Motivation: Biological, Psychological, and Environmental

by Deckers, Lambert

• ISBN13: 9780205271153
• ISBN10: 0205271154
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

Motivation refers to the inducement of action, feelings, and thought; Motivation identifies what the sources of inducement are. Well-grounded in the history of the field, Motivation: Biological, Psychological, and Environmental combines classic studies with current research. In addition, the author employs a conversational writing style designed to retain student interest. Use of illustrative examples drawn from literature, film, music, and the visual arts enhances this approach and makes the material wholly accessible to those who use the text.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Introduction to Motivation and Emotion	1	(21)
Meaning of Motivation	1	(8)
To Be Moved into Action	2	(3)
Knowledge, Competence, and Motivation	5	(1)
Determinism versus Free Will and Free Act	6	(2)
Section Recap	8	(1)
Sources of Motivation	9	(6)
Internal Sources of Motivation	9	(2)
Environmental Origins of Motivation	11	(1)
Interaction between Internal and Environmental Origins	12	(1)
Motivation Sequence	12	(2)
Emotions	14	(1)
Section Recap	15	(1)
Study of Motivation and Emotion	15	(6)
Research in Motivation	16	(2)
Research in Emotion	18	(1)
Sources and Scope of Motivation	19	(1)
Section Recap	20	(1)
Activities	21	(1)
The History of Motivation and Emotion	22	(27)
Brief History of Motivation	22	(20)
Hedonism	23	(4)
Theory of Evolution	27	(3)
Unconscious Motivation	30	(3)
Internal Sources of Motivation	33	(3)
Commonality among Instincts, Drives, and Needs	36	(1)
Environmental Sources of Motivation	37	(1)
Environmental and Internal Sources Induce Behavior	37	(4)
Section Recap	41	(1)
Brief History of Emotion	42	(6)
Emotion as Subjective Feeling	43	(1)
Basic Emotions	43	(1)
Emotion as Impulse for Action and Thought	44	(1)
Physiological Arousal	45	(1)
Facial Expression	46	(1)
Section Recap	47	(1)
Activities	48	(1)
Evolution of Universal Motives	49	(29)
Evolution of Universal Motives	49	(5)
Heredity versus Environment	50	(1)
Human Nature and Universal Motivation	51	(3)
Evolutionary Psychology	54	(1)
Section Recap	54	(1)
Fear, Food, and Sex as Universal Motives	54	(23)
Fear as a Universal Motive	55	(6)
Liking and Preferences for Foods	61	(5)
Evolution of Sexual Preferences	66	(9)
Section Recap	75	(2)
Activities	77	(1)
Drug Use, Brain Stimulation, and Exercise	78	(32)
Characteristics of Drugs of Abuse	78	(4)
Some Drugs of Abuse	79	(1)
Extent of Drug Use	80	(1)
Drugs and Natural Incentives and Drives	80	(2)
Levels of Explanation	82	(1)
Section Recap	82	(1)
Psychological Explanations of Drug Addiction	82	(11)
Drug Effects as Positive and Negative Reinforcers	83	(1)
Opponent-Process Theory of Motivation	83	(1)
Consequences of Taking Drugs	84	(3)
Susceptibility to Drug Addiction	87	(1)
Conditioning of Drug Reactions	87	(3)
Events That Lead to Drug Relapse	90	(2)
Cognition and Addiction	92	(1)
Section Recap	93	(1)
The Brain as a Source of Motivation	93	(9)
Rewarding Effects of Electrical Brain Stimulation	94	(2)
Brief Description of Brain Activity	96	(3)
Pleasures of the Brain	99	(3)
Section Recap	102	(1)
Positive Addiction	102	(7)
Exercise Addiction and Drug Addiction	103	(3)
Endorphins and Exercise-Induced Euphoria	106	(2)
Section Recap	108	(1)
Activities	109	(1)
Homeostasis: Temperature, Thirst, Hunger, and Eating	110	(28)
Internal Factors of Body Regulation	110	(17)
