Moons & Planets

by Hartmann, William K.

• ISBN13: 9780534546304
• ISBN10: 0534546307
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1998-08-01
• Publisher: Brooks Cole

Summary

A new easy-to-understand approach to the study of planets! MOONS AND PLANETS teaches you about planets in general, instead of asking you to remember lots of details about each one. Plus, it's full of the latest scientific breakthroughs, like the landing of the NEAR spacecraft on an asteroid. And with tons of study tools built right in, you'll be ready for the test as well.

Table of Contents

Chapter One Introduction: Planetary Science and the Cosmic Perspective	1	(8)
Why Study Planets?	1	(1)
A Cosmic Perspective	2	(1)
Socio-Environmental Issues on the Space Frontier	3	(1)
A View of Science	4	(1)
Planetary Science	5	(1)
Implementing Planetary Science	5	(1)
Evolutionary Viewpoint of this Book	6	(1)
Planetary Evolution: A Modern Conundrum	6	(1)
Summary	7	(1)
Concepts	7	(1)
Problems	7	(1)
Projects	7	(2)
Chapter Two The Solar System: An Overview	9	(38)
What Is a Planet?	9	(3)
Bode's Rule	12	(1)
A Survey of the Planets	12	(25)
Mercury	12	(1)
Venus	13	(2)
Earth	15	(2)
Moon	17	(1)
Mars	18	(5)
Jupiter	23	(4)
Small Worlds of the Outer Solar System: A Simplified Overview	27	(1)
Callisto	28	(1)
Ganymede	28	(1)
Europa	28	(1)
Io	28	(2)
Saturn	30	(2)
Saturn's Satellites	32	(1)
Titan	33	(1)
Uranus	34	(1)
Neptune	35	(2)
Pluto	37	(1)
"Planet X?"	37	(2)
Telescopic Appearance of the Planets	39	(1)
Miscellaneous Basic Data and Terminology	39	(4)
Summary	43	(1)
Concepts	44	(1)
Problems	44	(1)
Projects	44	(3)
Chapter Three Celestial Mechanics	47	(28)
Historical Development Through the Renaissance	47	(1)
Kepler's Laws	48	(1)
Newton's Laws	49	(1)
Orbits	49	(2)
Circular Velocity	49	(1)
Mathematical Notes on Kepler's Laws	50	(1)
Escape Velocity	50	(1)
Astrometry, Orbit Determination, and the Doppler Shift	51	(1)
The Three Body Problem	52	(5)
Perturbations and Resonances	53	(1)
Mathematical Notes on the Law of Gravitation	54	(1)
Lagrangian Points	54	(1)
Mathematical Notes on Circular Velocity	55	(1)
Mathematical Notes on Escape Velocity	55	(1)
Mathematical Notes on the Velocity Equation	56	(1)
Mathematical Notes on the Doppler Effect	56	(1)
Horseshoe Orbits	57	(1)
Tidal Effects	57	(2)
Mathematical Notes on Tidal Forces	58	(1)
Tidal Evolution of Orbits and Rotation Rates	58	(1)
Roche's Limit	59	(1)
Tidal Heating	59	(1)
Mathematical Notes on Roche's Limit	60	(1)
Rings	60	(5)
Dynamical Effects of Solar Radiation and Solar Wind	65	(4)
Radiation Pressure	65	(1)
Mathematical Notes on Radiation Pressure	66	(1)
Solar Wind and Interplanetary Gas Motions	67	(1)
Poynting-Robertson Effect	67	(1)
Mathematical Notes on the Poynting-Robertson Effect	68	(1)
Yarkovsky Effect	68	(1)
Turbulence	69	(1)
Mathematical Notes on Turbulence	70	(1)
Summary	70	(1)
Concepts	71	(1)
Problems	71	(1)
Advanced Problems	72	(3)
Chapter Four The Formation of Stars and Planetary Material	75	(24)
Evidence That Stars Are Forming Today	75	(1)
The Interstellar Material	75	(3)
Molecules, Molecular Clouds, and Dust	77	(1)
Gravitational Collapse: A Theory of Star Formation	78	(2)
The Virtual Theorem	79	(1)
Comment on the Formation of Just About Everything	79	(1)
Newly Formed Stars: Theory and Direct Observations	80	(4)
Bok Globules	80	(1)
Mathematical Notes on the Virial Theorem	81	(1)
Cocoon Nebulae	81	(3)
Bipolar Mass Ejection and Herbig-Haro Objects	84	(1)
The H-R Diagram: A Tool for Discussing Protostar Evolution	84	(4)
Mathematical Notes on Wien's Law and Temperature Measurement	85	(1)
