines the positive and negative effects of human activity on both the forest and the surrounding communities. Ecologists, tropical biologists, and natural historians will find this volume an indispensable resource, as will all those who are fascinated by the magnificent wonders of the tropical forests.

Author Biography

Nalini M. Nadkarni is a Professor at Evergreen State College in Olympia, Washington. Nathaniel T. Wheelwright is a Professor at Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine.

Table of Contents

Foreword	vii
Gary S. Hartshorn
Foreword	ix
Luis Diego Gomez P.
A Manera de Introduccion	xi
Luis Diego Gomez P.
Contributors	xix
Introduction	3	(12)
Nalini M. Nadkarni
Nathaniel T. Wheelwright
Historical Overview	3	(2)
The Boundaries	5	(10)
Monteverde Beginnings	10	(1)
Wilford ``Wolf'' Guindon
Scope of Past Work	11	(2)
Nalini M. Nadkarni
Literature Cited	13	(2)
The Physical Environment	15	(24)
Kenneth L. Clark
Robert O. Lawton
Paul R. Butler
Climate and Weather of Monteverde	15	(5)
Geology and Geologic History of Monteverde	20	(2)
Modern Geography of the Cordillera de Tilaran	22	(4)
Paleoecology of the Cordillera de Tilaran	26	(1)
Soils of Monteverde	27	(2)
Hydrology of Monteverde	29	(10)
Microclimate Variability	33	(1)
Kenneth L. Clark
Nalini M. Nadkarni
Epiphytic Histosols	34	(1)
Kenneth L. Clark
Nalini M. Nadkarni
Literature Cited	34	(5)
Plants and Vegetation	39	(56)
William A. Haber
Distribution and Diversity	39	(25)
Seasonality	64	(2)
Population Biology	66	(1)
Biogeography	67	(2)
Conservation	69	(26)
Trees on Trees	70	(1)
Francis E. Putz
Why Strangler Figs Don't Strangle Strangler Figs	71	(1)
Jonathan H. Titus
Mucuna urens, a Tropical Liana	72	(1)
Gary W. Diller O'Dell
Epiphytes	72	(1)
Stephan W. Ingram
Bromeliads	73	(1)
Harry E. Luther
Orchids	74	(1)
John T. Atwood
Evolution in Cloud Forest Psychotria Section Notopleura via Growth Form Diversification	75	(3)
Molly Nepokroeff
Kenneth J. Sytsma
Bryophytes	78	(2)
S. Robert Gradstein
Plants Growing on Living Leaves	80	(1)
Maria Morales
Mistletoes and Where They Grow	81	(1)
Sarah Sargent
An Exceptional Mistletoe, Gaiadendron punctatum	82	(1)
Sarah Sargent
Gut Fungi of Invertebrates	83	(2)
Robert W. Lichtwardt
Breeding Systems of Monteverde Inga	85	(2)
Suzanne Koptur
Sex Ratios and the Distribution of Male and Female Trees	87	(1)
Nathaniel T. Wheelwright
Clonal Reproduction through Plant Fragments in Poikilacanthus macranthus	88	(1)
Stephen P. Bush
Ferns	89	(1)
Seth Bigelow
Peter Kukle
Description of Permanent Forest Plots in Monteverde	90	(1)
William A. Haber
Literature Cited	90	(5)
Insects and Spiders	95	(54)
Paul Hanson
Aquatic Insects	96	(2)
Orthoptera: Katydids, Crickets, and Grasshoppers	98	(1)
Hemiptera: Heteroptera and Homoptera	99	(7)
Coleoptera: Beetles	106	(12)
Lepidoptera: Moths and Butterflies	118	(4)
Diptera: Flies	122	(2)
Hymenoptera: Sawflies, Wasps, Ants, and Bees	124	(15)
Arachnids: Spiders, Scorpions, and Mites	139	(10)
Literature Cited	141	(8)
Amphibians and Reptiles	149	(30)
J. Alan Pounds
The Area and Its Fauna	151	(2)
Distribution and Diversity	153	(2)
Geography and History	155	(2)
Population Ecology	157	(6)
Reproductive Ecology	163	(3)
