Morality and Moral Controversies : Readings in Moral, Social and Political Philosophy

by Arthur, John

• ISBN13: 9780131844049
• ISBN10: 0131844040
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

For courses in Ethics, Applied Ethics, Social and Political Ethics, and Ethics and Moral Issues. This comprehensive anthology includes classic and contemporary readings in moral theory a wide array of essays that address today's most philosophically interesting and controversial ethical and political issues. Includes an ethical theory overview; shows relevance of traditional and contemporary writers.

Table of Contents

Preface to the Seventh Edition	xii
PART I MORAL THEORY
1 Self-Interest, Religion, and Conscience	1	(30)
Leviathan: Morality As Rational Advantage	1	(7)
Thomas Hobbes
Morality and Rational Self-interest	8	(7)
Baruch Brody
Morality, Religion, and Conscience	15	(8)
John Arthur
The Conscience of Huckleberry Finn	23	(8)
Jonathan Bennett
2 The Sources and Grounds of Morality	31	(19)
The Sources of Moral Ideas: Society, Custom, and Sympathy	31	(2)
Edward Westermarck
Trying Out One's New Sword	33
Mary Midgley
Ethics in Relativism	27	(13)
William H. Shaw
Morality is Based on Sentiment	40	(6)
David Hume
Ethics	46	(4)
Thomas Nagel
3 Classical Theories of Morality	50	(24)
Nicomachean Ethics	50	(6)
Aristotle
The Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals	56	(9)
Immanuel Kant
Utilitarianism	65	(9)
John Stuart Mill
4 Contemporary Perspectives	74	(21)
Intuitionism	74	(4)
W.D. Ross
Kant and Utilitarianism Contrasted	78	(5)
Onora O'Neill
The Real and Alleged Problems of Utilitarianism	83	(6)
Richard B. Brandt
Feminist Transformations of Moral Theory	89	(6)
Virginia Held
PART II ISSUES OF LIFE AND DEATH
5 War and Terrorism	95	(22)
Terrorism	95	(1)
R.G. Frey and Christopher W. Morris
On the Morality of War	95	(5)
Richard A. Wasserstrom
The Morality of Pacifism	100	(11)
Cheyney Ryan
Civil Liberties in the Time of War	111	(6)
Korematsu v. United States
6 Capital Punishment	117	(29)
The Death Penalty	117	(7)
Gregg v. Georgia
Desert and Capital Punishment	124	(7)
Martin Perlmutter
The Ultimate Punishment	131	(5)
Ernest van den Haag
Justice, Civilization, and the Death Penalty	136	(6)
Jeffrey H. Reiman
Refuting Reiman	142	(4)
Ernest van den Haag
7 Animals and the Natural Environment	146	(33)
All Animals Are Equal	146	(9)
Peter Singer
Speciesism and the Idea of Equality	155	(6)
Bonnie Steinbock
People or Penguins	161	(5)
William F. Baxter
The Land Ethic: Animal Liberation and Environmentalism	166	(13)
J. Baird Callicott
8 Human Reproduction: Abortion and Genetic Engineering	179	(58)
The Constitutional Right to Abortion	179	(5)
Roe v. Wade
A Defense of Abortion	184	(7)
Judith Jarvis Thomson
On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion	191	(7)
Mary Anne Warren
Abortion and the Concept of a Person	198	(6)
Jane English
An Argument That Abortion is Wrong	204	(9)
Dan Marquis
Fathers and Fetuses	213	(6)
George W. Harris
The Wisdom of Repugnance	219	(11)
Leon Kass
Playing God: Genes, Clones, and Luck	230	(7)
Ronald Dworkin
9 Deciding Who Should Live	237
Requiring Medical Treatment	237	(3)
JFK Memorial Hospital v. Heston
Comparing Human Lives: The Archbishop and the Chambermaid	240	(1)
William Godwin
An Alternative to the Ethic of Euthanasia	241	(4)
Arthur J. Dyck
Active and Passive Euthanasia	245	(4)
James Rachels
Defective Newborns and the Morality of Termination	249	(7)
Richard B. Brandt
Aging and the Ends of Medicine	256	(6)
Daniel Callahan
The Survival Lottery	262	(7)
John Harris
PART III PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS
10 Love, Sex, and Friendship	269	(35)
Duties toward the Body in Respect to Sexual Impulse	269	(4)