Protostars and the H-R Diagram	86	(1)
Evolutionary Track of a Protostar as Observed from Outside Cocoon Nebula	87	(1)
T Tauri Stars: A Later Stage in Star Formation	87	(1)
FU Orionis Stars: Infall of the Nebula	88	(1)
Beta Pictoris Systems: Residual Dust Disks	88	(2)
Binary and Multiple Stars	90	(1)
Rarity of Single Stars	90	(1)
Planetary Systems of Other Stars	91	(3)
Orbits as a Test of the Origin of Companions	93	(1)
Earth-sized Alien Planets?	93	(1)
Origins of Binary, Multiple, and Planetary Systems	93	(1)
Summary	94	(2)
Concepts	96	(1)
Problems	96	(1)
Advanced Problems	97	(2)
Chapter Five The Formation of Planets and Satellites	99	(28)
Date and Duration of Solar System Formation	99	(2)
Formation Age of the Solar System	99	(1)
Did a Nearby Supernova Explode Just Before the Solar System Formed?	100	(1)
Formation Interval and Duration of the Formative Process	101	(1)
Solar System Characteristics To Be Explained by a Successful Theory	101	(1)
The Solar Nebula: The Nebular Hypothesis Confirmed	102	(3)
Origin and Mass of the Solar Nebula	102	(1)
Composition and Shape of the Solar Nebula	103	(1)
Density and Pressure in the Solar Nebula	104	(1)
Mathematic Notes on the Shape of the Solar Nebula	104	(1)
Cooling of the Solar Nebula	105	(1)
Magnetic Effects	105	(1)
Was the Solar Nebula Highly Ionized?	106	(1)
Magnetic Braking of the Sun's Rotation	106	(1)
First Planetary Material: Evolution of Dust in the Solar Nebula	106	(5)
The Condensation Process	106	(2)
Condensation of the High-Temperature Refractories	108	(1)
Major Condensates: Nickel-Iron and Silicates	108	(2)
The Carbonaceous Condensates	110	(1)
More Major Condensates: The Ices	110	(1)
Gross Compositions of the Planets	111	(1)
Chemical Complexities	111	(1)
Further Evolution of the Solar Nebula Dust	111	(3)
Collisional Accretion of Subkilometer Planetesimals?	112	(1)
Gravitational Collapse of Kilometer-Scale Planetesimals?	113	(1)
Mathematical Notes on Collision Velocities	114	(1)
Collision Accretion of Full-Scale Terrestrial Planets	114	(2)
Forming the Giant Planets	116	(1)
Sweep-up of the Last Planetesimals	117	(1)
Ring Systems as Clues to Planetary Origin	117	(1)
Origin of Satellites	118	(6)
Major Prograde Satellites: Miniature Solar Systems	118	(1)
Captured Satellites	119	(2)
Jupiter's Eight Outer Captured Moons: A Cosmogonic Puzzle	121	(1)
Origin of Earth's Moon	121	(1)
Other Satellites of Catastrophic Origin: Charon, and Selected Asteroids?	122	(2)
Summary	124	(1)
Concepts	124	(1)
Problems	124	(1)
Advanced Problems	125	(2)
Chapter Six Meteorites and Meteoritics	127	(28)
Fate of Planetesimals	127	(1)
Ejection from the Solar System	127	(1)
Collision with Planets	127	(1)
Capture into Satellite Orbits or Resonant Orbits	127	(1)
Fragmentation	127	(1)
Preservation until Today	128	(1)
Meteorites as "Free Samples" of Planetesimals	128	(2)
Meteoritics and Some Associated Definitions	130	(1)
History of Meteorite Studies	130	(2)
Phenomena of Meteorite Falls	132	(1)
Sound	132	(1)
Brightness	132	(1)
Train	132	(1)
Temperature	132	(1)
Velocity	132	(1)
Impact Rates: Meteoroid Flux	132	(2)
Present-Day Impact Rates	133	(1)
Primeval Impact Rates--The Early Intense Bombardment	133
Impact Rates on Other Planets	132
A Meteorite Classification System	134	(2)
Chondrules	136	(2)
Carbonaceous Chondrites	138	(2)
Chondrites	140	(1)
Gas-Rich Chondrites	140	(1)
Achondrites	141	(1)
Stony-Irons	142	(1)
Irons	142	(1)
Widmanstatten Pattern: Size of Parent Bodies	142	(1)
Neumann Bands: Evidence for Collisions	143	(1)
Brecciated Meteorites: Proof of Collisional Mixing	143	(1)
Meteorite Ages	143	(2)