Homeostasis	111	(1)
Negative Feedback System	112	(1)
Effects of Deviation from Set Point	113	(1)
Thermoregulation	113	(2)
Thirst and Drinking	115	(4)
The Body's Energy Requirements	119	(1)
Short-and Long-Term Energy Regulation	120	(3)
Hunger Sensations	123	(1)
Feedback Mechanisms for Satiety	124	(2)
Section Recap	126	(1)
Food Characteristics and Eating	127	(4)
Palatability of Food	128	(1)
Cephalic Responses	128	(1)
Sensory-Specific Satiety	129	(1)
Food Preferences	129	(2)
Section Recap	131	(1)
Person Characteristics and Eating	131	(6)
Boundary Model of Eating	131	(3)
Cognitive Release of Diet Restraint	134	(1)
Stress-Induced Eating	134	(1)
Hunger Boundary	135	(2)
Section Recap	137	(1)
Activities	137	(1)
Arousal, Behavior, and Affective Tone	138	(30)
Arousal and Performance	138	(19)
An Analogy for Arousal	139	(1)
Categories of Arousal	140	(3)
Sources of Arousal	143	(2)
Arousal within and among Individuals	145	(1)
Dimensionality of Arousal	146	(2)
Arousal and Behavior	148	(3)
Arousal-Performance Relationship	151	(5)
Section Recap	156	(1)
Arousal and Affective Tone	157	(10)
Variation in Affective Tone	157	(3)
Incongruity, Arousal, and Affective Tone	160	(6)
Section Recap	166	(1)
Activities	167	(1)
Stress, Coping, and Health	168	(33)
Relationship between Life Events and Stress	168	(15)
Demands, Strain, Coping, and Stress	169	(1)
Characteristics of Stress	169	(2)
Characteristics of Stressors	171	(3)
Stressor-Stress Relationship	174	(9)
Section Recap	183	(1)
Bodily Effects of Stress	183	(6)
Physiological Effects of Stressors	184	(1)
Stressors and Psychophysiological Disorders	185	(1)
Stressors and the Immune System	186	(3)
Section Recap	189	(1)
Variables Moderating the Impact of Life Events	189	(11)
Appraisal of Life Events	190	(2)
Stress, Health, and Behavior	192	(1)
Social Support as a Moderator	193	(2)
Personality Differences as Moderator Variables	195	(4)
Section Recap	199	(1)
Activities	200	(1)
Drives, Needs, and Awareness	201	(31)
Drives and Needs as Internal Sources of Motivation	201	(9)
Interaction between Internal and External Sources of Motivation	202	(1)
Physiological Needs and Psychological Drives	202	(3)
Psychological Needs	205	(1)
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs	206	(3)
Research on Need Hierarchy	209	(1)
Section Recap	210	(1)
Needs for Achievement, Affiliation, Power, and Cognition	210	(16)
Using Needs to Explain Behavior	211	(1)
Achievement Motivation	211	(5)
Research on Achievement Motivation	216	(2)
Achievement Motive and the WOFO Questionnaire	218	(1)
Hierarchical Model of Achievement Motivation	219	(1)
Need for Affiliation	219	(4)
Need for Power	223	(1)
Need for Cognition	224	(1)
Section Recap	225	(1)
Motivation without Awareness	226	(5)
Reflexology	227	(1)
Auto-Motive Hypothesis	227	(3)
Section Recap	230	(1)
Activities	231	(1)
Personality and Self in Motivation	232	(29)
Personality Associated with Motivation	232	(6)
Temperament, Personality, and Behavior	233	(2)
Personality Traits as Categories or Causes of Behavior	235	(1)
Biological Reality of Traits	236	(2)
Section Recap	238	(1)
Extraversion and Sensation Seeking	238	(15)
Extraversion	239	(2)
Extraversion and Expression of Motives	241	(3)
Extraversion and Motive Expression and Satisfaction	244	(2)
Conclusion on Extraversion and Motivation	246	(1)
Sensation Seeking	247	(4)
Motivational Characteristics of Other Personality Traits	251	(1)
Section Recap	252	(1)
Self as a Motivational System	253	(7)
Self-Concept	254	(1)