Immanuel Kant
What's Wrong with Homosexuality?	273	(2)
John Finnis
Plain Sex	275	(8)
Alan H. Goldman
Gay Basics: Some Questions, Facts, and Values	283	(9)
Richard D. Mohr
Date Rape: A Feminist Analysis	292	(8)
Lois Pineau
An Interview About Date Rape	300	(4)
Camille Paglia
11 Marriage and the Family	304	(37)
Is Adultery Immoral?	304	(7)
Richard A. Wasserstrom
Polygamy Is Good Feminism	311	(1)
Elizabeth Joseph
Same-Sex Marriage: A Debate	312	(3)
William Bennett and Andrew Sullivan
Surrogate Motherhood as Prenatal Adoption	315	(8)
Bonnie Steinbock
Selling Babies	323	(5)
Richard A. Posner
Licensing Parents	328	(8)
Hugh LaFollette
What Do Grown Children Owe Their Parents?	336	(5)
Jane English
PART IV POLITICAL AND SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
12 The Ideal State	341	(67)
The Second Treatise of Government	342	(6)
John Locke
Libertarian Justice	348	(10)
Tibor R. Machan
On Liberty	358	(8)
John Stuart Mill
On Representative Government	366	(5)
John Stuart Mill
The Duties of Well-Being	371	(15)
Joseph Raz
A Theory of Justice	386	(10)
John Rawls
The Arc of the Moral Universe	396	(12)
Joshua Cohen
13 Patriotism, Civil Disobedience, and the Rule of Law	408	(41)
Flag Burning as Constitutionally Protected	408	(3)
Texas v. Johnson
Is Patriotism a Virtue?	411	(8)
Alasdair MacIntyre
Crito	419	(4)
Plato
Taking Rights Seriously	423	(6)
Ronald Dworkin
Civil Disobedience and the Social Contract	429	(9)
John Rawls
On Not Prosecuting Civil Disobedience	438	(6)
Ronald Dworkin
The Problem of the Grudge Informer	444	(5)
Lon L. Fuller
14 Property and Poverty	449	(50)
Of Justice	449	(2)
David Hume
The Communist Manifesto	451	(8)
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
The Spirit of Democratic Capitalism	459	(10)
Michael Novak
The Entitlement Theory	469	(8)
Robert Nozick
Rich and Poor	477	(6)
Peter Singer
What People Deserve	483	(6)
James Rachels
Markets and Hard Work	489	(10)
Michael Walzer
15 Liberty	499	(49)
The Ethics of Addition: An Argument in Favor of Letting Americans Take Any Drug They Want	499	(7)
Thomas Szasz
The Ethics of Smoking	506	(9)
Robert E. Goodin
Addiction and Drug Policy	515	(6)
Daniel Shapiro
On the Liberty of Thought and Discussion	521	(3)
John Stuart Mill
Nazi Marches	524	(3)
Village of Skokie v. National Socialist Party
Prohibiting Racist Speech on Campus: A Debate	527	(6)
Charles Lawrence and Gerald Gunther
Political Correctness, Speech Codes, and Diversity	533	(1)
Alan M. Dershowitz
Pornography, Oppression, and Freedom: A Closer Look	534	(6)
Helen E. Longino
Feminism, Pornography, and Censorship	540	(5)
Mark R. Wicclair
Pornography	545	(3)
American Booksellers v. Hudnut
16 Racial and Sexual Equality	548	(38)
The Subjection of Women	548	(7)
John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor
Sex Equality and Discrimination: Difference vs. Dominance	555	(4)
Will Kymlicka
On Racism and Sexism: Realities and Ideals	559	(10)
Richard A. Wasserstrom
Social Movements and the Politics of Difference	569	(6)
Iris Marion Young
Freedom, Conditioning, and the Real Woman	575	(11)
Janet Radcliffe Richards
17 The Multicultural Society	586	(29)
Morality and the Liberal Ideal	586	(4)
Michael J. Sandel
Multiculturalism: A Liberal Perspective	590	(12)
Josph Raz
Reason Before Identity	602	(8)
Amartya Sen
Assimilation and Cultural Identity	610	(5)
Wisconsin v. Yoder
18 Reparations and Affirmative Action	615
Reparations and "The Debt"	615	(11)
John McWhorter
Affirmative Action in Universities	626	(4)
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
The Rights of Allan Bakke	630	(7)
Ronald Dworkin
Affirmative Racism	637	(7)
Charles Murray
Reverse Discrimination	644
James Rachels