Mathematical Notes on the Rubidium-Strontium System of Rock Age Measurement	144	(1)
Cosmic Ray Exposure Ages and the Yarkovsky Effect	145	(1)
Clustering of Ages: Evidence for Specific Collision	145	(1)
Date of Fall	146	(1)
Tektites	146	(1)
Where Do Meteorites Come From?-Orbits and Origins	146	(2)
Meteorites From the Moon and Mars	148	(1)
Siberia 1908: A Grand Meteoritic Explosion	149	(3)
Summary	152	(1)
Concepts	152	(1)
Problems	153	(1)
Advanced Problems	153	(2)
Chapter Seven Interplanetary Worldlets: Asteroids and Comets	155	(36)
Comets: From Omens to Interplanetary Bodies	155	(1)
The Comet Discovery Process	156	(1)
Asteroids: Discovering a New Class of Solar System Bodies	156	(1)
Small Bodies: Confusion Among Types	157	(4)
Can Some Asteroids Be Comets and Vice Versa?	160	(1)
Expanding the Inventory: Centaurs and Kuiper Belt Objects	161	(1)
Compositional Trends: The Taxonomic Classes	162	(4)
Spectroscopic Properties and the Taxonomic Classes	162	(1)
Do the S-class Asteroids Equal Chondritic Meteorites?	163	(1)
The Small-Body Zones of the Solar System	163	(3)
How Asteroids and Comets Reached Their Present Locations	166	(2)
Trojan Asteroid Histories	167	(1)
Relating Small Moons to Asteroids and Comets	167	(1)
Evidence of Collisional Fragmentation: Hirayama Families	168	(1)
Physical Nature of Asteroids and Comets	169	(4)
Asteroids' Moons and Compound Shapes	169	(2)
Absolute Magnitudes, Sizes, Albedos, and Masses of Interplanetary Bodies	171	(2)
Densities of Interplanetary Bodies	173	(1)
When the Ice Sublimes: Phenomena of Active Comets	173	(3)
Tails and Comas: Appearance and Composition	174	(1)
Composition of Comet Solid Materials	174	(2)
Rotation and Shapes of Interplanetary Bodies	176	(1)
Feasibility of Irregular Shape as a Function of Size	176	(1)
Centrifugal Force Versus Gravity	176	(1)
Asteroid Rotations as a Clue to Planet Evolution	176	(1)
Number and Size Distributions of Asteroids and Comets	177	(2)
Mathematical Notes on Maximum Rotation Rates	178	(1)
Mathematical Notes on Maximum Size of Irregular Bodies	178	(1)
Mass Distribution as a Clue to Collisional History	178	(1)
Numbers and Size Distribution of Comets	179	(1)
Fragmentation and Outbursts of Comets	179	(1)
Meteors and Cometary Meteor Showers	180	(3)
Velocities and Orbits	180	(1)
Meteor Showers and Comets	181	(1)
Physical Nature of Cometary Meteoroids	182	(1)
Meteoroid Ejection Velocities	183	(1)
Zodiacal Light	183	(2)
Pristine Bodies	185	(1)
Exploring Asteroids	186	(2)
Visiting Asteroids	186	(1)
The Asteroid Threat Versus the Asteroid Opportunity	186	(2)
Summary	188	(1)
Concepts	188	(1)
Problems	188	(1)
Advanced Problems	189	(2)
Chapter Eight Planetary Interiors	191	(46)
Four Basic Observations and a Basic Concept	191	(1)
Theoretical Techniques for Calculating Interior Conditions	191	(1)
The Equation of State	191	(1)
Computer Models of Planets	192	(1)
Plastic Flow Inside Planets	192	(1)
Changes of State	193	(2)
Minerals, Rocks, and Ices	193	(1)
Melting	193	(1)
Mathematical Notes on Pressures Inside Planets	194	(1)
Solid State Phase Changes	194	(1)
Laboratory Experiments Versus Theory of State Changes	195	(1)
Pressure Ionization and Metallic States in Giant Planets	195	(1)
A Density-Mass Diagram for Planets	195	(1)
Differentiation	196	(1)
Additional Observational Checks on Planetary Models	197	(3)
Moment of Inertia	198	(1)
Geometric Oblateness	198	(1)
Gravitational Field and Dynamical Ellipticity	198	(1)
Rotation Rate	199	(1)
Surface Heat Flow and Temperature Gradient	199	(1)
Composition of Neighboring Planets and Meteorites	200	(1)
Magnetic Field	200	(1)