Habitat Use	166	(3)
Conservation	169	(1)
Summary	170	(9)
The Discovery of the Golden Toad	171	(1)
Jay M. Savage
Monteverde Salamanders, Golden Toads, and the Emergence of the Global Amphibian Crisis	172	(1)
J. Alan Pounds
How Do Meadow Treefrogs Decide Where to Lay Eggs?	173	(1)
Martha L. Crump
The Golden Toad Laboratory for Conservation	174	(1)
J. Alan Pounds
Marlene Brenes
Literature Cited	174	(5)
Birds	179	(44)
Bruce E. Young
David B. McDonald
Distribution, Species Richness, and Diversity	182	(2)
Behavior	184	(6)
Reproductive Biology	190	(4)
Responses to Seasonality	194	(1)
Population Biology	195	(4)
Community Ecology	199	(2)
Comparative Ecology	201	(1)
Conservation Issues	202	(1)
Conclusions	203	(20)
Cooperation Between Male Long-Tailed Manakins	204	(1)
David B. McDonald
Why Join Mixed-Species Flocks? A Frugivore's Perspective	205	(1)
Lisa K. Valburg
The Cost of Social Foraging in Mixed-Species Bird Flocks	206	(2)
Jennifer Shopland
Choosiness and Productivity in Wrens of Forests, Fragments, and Farms	208	(2)
Kathy Winnett-Murray
Do Fruit-Eating Birds Actively Select or Avoid Insect-Infested Fruits?	210	(2)
Lisa K. Valburg
Brown Jays: Complex Sociality in a Colonizing Species	212	(2)
Dean A. Williams
Marcy F. Lawton
Ecology and Sexual Dimorphism of Emerald Toucanets	214	(1)
Cecilia M. Riley
Kimberly G. Smith
The Roles of Long-Tailed Manakin Vocalizations in Cooperation and Courtship	215	(1)
Jill M. Trainer
Do Subordinate Species Have an Advantage? Testing the Pointer Hypothesis with Tropical Hummingbirds	216	(2)
Harry M. Tiebout III
Literature Cited	218	(5)
Mammals	223	(22)
Robert M. Timm
Richard K. LaVal
Methods	223	(1)
Distribution, Species Richness, and Diversity	224	(1)
Research on Mammals in Monteverde	225	(4)
Migration	229	(2)
Changes in Altitudinal Limits of Life Zones as Suggested by Bats	231	(1)
Historical Use and Change in Abundance of Mammals	232	(2)
Conservation of Monteverde Mammals	234	(11)
Observations on Monteverde's Mammals	235	(1)
Robert M. Timm
Richard K. LaVal
Singing Mice	236	(2)
Catherine A. Langtimm
Reproduction and Dynamics of Deer Mice	238	(1)
Stephen Anderson
Arboreal Mammals	239	(2)
Catherine A. Langtimm
Mice, Birds, and Pollination of Blakea chlorantha	241	(1)
Catherine A. Langtimm
Robert Unnasch
Baird's Tapir	242	(1)
Robert O. Lawton
Literature Cited	243	(2)
Plant-Animal Interactions	245	(58)
K. Greg Murray
Sharon Kinsman
Judith L. Bronstein
Plant-Pollinator Interactions	246	(10)
Plant-Frugivore Interactions	256	(47)
Hummingbird Pollination of Epiphytic Ericaceae in the Cloud Forest Canopy	267	(1)
William H. Busby
Scarab Beetles, Elephant Ear (Xanthosoma robustum), and Their Associates	268	(3)
Lloyd Goldwasser
Fig Pollination and Seed-Dispersal Mutualisms	271	(2)
Judith L. Bronstein
The Reproductive Biology of Blakea and Topobea (Melastomataceae)	273	(4)
Cecile Lumer
Interactions among Inga, Herbivores, Ants, and Insect Visitors to Foliar Nectaries	277	(1)
Suzanne Koptur
A Fly Larva Directly Alters Floral Sex in Centropogon solanifolius	278	(1)
Martha E. Weiss
Deceit Pollination in Begonia	279	(2)
Jon Agren
Douglas W. Schemske
A Hypothesis about the Timing of Flowering and Fruiting in Competing Tropical Trees	281	(2)
