Mri from Picture to Proton

by Donald W. McRobbie , Elizabeth A. Moore , Martin J. Graves , Martin R. Prince

• ISBN13: 9780521523196
• ISBN10: 0521523192
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-01-13
• Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Summary

MRI from Picture to Proton presents the basics of MR practice and theory as the practitioner first meets them. The subject is approached intuitively, starting from the images, equipment and scanning protocols, rather than pages of dry physics theory. The reader is brought face-to-face with issues pertinent to practice immediately, filling in the theoretical background as their experience of scanning grows. Key ideas are introduced in an accessible manner which is faithful to the underlying physics but avoids the need for difficult or distracting mathematics. Additional explanations for the more technically inquisitive are given in optional secondary text boxes. Informal in style, informed in content, written by experienced teachers, MRI from Picture to Proton is an essential text for the student of MR whatever their background: medical, technical or scientific.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements	xi
MR: What's the attraction?	1	(8)
It's not rocket science, but I like it	1	(1)
A brief history of medical imaging	2	(2)
How to use this book	4	(5)
Further reading	6	(3)
Part A The basic stuff
Early daze: your first week in MR	9	(18)
Introduction	9	(1)
Welcome to the MR unit	9	(4)
Safety first	13	(2)
The patient's journey	15	(2)
Basic clinical protocols	17	(6)
A week in the life of an MRI radiographer	23	(4)
Further reading	25	(2)
Seeing is believing: introduction to image contrast	27	(19)
Introduction	27	(1)
Some basic stuff	27	(3)
T1-weighted images	30	(1)
T2-weighted images	31	(3)
PD-weighted images	34	(1)
Gradient-echo T1-weighted images	35	(1)
Gradient-echo T2*-weighted images	36	(3)
Gradient-echo PD-weighted images	39	(1)
STIR images	39	(1)
FLAIR images	40	(1)
Contrast agents	41	(3)
Angiographic images	44	(2)
Further reading	45	(1)
The devil's in the detail: pixels, matrices and slices	46	(17)
Introduction	46	(1)
Digital and analogue images	46	(5)
Matrices, pixels and an introduction to resolution	51	(4)
Displaying images	55	(1)
What do the pixels represent?	56	(2)
From 2D to 3D	58	(5)
Further reading	62	(1)
What you set is what you get: basic image optimization	63	(14)
Introduction	63	(1)
Looking on the bright side: what are we trying to optimize?	63	(4)
Trading places: resolution, SNR and scan time	67	(4)
Ever the optimist: practical steps to optimization	71	(6)
Further reading	76	(1)
Improving your image: how to avoid artefacts	77	(29)
Introduction	77	(1)
Keep still please: gross patient motion	77	(1)
Physiological motion	78	(6)
Motion artefacts from flow	84	(2)
Lose the fat!	86	(8)
Partial volume artefact and cross-talk	94	(2)
Phase sampling artefacts	96	(3)
Susceptibility and metal artefacts	99	(2)
Equipment artefacts	101	(4)
What's causing this artefact?	105	(1)
Further reading	105	(1)
Spaced out: spatial encoding	106	(29)
Introduction	106	(1)
Anatomy of a pulse sequence	106	(1)
From Larmor to Fourier via gradients	107	(5)
Something to get excited about: the image slice	112	(5)
In-plane localization	117	(11)
Consequences of Fourier imaging	128	(4)
Speeding it up	132	(1)
3D FT	133	(2)
Further reading	134	(1)
Getting in tune: resonance and relaxation	135	(29)
Introduction	135	(1)
Spinning nuclei	135	(3)
Measuring the magnetic moment	138	(3)
Creating echoes	141	(5)
Relaxation times	146	(6)
Relaxation time mechanisms	152	(5)
Measuring relaxation times in vivo	157	(3)
Contrast agent theory	160	(4)
Further reading	163	(1)
Let's talk technical: MR equipment	164	(25)
Introduction	164	(1)
Magnets	164	(6)
Gradients	170	(4)
Radiofrequency system	174	(11)
Computer systems	185	(1)
Open MRI systems	185	(2)
Siting and installation	187	(2)
Further reading	188	(1)
But is it safe? Bio-effects	189	(12)
Introduction	189	(1)
Radiofrequency effects	189	(2)
Gradient effects	191	(2)
Static field effects	193	(8)
Further reading	197	(4)
Part B The specialist stuff
Ghosts in the machine: quality control	201	(17)
Introduction	201	(1)
The quality cycle	201	(1)
Signal parameters	202	(7)
Geometric parameters	209	(5)
Relaxation parameters	214	(1)
Artefacts	215	(1)
Spectroscopic QA	216	(2)
Further reading	217	(1)
Acronyms anonymous: a guide to the pulse sequence jungle	218	(37)
Introduction	218	(1)
Getting above the trees: a sequences overview	218	(2)
Raring to go: spin-echo-based techniques	220	(12)
Spoiled for choice: gradient echo	232	(13)
Ultra-fast GE imaging	245	(7)
Pulse sequence conversion chart	252	(3)
Further reading	252	(3)
Go with the flow: MR angiography	255	(23)
Introduction	255	(1)
Effect of flow in conventional imaging techniques	255	(5)
Time-of-flight MR angiography	260	(4)
Phase-contrast angiography	264	(5)
Contrast-enhanced MR angiography	269	(4)
Novel contrast agents	273	(5)
Further reading	277	(1)
A heart to heart discussion: cardiac MRI	278	(22)
Introduction	278	(1)
Artefact challenges	278	(3)
Morphological imaging	281	(1)
Functional imaging	281	(12)
Cine phase-contrast velocity mapping	293	(2)
Myocardial perfusion imaging	295	(2)
Myocardial viability	297	(1)
Coronary artery imaging	297	(3)
Further reading	299	(1)
It's not just squiggles: in vivo spectroscopy	300	(17)
Introduction	300	(1)
Some basic chemistry	301	(3)
Single-voxel spectroscopy	304	(6)
Processing of single-voxel spectra	310	(2)
Chemical shift imaging	312	(1)
Phosphorus spectroscopy	313	(2)
Other nuclei	315	(2)
Further reading	316	(1)
To BOLDly go: new frontiers	317	(26)
Introduction	317	(1)
EPI acquisition methods	317	(5)
Diffusion imaging	322	(6)
Perfusion imaging	328	(5)
Brain activation mapping using the BOLD effect	333	(4)
Hyperpolarized gases	337	(2)
New reconstruction methods	339	(3)
The final frontier	342	(1)
Further reading	342	(1)
Appendix: maths revision	343	(5)
A.1 Vectors	343	(1)
A.2 Sine and cosine waves	344	(1)
A.3 Exponentials	345	(1)
A.4 Complex numbers	345	(1)
A.5 Simple Fourier analysis	346	(1)
A.6 Some useful constants	347	(1)
Index	348