Multiculturalism As a Fourth Force

by Pedersen,Paul B

• ISBN13: 9780876309292
• ISBN10: 0876309295
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1998-12-01
• Publisher: Routledge

Summary

Until recently the field of psychology has been a monocultural science in a Euro-American envelope. Profound global changes in social, economic, political, and academic development have resulted in a more multicultural perspective for psychology. The field of psychology is now growing more rapidly outside than inside the U.S. As a result of these changes, multiculturalism adds a dimension to psychodynamic, humanistic, and behavioral psychology as much as the fourth dimension of time adds meaning to three dimensional spaces. The contributors to Multiculturalism as a Fourth Force seek to separate what we know from what we do not yet know about the importance of multiculturalism to these changes in the field of psychology. Topics include cultural diversity within and between societies, multiculturalism and psychotherapy, and culture centered interventions. Each contributor describes the need for multiculturalism in psychology, the difficulties in establishing a multicultural perspective and what has to happenbefore multiculturalism can claim to be a "Fourth Force" to supplement the other forces for psychology. In addition, the contributors examine the role of culture to the changing field of psychology and provide case examples of this phenomenon. It is the author's hope that by making culture central rather than marginal in the area of psychology, the psychodynamic, behavioral and humanistic theories can become more effective and less culturally biased.

Table of Contents

Contributors	xiii
Foreword	xvii
Harry C. Triandis
Preface	xxi
PART I THE GENERAL ISSUES OF MULTICULTURALISM AS A FOURTH FORCE
Culture-centered Interventions as a Fourth Dimension of Psychology	3	(16)
Paul Pedersen
The Development of a Fourth Dimension in Psychology	4	(6)
The Dangers of Cultural Encapsulation	10	(3)
Implications for Psychology in the Future	13	(3)
Conclusion	16	(1)
References	17	(2)
Cultural Diversity Within and Between Societies: Implications for Multicultural Social Systems	19	(18)
Stephen Bochner
A Bottom-Up Definition of Multiculturalism	22	(1)
Multicultural Processes	22	(1)
Multicultural Structures	23	(2)
Melting Pot or Mosaic?	25	(1)
Between-society Contact	26	(1)
Between-society Multiculturalism	27	(1)
Barriers to the Establishment of Global Multiculturalism	28	(3)
Conclusion	31	(2)
References	33	(4)
Self-heterogenization and Cultural Milieu Selection: Two New Directions in Counseling	37	(24)
Magoroh Maruyama
Multiculturalism as a Source of Self-heterogenization and Cross-cultural Migration	39	(5)
Heterogeneity of Individual Epistemological Types that Cut Across Cultural Boundaries	44	(8)
Cases of Selection of Cultural Milieu	52	(3)
New Directions of Counseling, and Educational and Vocational Equal Opportunity for All Logical and Epistemological Types	55	(4)
References	59	(2)
Climbing the Multiculturalism Summit: Challenges and Pitfalls	61	(14)
Frederick T. L. Leong
Azara L. Santiago-Rivera
Ethnocentrism	64	(1)
False Consensus Effect	65	(1)
Attraction-Selection-Attrition Framework	66	(1)
Psychological Reactance	67	(1)
Beliefs versus Values	68	(1)
Conformity: Minority and Majority Influence	69	(1)
Implications	70	(1)
References	71	(4)
PART II PARTICULAR ISSUES: PRODUCTIVITY WITHIN THE MULTICULTURAL PERSPECTIVE
Multiculturalism and Psychotherapy: The Turkish Case	75	(18)
Guler Okman Fisek
Cigdem Kagitcibasi
Multiculturalism in the Context of Psychotherapy: The Turkish Case	77	(1)
Psychotherapy as a Multicultural Experience: Meaning-making Across Cultures	78	(1)
A Multilevel Contextual Systems Perspective	79	(2)
An Evolving Multiplicity: Social Change and Immigration Effects	81	(2)
Implications for Psychotherapy	83	(1)
What the Therapist Brings to Psychotherapy: Multiple Biases	84	(1)
What the Client Brings to Psychotherapy: Culturally-informed Expectations	85	(1)
Conclusion: Some Ingredients of Multiculturally-sensitive Psychotherapy	86	(3)
Summary: What Kind of Multiculturalism?	89	(1)
References	90	(3)
Multiculturalism and Mental Health in a Changing South Africa	93	(18)
Leslie Swartz
Reclaiming Culture?	95	(4)
Integrating Services, Finding Communities	99	(4)
The Question of Indigenous Healing	103	(4)
Conclusion	107	(1)
References	107	(4)
Multiculturalism and the Deaf Community: Examples Given Form Deaf People Working in Bicultural Groups	111	(36)
Gunnel A. M. Backenroth-Ohsako
Is There a Deaf Culture?	115	(6)
Deafness in Retrospect	121	(4)
Bilingualism and Deafness	125	(2)
Biculturalism and Deafness	127	(3)
A Swedish Survey on Deaf Culture	130	(4)
Bicultural/Multicultural Interaction in Working Life: Deaf versus Hearing	134	(5)
Conclusion	139	(3)
References	142	(5)
Identity Formation in Confucian Heritage Societies: Implications for Theory, Research, and Practice	147	(20)
Jessica Ball
Relationship-centeredness/Individual-centeredness	150	(2)
Interpersonal Reciprocity in Identity Formation	152	(2)
Time Perspective	154	(1)
Confronting Limitations	154	(1)
Areas of Special Methodological Interest	155	(6)
Conclusions	161	(1)
References	162	(5)
Relationship Counseling Across Cultures: Cultural Sensitivity and Beyond	167	(24)
Barry H. Schneider
Michael J. Karcher
Wayne Schlapkohl
The Pursuit of Individual Goals in Relationships	169	(2)
Cultural Perspectives on the Decision that Relationships Need Repair	171	(2)
The Process of Relationship Counseling Across Cultures	173	(3)
Alternatives to Individual Therapy	176	(1)
The Content of Relationship Counseling Across Cultures	177	(3)
An Alternative to Relationship Counseling Based on Individual Goals	180	(5)
Multiculturalism: A Fourth Force in Relationship Counseling?	185	(1)
References	186	(5)
The Positive Consequences of a Culture-centered Perspective	191	(22)
Paul Pedersen
A Review of the ``Fourth Force'' Position	192	(2)
The Search for Global Universals in Psychology	194	(4)
The Multicultural Alternative	198	(2)
Ethnopolitical Applications	200	(9)
Conclusion	209	(1)
References	210	(3)
Index	213