Nathaniel T. Wheelwright
Fruiting Phenologies of Pioneer Plants: Constraints Imposed by Flowering Phenology, Disturbance Regime, and Disperser Migration Patterns	283	(3)
K. Greg Murray
What Happens to Seeds of Vertebrate-Dispersed Trees after Dispersal?	286	(2)
Dan Wenny
Specialized Seed Dispersal: Mistletoes and Fruit-Eating Birds	288	(1)
Sarah Sargent
Seed Dispersal and Seedling Recruitment in a Lauraceous Tree Species	289	(2)
J. P. Gibson
Myrmecophytes	291	(3)
John T. Longino
The Importance of Different Bird Species as Seed Dispersers	294	(1)
K. Greg Murray
Literature Cited	295	(8)
Ecosystem Ecology and Forest Dynamics	303	(48)
Nalini M. Nadkarni
Robert O. Lawton
Kenneth L. Clark
Teri J. Matelson
Doug Schaefer
Forest Structure, Composition, and Dynamics	304	(16)
Forest Biogeochemistry and Nutrient Cycling	320	(15)
Future Research Directions	335	(16)
Microbial Biomass and Activity in Canopy Organic Matter and the Forest Floor	336	(1)
Eric Vance
Nalini M. Nadkarni
Invertebrates in Canopy and Ground Organic Matter	336	(2)
Nalini M. Nadkarni
John T. Longino
Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizae of Epiphytic and Terrestrial Piperaceae	338	(1)
Blase Maffia
Nalini M. Nadkarni
David P. Janos
Factors Affecting the Initiation and Growth of Aboveground Adventitious Roots in a Tropical Cloud Forest Tree: An Experimental Approach	339	(2)
Nalini M. Nadkarni
Fine Litter Dynamics within the Tree Canopy of a Tropical Cloud Forest	341	(3)
Nalini M. Nadkarni
Teri J. Matelson
Longevity of Fallen Epiphytes	344	(1)
Teri J. Matelson
Nalini M. Nadkarni
John T. Longino
Literature Cited	345	(6)
Conservation in the Monteverde Zone: Contributions of Conservation Organizations	351	(38)
Leslie J. Burlingame
The Context	352	(4)
The Quakers and Bosqueterno, S.A.	356	(1)
The Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve	357	(4)
The Monteverde Conservation League and Bosque Eterno de los Ninos	361	(6)
Santa Elena High School Cloud Forest Reserve	367	(2)
The Monteverde Institute	369	(1)
Environmental Education in Public and Private Schools	370	(2)
Conclusion: Lessons from Monteverde and Topics for Future Research	372	(17)
Key to Abbreviations Used in this Chapter	375	(1)
The Changing Face of Tourism	376	(1)
Sam Grosby
Pros and Cons of Ecotourism	376	(1)
Francisco Chamberlain
Debt-for-Nature Swaps	377	(1)
Leslie J. Burlingame
The Community Process of Environmental Education	377	(1)
Guillermo Vargas
Leslie J. Burlingame
Monteverde 2020	378	(1)
Leslie J. Burlingame
El Buen Amigo	379	(1)
Eugenio Vargas
La Bella Farm	380	(1)
Leslie J. Burlingame
San Gerardo: An Experiment in Sustainable Development	380	(1)
John Boll
Conservation Easements in Monteverde: The Enlace Verde Project	381	(1)
Nathaniel Scrimshaw
Wendy Gibbons
Leslie J. Burlingame
The Monteverde Butterfly Garden	382	(1)
Jim Wolfe
Comite de Artesanias Santa Elena-Monteverde	383	(1)
Leslie J. Burlingame
La Campesinita	384	(1)
Leslie J. Burlingame
Human Voices around the Forest	385	(1)
Eugenio Vargas
Literature Cited	385	(4)
Agriculture in Monteverde: Moving Toward Sustainability	389	(30)
Katherine Griffith
Daniel Peck
Joseph Stuckey
The Monteverde Dairy Industry	392	(6)
