The Mound-Builders

by Shetrone, Henry Clyde; Lepper, Bradley T.

• ISBN13: 9780817350864
• ISBN10: 0817350861
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-01-09
• Publisher: Univ of Alabama Pr

Author Biography

Bradley T. Lepper is Curator of Archaeology of the Ohio Historical Society

Table of Contents

PREFACE	v
INTRODUCTION TO THE 2004 EDITION	xxi
INTRODUCTION	1	(4)
CHAPTER I EARLY THEORIES AS TO ORIGIN AND IDENTITY	5	(22)
Speculations of the pioneer
Early literature
Thomas Jefferson, pioneer archaeologist
William Henry Harrison and Caleb Atwater
The classical contribution of Squier and Davis
Activities of the Bureau of American Ethnology
Recent contributors
CHAPTER II DISTRIBUTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE MOUNDS	27	(9)
Diffusion of the mound-building trait
The general mound area of the United States
Cultural divisions of the general mound area
Varieties and purposes of mounds: burial, effigy, and domiciliary
Earthworks and enclosures: defensive, ceremonial, and anomalous
CHAPTER III ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING	36	(18)
Primitive architecture of native American tribes
Structural achievements of the Mound-builders
Magnitude of mound-building operations
Construction and purpose of the mounds
Use of stone in mound construction
Stone burial vaults and stone graves
Timber structures
Primitive engineering in the mound area
Geometric earthworks and their construction
CHAPTER IV AGRICULTURES COMMERCE, AND INDUSTRY	54	(31)
The mound-building peoples as agriculturists
Corn, beans, squash, and other food plants
Tobacco and its cultivation
Agricultural implements and methods
Prehistoric corn fields and garden beds
Commercial activities: trade, barter, and exchange
Character and extent of Mound-builder commerce
Primitive industry of the mound area
The quarrying of flint and other materials
The mining of copper, iron ore, and other minerals
The quest for fresh-water pearls
Minor raw materials
The art of flint-chipping
Use of copper and other metals
Utilization of stone, bone, shell and wood
Pottery and pottery-making
The textile arts: spinning and weaving
CHAPTER V THE MOUND-BUILDER BURIAL COMPLEX	85	(21)
The concept of a hereafter
Modes of disposing of the dead
Burial in ordinary graves and cemeteries
Mound interment and its accompanying rites
The practice of cremation
Sacrifices to the dead and to deities
Human interest recorded in burials
Human skulls as burial trophies
CHAPTER VI THE MOUND-BUILDER AS AN ARTIST	106	(46)
The significance of native American art
Distinctive phases of Mound-builder art
Personal adornment and decoration
Pearls and pearl necklaces
Art as a measure of culture status
Depiction of the human face and figure
Sculpture of bird and animal forms
Realistic, symbolic, and conventional designs
Engraving on bone
Ceramic art
Pottery of Lower Mississippi area
Ceremonial and problematical artifacts
CHAPTER VII TOBACCO PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS	152	(13)
Primitive smoking a ceremonial procedure
Smoking customs of the American Indians
Calumets and the calumet ceremony
The Mound-builder smoking complex
Distribution and types of tobacco pipes
Pipes as votive and sacrificial offerings
CHAPTER VIII THE OHIO AREA: I, ADENA AND FORT ANCIENT CULTURES	165	(20)
The various cultures of the Ohio area
The Adena culture and its characteristics
The Fort Ancient culture
Habitation sites of the Fort Ancient culture
The Feurt mounds and village site
Reconstruction of the life of a Fort Ancient village
Primitive industries
Cultivated and uncultivated food products
Recreation and amusement
A burial mound in the making
Primitive methods of sanitation
CHAPTER IX THE OHIO AREA: II, THE HOPEWELL CULTURE	185	(38)
Extent of the Hopewell culture
Geometric earthworks of the culture
Characteristics of the Hopewell mounds
The Tremper Mound
The Hopewell Group
The Mound City Group
The Edwin Harness Group
The Seip Group
The Turner Group
CHAPTER X THE OHIO AREA: III, FORTIFICATIONS AND EFFIGY MOUNDS	223	(14)
The great Fort Ancient
Other important fortifications
The Great Serpent Mound
Other effigy mounds
CHAPTER XI THE OHIO AREA: IV, MARGINAL SUBAREAS	237	(13)
Western Pennsylvania
Northwestern West Virginia
Northeastern Kentucky
Eastern Indiana
CHAPTER XII A TOUR OF THE OHIO MOUND AREA	250	(18)
The Circleville works
Chillicothe, the heart of the Mound-builder country
The Portsmouth works
The Marietta works
The Newark works
The Miami valleys
The Cincinnati works
The Miamisburg and Enon mounds
CHAPTER XIII THE GREAT LAKES AREA	268	(23)
Extent and characteristics of the area
The State of New York
Northern Ohio
The State of Michigan
The Province of Ontario
CHAPTER XIV THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI AREA: I, WISCONSIN, MINNESOTA, AND THE DAKOTAS	291	(25)
Mound-builder cultures of Wisconsin
The effigy-mound culture
The Grand River culture
The Cahokia culture at Aztalan
The Hopewell culture in Wisconsin
Minor remains in Wisconsin
Wisconsin archaeology
The State of Minnesota
The State of North Dakota
The State of South Dakota
CHAPTER XV THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI AREA: II, NORTHERN ILLINOIS, IOWA, AND MARGINAL DISTRICTS	316	(25)
Illinois archæology
Mound-builder culture of Illinois
The effigy-mound culture in Illinois
The Hopewell culture in Illinois
The Illinois or "bluff" culture
The Mississippi River mounds of Illinois
Western Indiana
Mound-builder culture of Iowa
The Hopewell culture in Iowa
The effigy-mound culture in Iowa
The Oneota culture
The Mill Creek culture
The Algonquian culture in Iowa
Iowa archæology
Missouri, Kansas, and Nebraska
CHAPTER XVI THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI AREA: I, SOUTHERN ILLINOIS, WESTERN KENTUCKY AND TENNESSEE, SOUTHERN MISSOURI, AND ARKANSAS	341	(30)
General characteristics of the Lower Mississippi area
The Cahokia culture in Illinois
Western Kentucky and Tennessee
The stone-vault culture of Southern Missouri
Artifacts of the Southern Missouri region
"Garden Mounds"
Mound distribution in Arkansas
Explorations in Arkansas of Clarence B. Moore
CHAPTER XVII THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI AREA: II, LOUISIANA, MISSISSIPPI, AND ALABAMA	371	(38)
The State of Louisiana
The State of Mississippi
The Moundville culture of Alabama
Other sites in Alabama
CHAPTER XVIII THE TENNESSEE-CUMBERLAND AREA	409	(36)
Extent and characteristics of the area
Southwestern Indiana and south-eastern Illinois
The State of Kentucky
The State of Tennessee
Northern Georgia
The Etowah culture
Virginia and the Carolinas
CHAPTER XIX THE PENNSYLVANIA AREA	445	(26)
The Archeology of Florida
Explorations of Clarence B. Moore
The northwest coast of Florida
The west coast of Florida
Mounds of northeastern Florida
The key-dweller culture of southwestern Florida
Coastal mounds of Georgia
Ancient shell mounds and shell heaps
CHAPTER XX SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS	471	(20)
Identity of the Mound-builders
Were the Mound-builders Indians?
Indians as builders of mounds
What became of the Mound-builders
The native American race
Dispersal and migrations on the American continent
Conclusion
BIBLIOGRAPHY	491	(6)
INDEX	497