The More-Than-Just-Surviving Handbook: Esl for Every Classroom Teacher

by Law, Barbara; Eckes, Mary

• ISBN13: 9781894110532
• ISBN10: 1894110536
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-03-01
• Publisher: Portage & Main Pr

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments	ix
Introduction	1	(1)
Chapter Overview	1	(2)
Recurrent Themes, Critical for Maximizing Learning	3	(1)
The Classroom Environment	3	(1)
Using an Integrated Language Approach	3	(1)
The Importance of Models	3	(1)
Errors Are Just a part of Learning	4	(1)
Why We Have Written This Book	4	(1)
A Word About Labels	5	(2)
First Days	7	(24)
The Main Characters	7	(3)
Preparing for the Student	10	(7)
What to Do First	11	(1)
Establish a Relationship	11	(3)
Learning the School and its Routines	14	(1)
Things Your Student Needs to Know	15	(1)
How to Get Around in School	15	(1)
The School Routine, Rules, Expectations of Behavior	15	(2)
Use Resources Within the School/Within the Community	17	(2)
Use Student Help	17	(1)
Use Adult Help	18	(1)
Use Cultural Resources Within the Community	18	(1)
First-Day Teaching	19	(2)
Things to Do to help the Student	19	(2)
Planning for the Year	21	(8)
Prepare Coping Strategies	23	(1)
Establish Short-Term Goals	24	(1)
Establish Long-Term Goals	25	(4)
Conclusion	29	(2)
Testing and Placement	31	(20)
Testing Issues	32	(1)
Initial Decisions	32	(1)
Placement	33	(4)
The Grade-Level Issue	33	(1)
At the Elementary Level	34	(1)
At the Secondary Level	35	(2)
Assessment Through Testing	37	(2)
Deciding Which Test to Use	37	(1)
Why Tests Fail	38	(1)
Supplemental Tests	39	(8)
Testing Hints	39	(1)
Testing Listening Comprehension	40	(1)
Testing oral Language Ability	40	(2)
Testing Reading Proficiency	42	(1)
Story Retelling	42	(2)
Testing Writing Proficiency	44	(3)
Making Use of Test Scores	47	(3)
Categorizing Students	48	(2)
Follow-up	50	(1)
Conclusion	50	(1)
Language Learning---Students and Teachers	51	(32)
A Comparison of Two Language Programs	51	(3)
What We Know About Language Learning	54	(1)
Incorrect Assumptions	54	(1)
Research Results	54	(1)
A Quality Program	55	(5)
The Cooperative Roles of Language and Content Teachers	57	(1)
A Common Agenda	58	(1)
Partnerships Between Stakeholders	58	(2)
Learners and Teachers	60	(2)
Intake-The Learner	60	(1)
Important Factors	60	(2)
Behavior and What Affects it	62	(3)
Changes ESL Students Experience	63	(2)
Facilitating Cultural Adjustment in the Classroom	65	(6)
Different Cultural Behaviors	68	(1)
The Stages of Acculturation	69	(1)
Behavior in the Classroom	70	(1)
Teaching Strategies That Help Maximize Learning	71	(5)
Input-The Teacher	71	(1)
Provide Plenty of Comprehensible Input	71	(1)
Communicate Effectively	71	(1)
Other Suggestions	72	(1)
Set Up a Stress Free Environment	73	(1)
Reduce Stress and Nurture Self-Esteem	73	(2)
Maximize Students' Exposure to Natural Communication	75	(1)
Encourage Participation	75	(1)
Your Role as Teacher	76	(5)
Teachers Should...	76	(1)
Provide a Network of Support	77	(1)
Coping with Misbehavior	78	(1)
Have Clear and Unmistakable Guidelines	78	(1)
When Things Go Wrong	79	(1)
Resolving Behavior Problems	80	(1)
Conclusion	81	(2)
Literacy and the Four Skills	83	(26)
Authentic Approaches to Teaching/Learning	83	(2)
Orthodoxies Versus Reasonable Choices	85	(1)
Immersion Is Not Enough	86	(1)
A New Understanding of Literacy	86	(4)
Literacy Is a Social Phenomenon	87	(1)
Second-Language Literacy	87	(1)
Four Types of People Who Cannot Read English	87	(2)
Second-Language Acquisition Different From First	89	(1)
Where to Begin	90	(17)
Connecting the Four Skills to the Curriculum	90	(1)
Art	91	(1)
Labeling	92	(1)
Surrounding Students with Words--Some Strategies	92	(1)
Lists	93	(2)
Make and Display Charts	95	(1)
Design Activities Using Environmental Print	96	(1)
Use I-Can-Read Books and Dictionaries	96	(1)
Use Games	97	(1)
Use Tapes	98	(1)
Songs	99	(1)
Drama	100	(2)
Patterned Language	102	(1)
Chants	103	(1)
Frame Sentences	103	(3)
Rhymes	106	(1)
Conclusion	107	(2)
Reading	109	(46)
Defining Reading	110	(1)