Self-Esteem	255	(4)
Section Recap	259	(1)
Activities	260	(1)
Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation	261	(32)
Extrinsic Motivation and Incentive Value	261	(10)
Reinforcers and Punishers versus Incentives	262	(1)
Incentive Value	263	(1)
Effects of Incentive Delay	264	(5)
Incentives as Losses and Gains	269	(1)
Section Recap	270	(1)
Extrinsic Motivation of Behavior	271	(11)
Amount	271	(1)
Choice between Simultaneous Reinforcers	272	(3)
Delay	275	(1)
Contrast Effects	275	(2)
Deprivation	277	(1)
Incentive Value as Probability	278	(1)
Determining in Advance What Motivates Behavior	278	(3)
Section Recap	281	(1)
Intrinsic Motivation	282	(10)
Differences between Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation	283	(1)
Contrasting Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation	283	(1)
Functional Autonomy	284	(1)
Purpose of Intrinsically Motivated Behavior	284	(2)
Interaction between Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation	286	(2)
Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivational Orientations	288	(2)
Section Recap	290	(2)
Activities	292	(1)
Goal Motivation	293	(28)
Origins of Goals	293	(6)
Incentives versus Goals	294	(1)
From Incentives to Goals	294	(1)
Sources of Goals	295	(3)
Section Recap	298	(1)
Goal Expectations, Characteristics, and Achievement	299	(21)
Expected Utility Theory	299	(5)
Guises of Expectation	304	(3)
Setting to Achieve a Goal	307	(4)
Cognitive Maps, Scripts, and Plans	311	(2)
Characteristics of Goals	313	(4)
Consequences of Goal Success and Goal Failure	317	(1)
Section Recap	318	(2)
Activities	320	(1)
Least Effort and the Economics of Motivation	321	(26)
Principle of Least Effort	321	(10)
Cost Measures of Achievement Behavior	322	(1)
Early Views on Effort and Motivation	322	(3)
Cognitive Economizing	325	(2)
Motivation Resources	327	(3)
Section Recap	330	(1)
Economics of Motivation	331	(15)
Economy of the Skinner Box	331	(1)
Demand Law	332	(6)
Substitution Effect	338	(2)
Economic Principles Characterize Many Behaviors	340	(5)
Section Recap	345	(1)
Activities	346	(1)
The Subjective and Physiological Nature of Emotions	347	(29)
Emotions and Their Subjective Characteristics	347	(13)
Components of Emotion	348	(1)
Methods for Uncovering Basic Emotions	349	(4)
Analyses of Affect	353	(3)
Moods	356	(2)
Section Recap	358	(2)
Arousal and Emotional Experience	360	(15)
Significance of Arousal	360	(1)
James-Lange Theory	361	(1)
Cognitive Arousal Theory	362	(1)
Cannon's Theory of Arousal	363	(1)
Evidence for James-Lange Theory	363	(5)
Evidence for Cognitive Arousal Theory	368	(4)
Evidence for Cannon's Theory of Arousal	372	(2)
Section Recap	374	(1)
Activities	375	(1)
The Unfolding and Function of Emotions	376	(29)
Emotion Stimulus and Appraisal	376	(10)
Event-Appraisal-Emotion Sequence	377	(1)
Characteristics of the Emotion Situation	377	(2)
Processing of Emotion Stimuli	379	(3)
Emotion Areas in the Brain	382	(2)
Role of Amygdala in Stimulus Appraisal	384	(2)
Section Recap	386	(1)
Emotion and the Face	386	(9)
Facial Muscles and Expression and the Brain	386	(2)
Expression-Feeling Link	388	(1)
Facial Feedback Hypothesis	389	(2)
Innateness of Facial Expression of Emotion	391	(4)
Section Recap	395	(1)
Functions of Emotion	395	(8)
Emotions as Signals to the Self	396	(3)
Function of Facial Expression	399	(3)
Feelings, Social Motives, and Facial Expression	402	(1)
Section Recap	402	(1)
Activities	403	(2)
References	405	(46)
Name Index	451	(8)
Subject Index	459