MRI : Basic Principles and Applications

by Brown, Mark A.; Semelka, Richard C.

• ISBN13: 9780470500989
• ISBN10: 0470500980
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2010-05-03
• Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell

Summary

The third edition of this successful book was published in August 2003, and the field of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has seen many advances since then. The new fourth edition maintains the well-received format of the third edition, minimizing math formulas and technical details, but still providing an accurate description of the physics and clinical applications of MRI, and including a thorough but concise review and updating of all the latest MRI advances and cutting-edge applications. Dozens of brand-new images support the text, as well as added discussions on 3D imaging, real time imaging, cardiac imaging, and parallel acquisition techniques. Clinical protocols have been thoroughly updated and revised to reflect current methodologies.Here are some of the more major changes in the MRI field that have been included in the new, fourth edition: Nephrotoxic effects of gadolinium-based contrast media have been reported; this is a truly major development in the field. New scan techniques such as radial scanning have become more commonplace. Parallel acquisition and cardiovascular imaging techniques have become more commonplace. New applications such as spin tagging and diffusion tensor imaging are becoming more mainstream. 3 Tesla scanning is becoming the field strength of choice and 7 Tesla scanning is under investigation. Additional hardware innovations such as large-scale array coils have been implemented. New motion compensation techniques have been developed.There are many smaller editorial and content changes that have been undertaken. Feedback from current readers has been very positive, and many individuals have kindly alerted the authors to everything from typographical errors, to possible revisions of syntax and even additions of new materials. The authors have included such feedback wherever possible.

Author Biography

Mark A. Brown, PhD, is Senior Technical Instructor at Siemens Medical Solutions Training and Development Center and also holds an adjunct research professorship in the Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine. His research interests include relaxation and exchange phenomena and in vivo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging.

Richard Semelka, MD, is Director of Magnetic Resonance Services, Professor, and Vice Chairman of Radiology at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill Medical School. He received his medical degree and residency training in radiology in his native Canada at the University of Manitoba, and completed a clinical research fellowship in MRI of the body at the University of California at San Francisco. Dr. Semelka has authored over 150 peer-reviewed articles, 4 textbooks, and is an internationally acclaimed authority in the field.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. ix
Preface to the Third Edition	p. x
Preface to the Second Edition	p. xi
Preface to the First Edition	p. xiii
Production of Net Magnetization	p. 1
Concepts of Magnetic Resonance	p. 9
Relaxation	p. 17
T1 Relaxation and Saturation	p. 18
T2 Relaxation, T2* Relaxation, and Spin Echoes	p. 21
Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Part 1	p. 27
Slice Selection	p. 29
Readout or Frequency Encoding	p. 31
Phase Encoding	p. 34
Sequence Looping	p. 36
Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Part 2	p. 41
Frequency-Selective Excitation	p. 41
Composite Pulses	p. 47
Raw Data and Image Data Matrices	p. 47
Raw Data and k Space	p. 50
Reduced k-Space Techniques	p. 53
Reordered k-Space Filling Techniques	p. 56
Other k-Space-Filling Techniques	p. 58
Phased-Array Coils	p. 61
Parallel Acquisition Methods	p. 64
Pulse Sequences	p. 69
Spin Echo Sequences	p. 71
Gradient Echo Sequences	p. 74
Echo Planar Imaging Sequences	p. 80
Magnetization-Prepared Sequences	p. 82
Measurement Parameters and Image Contrast	p. 91
Intrinsic Parameters	p. 92
Extrinsic Parameters	p. 95
Parameter Trade-offs	p. 97
Signal-Suppression Techniques	p. 101
Spatial Presaturation	p. 102
Magnetization Transfer Suppression	p. 103
Frequency-Selective Saturation	p. 106
Nonsaturation Methods	p. 108
Artifacts	p. 111
Motion Artifacts	p. 111
Sequence/Protocol-Related Artifacts	p. 115
External Artifacts	p. 130
Motion Artifact Reduction Techniques	p. 137
Acquisition Parameter Modification	p. 138
Triggering and Gating	p. 139
Flow Compensation	p. 144
Radial-Based Motion Compensation	p. 145
Magnetic Resonance Angiography	p. 147
Time-of-FIight MRA	p. 149
Phase-Contrast MRA	p. 154
Maximum-Intensity Projection	p. 157
Advanced Imaging Applications	p. 161
Diffusion	p. 161
Perfusion	p. 167
Functional Brain Imaging	p. 171
Ultrahigh Field Imaging	p. 172
Noble Gas Imaging	p. 174
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy	p. 177
Additional Concepts	p. 177
Localization Techniques	p. 182
Spectral Analysis and Postprocessing	p. 186
Ultrahigh Field Spectroscopy	p. 189
Instrumentation	p. 191
Computer System	p. 191
Magnet System	p. 195
Gradient System	p. 196
Radio-frequency System	p. 198
Data Acquisition System	p. 201
Summary of System Components	p. 202
Contrast Agents	p. 205
Intravenous Agents	p. 206
Oral Agents	p. 212
Safety	p. 213
Base Magnetic Field	p. 214
Cryogens	p. 215
Gradients	p. 215
RF Power Deposition	p. 216
Contrast Media	p. 216
Clinical Applications	p. 219
General Principles of Clinical MR Imaging	p. 220
Examination Design Considerations	p. 221
Protocol Considerations for Anatomical Regions	p. 222
Recommendations for Specific Sequences and Clinical Situations	p. 237
References and Suggested Reading	p. 241
Index	p. 245
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