Creating Balance in your Reading Program	111	(1)
Reading as a Whole Skill	112	(1)
Immersion--Make Reading a Daily Commitment	113	(2)
Provide a Wealth of Materials at Your Students's Level	115	(1)
A Helpful Guide	116	(18)
Good Practices of Use for All Students	116	(1)
Reading to Students	117	(1)
Selecting Books to Read Aloud	118	(1)
Reading With Students	118	(1)
One-On-One Reading	118	(1)
Shared Reading	119	(1)
At the Elementary Level	119	(1)
At the Secondary Level	120	(1)
Reading by the Student	121	(1)
Independent Reading	121	(2)
Sharing Time	123	(1)
Specific Strategies for the Varying Needs of Your Students	123	(1)
Use Picture Books	123	(1)
Make Your Own Library	124	(1)
Use the Language Experience Approach	124	(1)
Steps in LEA	124	(2)
The Benefits of LEA	126	(1)
Do's and Dont's with LEA	126	(2)
Use Literature	128	(1)
Literature Circles	128	(6)
Balancing the Needs of Your Fluent and Nonfluent Readers	134	(18)
Working with Different Levels of Readers	134	(1)
With Illiterate Students	134	(2)
First Encounters with Reading	136	(1)
When They Don't Know the Alphabet	137	(6)
Grouping	143	(1)
The Role of Phonics	144	(3)
Working with Students Who Are Literate in Their First Language	147	(1)
Reading/Writing in the Correct Direction	147	(1)
Developing Second-Language Literacy	147	(1)
Aiding Comprehension in Both Language Arts and the Content Areas	148	(1)
Filling in the Gaps	148	(1)
Getting Them Into the Text	149	(1)
Prepare for the Reading Assignment	150	(1)
Making it Through the Reading with Comprehension	151	(1)
Strategies	151	(1)
Apply Skills Learned Beyond, to Other Reading Tasks	152	(1)
Encourage Extensive Reading	152	(1)
A Supportive Environment	152	(2)
Time	154	(1)
Conclusion	154	(1)
Writing	155	(34)
The Process Approach to Writing	155	(1)
Who Is the ESL Writer?	156	(1)
Helping Students Become Successful Writers	157	(16)
Immerse Students in Writing	157	(1)
Encourage the Writing Process	158	(7)
Writing--An Everyday Activity	165	(4)
Provide a Supportive Environment	169	(3)
Use Computers	172	(1)
Ensure Guidance and Feedback from Interested Readers	173	(2)
Provide Good Models	173	(2)
Working with Beginners	175	(2)
Giving Constructive Feedback	177	(9)
Correcting Errors	177	(3)
Revising and Editing with ESL Students	180	(1)
Responding to Student' Written Work	181	(1)
Guidelines for Written Responses	182	(1)
Spelling	183	(2)
Guidelines for Conferencing	185	(1)
Using Peer Tutors	186	(1)
Time	186	(1)
Conclusion	187	(2)
Speaking and Listening	189	(20)
The Importance of Oral Language in Learning	189	(3)
Language Acquisition and Classroom Input	192	(3)
The Three Stages--A Continuum	192	(2)
Four Levels of Questioning	194	(1)
Tolerance for Errors	195	(4)
Grammatical Errors	195	(1)
Trouble With Pronunciation	196	(3)
Using Talk to Explore and Gain Understanding	199	(3)
Opportunities to Talk and Listen	202	(5)
TPR-Total Physical Response	202	(2)
Games	204	(3)
Conclusion	207	(2)
Content Area Instruction	209	(24)
Integrating Language and Content	211	(16)
Potential Problems	212	(1)
With Vocabulary	212	(1)
With Syntax	212	(1)
With Pragmatics	212	(1)
Bridging the Gap	213	(1)
Your Goals	213	(1)
Standards and Benchmarks	214	(1)
What to Do	214	(1)
Before You Teach	214	(3)
Goals for Your Students	217	(1)
Provide Comprehensible Input	218	(1)
When You Teach	218	(9)
Other Ideas	227	(1)
Testing for Mastery of Concepts	228	(3)
Checking Informally for Understanding	229	(1)
Testing the ESL Student	230	(1)
Conclusion	231	(2)
Resources	233	(14)
ESL Teacher	234	(2)
Classroom Support	234	(2)
Hiring an Effective Classroom Paraprofessional	236	(4)
The Ideal Aide	236	(1)
Using Your Classroom Aide	236	(1)
The Teacher's Role	237	(2)
The Aide's Role	239	(1)
Community Aides	240	(1)
Buddies	240	(1)
Tutors	241	(1)
Parents	242	(1)
Home Activities to Promote Literacy	242	(1)
Interpreters	243	(3)
Using Interpreters	244	(2)
Conclusion	246	(1)
Conclusion	247	(4)
Find Support	247	(1)
Build a Supportive School Program	247	(2)
Tolerance	249	(2)
Appendixes	251	(32)
Glossary	283	(2)
Bibliography	285	(7)
Book List	292	(1)
Internet Resources	293	(2)
Index	295