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For courses covering multicultural issues in law enforcement.A classic text in peacekeeping, cultural awareness, and diversity in law enforcementMulticultural Law Enforcement: Strategies for Peacekeeping in a Diverse Society provides practical information and insight to prepare officers for culturally sensitive policing. The content explores the pervasive influences of culture, race, ethnicity, gender, and sexual orientation in the workplace and in multicultural communities. It also delves into topics such as gangs, victims of human trafficking, homelessness, mental illness, and international events and their impact on law enforcement in the U.S. The 7th edition reflects new and expanded information on issues facing law enforcement professionals and the communities they serve, such as implicit biases and police-community mutual stereotypes.
Robert M. Shusta, Captain (retired), MPA, served over 27 years in law enforcement, and retired as Captain at the Concord (California) Police Department. He has been a part-time instructor at numerous colleges and universities in northern California and at police academies. He is a graduate of the 158th FBI National Academy and the fourth California Command College conducted by POST. He has served on state commissions responsible for developing POST guidelines and state policy recommendations. (Retired) Captain Shusta has conducted extensive training on cultural awareness and hate crimes as well as Train the Trainer programs on combating domestic violence. His interest in increasing officers’ familiarity with the challenges of policing a multicultural society began with his Command College thesis, introducing a model development plan for law enforcement agencies experiencing demographic changes due to immigration. (Retired) Captain Shusta is one of the early pioneers to bring attention to the need for cross-cultural awareness in law enforcement. Deena R. Levine, MA, has been providing consulting and training to organizations in both the public and the private sectors for nearly 30 years. She is the principal of Deena Levine & Associates, LLC, a firm specializing in multicultural workplace training as well as global cross-cultural business consulting. She and her associates, together with representatives from community organizations, have provided programs to law enforcement agencies, focusing on cross-cultural and human relations. Ms. Levine has also consulted with and provided training to social service agencies, educational institutions, and corporations. She began her career in cross-cultural training at the Intercultural Relations Institute, formerly at Stanford University, developing multicultural workforce understanding for managers and supervisors. She has published additional texts on the cultural aspects of communication, including Beyond Language: Cross-Cultural Communication (Regents/Prentice Hall). Aaron T. Olson, MEd, is an adjunct professor at Portland Community College (PCC), Portland, Oregon, and Eastern Oregon University (EOU), La Grande, Oregon, where he teaches courses on multicultural diversity. He designed the first cultural diversity courses and curricula for PCC’s criminal justice program in 2001, fire protection program in 2009, and EOU’s fire service administration program in 2011. Outside of academia, he is an independent consultant, specializing in staff development, training, and problem-solving for businesses and government agencies. Since 2003, he has provided multicultural training for fire, police, and 911 public safety personnel. He is a U.S. Army Veteran, retired Oregon State Police patrol sergeant and shift supervisor with 26 years of police experience in communications, recruiting, and patrol assignments. He is a former investigator with the Local Government Personnel Institute with an expertise in investigating elected city and county officials, police chiefs, and other government employees for workforce misconduct, sexual harassment, sexual discrimination, retaliation, and gender bias. In 2002, he established public safety workshops for immigrants and refugees at the Immigrant Refugee Community Organization, Portland, Oregon, which ended in 2015.