Deep Drilling and Direct Sampling	200	(1)
Seismic Properties	200	(5)
Seismology and Earthquakes	200	(1)
The Seismometer	200	(1)
Wave Types and Early Seismic Observations	201	(1)
Origin of Earthquakes	202	(1)
Earthquake Distribution Plates, Asthenosphere, and Lithosphere	203	(1)
"Moonquakes" and "Marsquakes"	204	(1)
Thermal Histories of Planets	205	(3)
Definition of the Problem	205	(1)
Theory of Heat Transport	206	(1)
Convection	206	(1)
Initial Thermal State of Planets	206	(2)
Principles of Crust and Lithosphere Formation	208	(1)
Heat Balance of Planets	208	(1)
Magnetism of Planets	209	(2)
Magnetic Interactions with the Solar Wind	209	(1)
Changes in a Planet's Magnetic Field	209	(1)
Paleomagnetism	210	(1)
Origin of Planetary Magnetic Fields	210	(1)
Strength of Planetary and Solar Magnetic Fields	211	(1)
Synthesis: Interiors of Specific Worlds	211	(21)
Earth: Core-Mantle-Crust Evolution	211	(1)
Earth: Unraveling the Dynamics of the Interior	212	(5)
Venus: Earth's Enigmatic Sister	217	(2)
The Moon: A Low-Density World That Cooled Rapidly	219	(1)
Mercury: Moonlike, but not Entirely Moonlike	220	(1)
Mars: The Intermediate Case	221	(1)
Icy Satellites of Outer Planets: Overview	221	(1)
Callisto	222	(1)
Ganymede	223	(1)
Europa	224	(3)
Io	227	(1)
Satellites of Saturn	227	(1)
Miranda	228	(2)
The Giant Planets	230	(2)
Summary	232	(1)
Concepts	232	(2)
Problems	234	(1)
Advanced Problems	234	(3)
Chapter Nine Planetary Surfaces I: Petrology, Primitive Surfaces, and Cratering	237	(34)
Petrology	237	(6)
Minerals	237	(2)
Rocks and Rock Types	239	(4)
A Survey of Planetary Rocks	243	(1)
Early Evolution of Lithosphere Materials	244	(2)
Regolith and Megaregolith	246	(2)
Primeval Lithospheric Evolution: Rock Formation Versus Rock Destruction	248	(1)
Discovery of Meteorite Impact Craters	249	(1)
Mechanics of Impact Crater Formation	249	(7)
Features of Impact Craters	251	(4)
Simple Craters, Complex Craters, and Multiring Basins	255	(1)
Utilizing Impact Craters to Learn About Planets	256	(8)
Craters as Tools for Dating Surfaces	258	(1)
Stratigraphic Studies of the Earth-Moon System	258	(2)
Crater Saturation Equilibrium	260	(1)
Crater Counts and Isochrons	261	(1)
Crater Retention Ages	261	(1)
The D(L) Method of Dating	261	(3)
Microeffects on Airless Surfaces	264	(2)
Micrometeorite Effects	264	(1)
Glasses	264	(1)
Albedo Effects and Sputtering Caused by Irradiation	264	(1)
Compositional Effects	265	(1)
Production of Carbon and Colored Organics	266	(1)
The Dark Side of Iapetus: A Case Study	266	(1)
Space Weathering	266	(1)
Summary	266	(1)
Concepts	267	(1)
Problems	268	(1)
Advanced Problems	269	(2)
Chapter Ten Planetary Surfaces 2: Volcanism and Endogenic Processes of Surface Evolution	271	(46)
Volcanism and Tectonics	271	(1)
Rocks Produced by Volcanism	271	(1)
Structures Produced by Volcanism	272	(6)
Mathematical Notes on Volcanic Eruptions	275	(3)
What Causes Volcanism	278	(1)
Structures Produced By Tectonic Activity	279	(1)
Volcanic and Tectonic Landforms of the Moon and Planets	279	(5)
Large-Scale and Global Lineament Systems	284	(1)
Tectonic Patterns Associated with Impact Basins	284	(1)
Mass Movements	285	(2)
Atmospheric Effects on Planetary Surfaces	287	(4)
Windblown Deposits on Mars	287	(4)
River Channels on Mars	291	(1)
Geochemical Cycles	291	(2)
Carbon Dioxide, Carbonates, and the Urey Reaction	291	(2)
The Chemistry of the Venusian Surface	292	(1)
Chemistry and Red Color on the Surface of Mars	292	(1)
Evaporite Minerals on Mars	293	(1)
Temperatures of Planetary Surfaces	293	(1)
Summary: Synthesizing Planetary Surface Processes	294	(20)