Lowland Dual-Purpose and Beef Production	398	(2)
Coffee Production	400	(3)
Other Crops	403	(2)
Livestock and Fowl	405	(1)
Future Directions and Conclusions	405	(14)
Prehistoric Cultures and Inhabitants	408	(1)
Robert M. Timm
The Agroecology of Prosapia: Spittlebugs, Froghoppers, and Pasture Pests	409	(2)
Daniel Peck
Brassicas as Biological Plows	411	(1)
Jim Wolfe
Pasture Burning	411	(1)
Katherine Griffith
Monteverde's Kitchen Gardens	412	(2)
Katy VanDusen
Pesticide Use in the Santa Elena Area	414	(1)
Katherine Griffith
Frijol Tapado or ``Covered Beans''	414	(1)
Katherine Griffith
Jim Wolfe
The Pig Farm: ``Sustainable Agriculture'' or ``an Abomination''?	415	(1)
Katherine Griffith
Literature Cited	416	(3)
Conservation Biology	419	(38)
Nathaniel T. Wheelwright
Richness, Endemism, and Biodiversity	420	(1)
An Overview of Key Concepts in Conservation Biology	420	(3)
The Status of Biodiversity in Monteverde: What Is at Stake?	423	(1)
Conservation Problems in Monteverde	424	(4)
Can Conservation Biology Offer Solutions to Monteverde's Conservation Problems?	428	(3)
Conclusions	431	(26)
Enduring Reasons to Preserve Species	432	(1)
Nathaniel T. Wheelwright
How Have Humans Affected Bird Populations?	433	(1)
Bruce E. Young
The Influence of Fruit-Eating Bats on the Dynamics and Composition of Neotropical Premontane Cloud Forests	434	(1)
Eric Dinerstein
The Importance of Pacific Slope Forest for Maintaining Regional Biodiversity	435	(3)
Carlos F. Guindon
La Ventana in Monteverde: A Migration Corridor for Insects	438	(1)
Michelle Williamson
Chris Darling
Altitudinal Migrations and Habitat Linkages: Using the Resplendent Quetzal as an Indicator for Evaluating the Design of the Monteverde Reserve Complex	439	(3)
George V. N. Powell
Robin D. Bjork
Sergio Barrios
Vicente Espinoza
Patterns in the Regeneration of Lauraceous Trees in Abandoned Pastures	442	(4)
Martha Groom
The Impact of the Monteverde Lecheria on the Quebrada Guacimal	446	(2)
Douglas E. Gill
House Wrens in Monteverde: A Population Sink?	448	(1)
Bruce E. Young
Windbreaks as Corridors for Birds	448	(2)
Karen Nielsen
Debra DeRosier
Windbreaks as Habitats for Trees	450	(2)
Celia A. Harvey
The Search for Medicines from the Plants of Monteverde	452	(1)
William N. Setzer
Literature Cited	453	(4)
Appendixes	457	(102)
Appendix 1. Vascular Plants of Monteverde	457	(62)
William A. Haber
Appendix 2. Number of Species with Different Plant Growth Forms	519	(4)
William A. Haber
Appendix 3. Orchids of Monteverde	523	(6)
John T. Atwood
Appendix 4. Bromeliads of Monteverde	529	(2)
Harry E. Luther
Appendix 5. Host Plants of Selected Cercopoidea from Monteverde	531	(2)
Daniel C. Peck
Appendix 6. Preliminary List of Psylloidea Known from Costa Rican Cloud Forests (1200-2000 m)	533	(2)
David Hollis
Appendix 7. Eusocial Wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae Polistinae and Sphecidae) Collected from Monteverde	535	(2)
Sean O'Donnell
Appendix 8. Amphibians and Reptiles of Monteverde	537	(4)
J. Alan Pounds
M. P. Fogden
Appendix 9. Birds of the Monteverde Area	541	(12)
M. P. Fogden
Appendix 10. Mammals of Monteverde	553	(6)
Robert M. Timm
Richard K. LaVal
References	559	(2)
Index	561