PART I: IMPACT OF CULTURAL DIVERSITY ON LAW ENFORCEMENT 1. Multicultural Communities: Challenges for Law Enforcement IntroductionThe Interface of Law Enforcement and Diverse CommunitiesAttitudes about the Multicultural Society: Past and PresentGlobal Migration, Refugees, and Immigrants in the United StatesCulture and Its Relevance to Law EnforcementDimensions of DiversityPrejudice and Bias in Law EnforcementPolice Leadership in a Multicultural SocietySummaryDiscussion Questions and IssuesReferences 2. The Changing Law Enforcement Agency: A Microcosm of Society IntroductionChanging WorkforceRacism Within the Law Enforcement WorkforceWomen in Law EnforcementLGBTQ Employees in Law EnforcementCommitment, Leadership, and Management in the Diverse WorkforceSummaryDiscussion Questions and IssuesReferences 3. Multicultural Representation in Law Enforcement: Recruitment, Retention, and Promotion IntroductionRecruitment of a Diverse WorkforceAttracting and Retaining Women and MinoritiesSelection ProcessesRetention and Promotion of a Diverse WorkforceSummaryDiscussion Questions and IssuesReferences 4. Cross-Cultural Communication for Law Enforcement IntroductionLanguage BarriersAttitudes toward Limited English SpeakersCross-Cultural Communication InsightsCross-Cultural/Racial Communication DynamicsThe Importance of Verbal De-EscalationInterviewing and Data-Gathering SkillsNonverbal CommunicationMale-Female Communication in Law EnforcementSummaryDiscussion Questions and IssuesReferences PART II: CULTURAL AND COMMUNITY SPECIFICS FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT 5. Law Enforcement Contact with Asian/Pacific Americans IntroductionAsian/Pacific American DefinedHistorical InformationDemographics: Diversity among Asian/Pacific AmericansLabels and TermsMyths and StereotypesThe Asian/Pacific American FamilyCommunication Styles of Asian/Pacific AmericansKey Issues in Law EnforcementSummaryDiscussion Questions and IssuesReferences 6. Law Enforcement Contact with African Americans IntroductionHistorical InformationDemographics: Diversity among African AmericansIdentity and Selected MovementsStereotypes and Cross-Racial PerceptionsThe African American FamilyLanguage and CommunicationKey Issues in Law EnforcementSummaryDiscussion Questions and IssuesReferences 7. Law Enforcement Contact with Latino/Hispanic Americans IntroductionLatino/Hispanic Americans DefinedHistorical InformationDemographics: Diversity among Latino/Hispanic AmericansMyths and StereotypesThe Latino/Hispanic American FamilyCommunication Styles of Latino/Hispanic AmericansKey Issues in Law EnforcementSummaryDiscussion Questions and IssuesReferences 8. Law Enforcement Contact with Arab Americans and Other Middle Eastern Groups IntroductionMiddle Easterners and Related Terminology DefinedHistorical Information and Arab American DemographicsDifferences and SimilaritiesStereotypesIslamic ReligionFamily StructureCommunication Styles and Cultural PracticesKey Issues in Law EnforcementSummaryDiscussion Questions and IssuesReferences 9. Law Enforcement Contact with Native Americans IntroductionHistorical Information and BackgroundNative American Populations, Reservations, Tribes, and IdentitySimilarities among Native AmericansLanguage and CommunicationOffensive Terms, Labels, and StereotypesFamily and Acculturation IssuesKey Issues in Law EnforcementSummaryDiscussion Questions and IssuesReferences 10. Law Enforcement Contact with Gangs, Victims of Human Trafficking, the Homeless, and the Mentally Ill IntroductionTypes of Gangs and Criminal ActivityReasons for Gang FormationLaw Enforcement Strategies to Reduce Gang ProblemsVictims of Human TraffickingPhysical and Psychological Health Consequences on VictimsLaw Enforcement Strategies to Stop Human TraffickingThe Demographics of HomelessnessPeacekeeping Responses to the Homelessness CrisisUnderstanding Dimensions of Mental IllnessPolice Protocol in Encounters with People Who Have Mental IllnessProactive Response Strategies Between Police and People with Mental IllnessSummaryDiscussion Questions and IssuesReferences PART III: RESPONSE STRATEGIES FOR CRIMES MOTIVATED BY HATE/BIAS AND RACIAL PROFILING 11. Hate/Bias Crimes IntroductionThe Hate/Bias Crime ProblemDefinition of Hate/Bias Crime and Hate/Bias IncidentHate/Bias Crime Source TheoriesJews and Anti-SemitismAnti-Arab/Muslim VictimizationLGBTQ and Gender Identity VictimizationOrganized Hate GroupsHate/Bias Crime and Incident InvestigationsHate/Bias Crime/Incident Control and ProsecutionLaw Enforcement Response StrategiesHate/Bias Crime and Incident VictimologySummaryDiscussion Questions and IssuesReferences 12. Racial Profiling IntroductionDefinitionsHistorical Background of the Term Racial ProfilingProfiling Challenges and TerrorismPolice and Citizens’ Perceptions of Racial ProfilingProfiling as a Legal Tool of Law EnforcementControversy around Racial Profiling and the “War on Terrorism”Prevention of Racial Profiling in Law EnforcementProfessional Police Traffic StopsData Collection on Citizens’ Race/EthnicitySummaryDiscussion Questions and IssuesReferences Appendices A. General Distinctions among Generations of ImmigrantsB. Cross-Cultural Communication Skills Assessment for Law Enforcement ProfessionalsC. Listing of Selected Gangs and Identifying CharacteristicsD. Resources for Law Enforcement: Gangs and Human TraffickingE. Organized Hate GroupsF. Resources for Hate/Bias Crimes Monitoring
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