Phobos, Deimos, Amalthea, and Other Small Bodies	294	(3)
Mathematical Notes on Planetary Surface Temperatures	297	(1)
The Intermediate-Size Satellites of Saturn	298	(1)
Triton and Pluto	298	(1)
Io	299	(2)
Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto	301	(4)
Titan	305	(1)
The Moon	305	(3)
Mercury	308	(1)
Mars	309	(2)
Venus	311	(2)
Earth	313	(1)
Concepts	314	(1)
Problems	314	(1)
Advanced Problems	315	(2)
Chapter Eleven Planetary Atmospheres	317	(32)
Origin of Planetary Atmospheres	317	(4)
Primitive Atmospheres	317	(1)
Inert Gases as Tracers of Early Conditions	317	(1)
Secondary Atmospheres of Earth, Mars, and Venus	318	(1)
Comparative Planetology of the Atmosphere of Venus, Earth, and Mars	318	(3)
Structure and Condensates of Planetary Atmospheres	321	(7)
Temperature Structure	321	(1)
Mathematical Notes on Atmospheric Structure	322	(1)
Rayleigh Scattering, Blue Skies, and Pink Skies	322	(1)
Radiative Transfer of Heat Energy	323	(1)
The Greenhouse Effect	324	(2)
Condensable Substances-Moist Atmospheres	326	(1)
The Sulfuric Acid Condensate Clouds of Venus	327	(1)
Martian Clouds	328	(1)
Dynamics of Planetary Atmospheres	328	(3)
Vertical Mixing by Convection	328	(1)
Martian Dust Storms	328	(1)
Global Circulation of the Planetary Atmosphere	329	(2)
Atmospheric Levels and Upper Atmospheres	331	(2)
Troposphere, Tropopause, and Stratosphere	331	(1)
Temperature Irregularities and the Mesosphere	331	(1)
Thermospheres, Ionospheres, and Exospheres	332	(1)
Escape of Planetary Atmospheres	333	(2)
Mathematical Notes on Atmospheric Escape	334	(1)
Summary: Atmospheres of Selected Worlds	335	(12)
Venus	335	(2)
Earth	337	(1)
Mars	338	(1)
Jupiter and the Giant Planets	338	(4)
Titan	342	(1)
Small Worlds and Thin Atmospheres	343	(4)
Concepts	347	(1)
Problems	347	(1)
Advanced Problems	347	(2)
Chapter Twelve Life: Its History and Occurrence	349	(22)
The Nature of Life	349	(1)
The Origin of Life on Earth	350	(4)
From Organic Molecules to Living Cells	351	(3)
What Mars Tells Us	354	(2)
The Viking Landers' Experiments	354	(1)
Fossil Microbes in Martian Rocks?	355	(1)
Planets Outside the Solar System	356	(1)
Has Life Evolved Elsewhere?	356	(10)
Effects of Planetary and Astronomical Processes on Biological Evolution	358	(1)
Impacts as a Driver of Biological Evolution on Earth	358	(1)
Evolutionary Processes on Other Worlds?	359	(1)
Adaptability and Diversity of Life	359	(1)
Appearance of Alien Life	360	(1)
Effects of Technological Evolution on Biological Evolution	360	(2)
Alien Life in the Solar System?	362	(1)
Alien Life among the Stars?	363	(1)
Where Are They?	363	(1)
Evolutionary Clocks and the Explorative Interval	364	(1)
Radio Communication	365	(1)
Summary	366	(2)
Concepts	368	(1)
Problems	368	(1)
Advanced Problems	369	(2)
Chapter Thirteen Martian Epilogue: Applying Planetary Science on a New Frontier	371	(20)
Brief Review of Present Martian Features	371	(1)
Origin and Compositional Questions	372	(1)
Interior Structure and Related Considerations	373	(1)
Dust Storms and Dust Mantling	374	(3)
Water on Present-Day Mars	377	(6)
Condensation of Water and Carbon Dioxide on Mars	377	(3)
Processes at the Martian Polar Caps	380	(1)
The Channels of Mars	381	(2)
Martian Mystery No. 1: Why Did the Climate Change?	383	(4)
Total Volatiles Outgassed in the Past	383	(1)
The Case for Cyclic or Sporadic Climate Variations	384	(1)
Ancient Oceans and/or Glaciers?	384	(1)
Searching for Signs of Ancient Water	385	(2)
Martian Mystery No. 2: Did Life Ever Form on Mars?	387	(3)
Summary	390	(1)
Concepts	390	(1)
Appendix Planetary Data Table	391	(5)
References	396	(23)
Index	419