Excerpts

I continue to be pleased at the remarkable success of this book. It is being used not only in courses in ethics but also, increasingly, in ones focusing on social and political issues. My objectives in this new edition are the same as past ones: to make the book challenging and at the same time accessible to a wide range of students at many different types of universities; to avoid slanting the book in any specific philosophical or political direction; to provide lively, thought-provoking, and diverse reading on topics that students and teachers enjoy studying; and to include articles that respond to each other by either criticizing what has gone before or by developing on previous themes. I have also maintained the book's flexibility, so that each section stands on its own. This leaves instructors free to pick and choose among the topics and to organize their course in many different ways. The book continues to be used in courses in social and political philosophy as well as ethics and moral philosophy, reflecting perhaps the fact that there is no sharp boundary between the moral and the political. There is therefore more material here than can be used in a normal semester's course, giving instructors the option of varying the content of their courses to suit their own and their students' interests. I have kept all of the readings in this slightly expanded edition that reviewers and friends who have used the book thought important while adding new essays and, in some cases, altogether new topics. In Part I, on moral theory, there are new articles on self-interest and morality, rule-utilitarianism, and the conflict between duty and sentiment. I have added new readings in sections on life and death, including articles on terrorism, internment in time of war, distribution of scarce medical resources, and the survival lottery. The section on social and political relationships includes new essays on democracy, capitalism and its ethos, multiculturalism, identity, and reparations. Among the authors now represented are Amartya Sen, Joseph Raz, John Harris, and Michael Novak. I have continued with the practice of providing a brief introduction to each of the readings along with a set of questions at the end of each essay directing students to the core issues. I again included comparative (and often critical) questions at the end of each of the sections. There is now a second edition ofStudying Philosophythat can be used in conjunction with this book and that Prentice Hall has promised will be available at a sharply reduced price when packaged with this text. It is much expanded and includes advice on studying philosophy, taking exams, writing papers, and managing time. It also gives students the basics of grammar and punctuation along with an expanded discussion of how to improve their writing. Special thanks to reviewers and friends who have provided valuable suggestions and criticisms of this and earlier editions: Jim Abbott, Chesire Calhoun, Irwin Goldstein, Donald C. Hubin, Hugh LaFollette, Sarah Leffler, Elliot Leffler, Paul Menzel, Martin Perlmutter, Bill Shaw, Barbara Spencer, Amy Shapiro, Deni Elliott, David Haslett, Joseph Kupfer, Max Pensky, Joseph J. Tarala, Richard L. Wilson, Larry D. McCargar, Elizabeth Oljar, Nancy A. Stanlick, Richard Volkman, and Harry van der Linden. The reviewers for this edition were David E. W Fenner, University of North Florida and David Drebushenko, University of Southern Indiana. John Arthur Binghamton University