Multihop Wireless Networks Opportunistic Routing

by Zeng, Kai; Lou, Wenjing; Li, Ming

• ISBN13: 9780470666173
• ISBN10: 047066617X
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2011-08-01
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

This book presents a comprehensive background to the technological challenges lying behind opportunistic routing. The authors cover many fundamental research issues for this new concept, including the basic principles, performance limit and performance improvement of opportunistic routing compared to traditional routing, energy efficiency and distributed opportunistic routing protocol design, geographic opportunistic routing, opportunistic broadcasting, and security issues associated with opportunistic routing, etc. Furthermore, the authors discuss technologies such as multi-rate, multi-channel, multi-radio wireless communications, energy detection, channel measurement, etc. The book brings together all the new results on this topic in a systematic, coherent and unified presentation and provides a much needed comprehensive introduction to this topic. Includes an accompanying website containing simulation codes to carry out the simulation studies covered in the book.

Author Biography

Dr. Wenjing Lou, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USA
Wenjing Lou holds a BE and M.Eng in Computer Science and Engineering from Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R.China, a M.A.Sc in Computer Communications from Nanyang Technological University, Singapore and a PhD in Electrical and Computer Engineering from the University of Florida. Her research interests include Wireless Sensor Networks, Ad hoc Networks, and Wireless Mesh Networks, with emphases on Network Security and Routing. Lou is guest editor for the International Journal of Wireless Information Networks, Editor for IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications and a Senior Member of IEEE.

Kai Zeng, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USA
Kai Zeng graduated with a PhD degree from Worcester polytechnic Institute in 2008 and is currently a post-doc research fellow at University of California, Davis.

Ming Li, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USA
Ming Li is currently a PhD student at Worcester Polytechnic Institute.

Table of Contents

About the Series Editors	p. xi
Preface	p. xiii
List of Abbreviations	p. xvii
Introduction	p. 1
Multihop wireless networks	p. 1
Routing challenges in MWNs	p. 3
Routing techniques in MWNs	p. 4
Traditional routing	p. 4
Opportunistic routing	p. 7
Related work	p. 9
Opportunistic techniques	p. 9
Network coding	p. 11
Opportunistic forwarding in opportunistic networks	p. 13
Geographic routing	p. 14
Multirate routing	p. 14
Energy-aware routing	p. 15
Capacity of MWNs	p. 15
Link-quality measurement	p. 16
Book contribution	p. 16
System model and assumptions	p. 20
References	p. 22
Taxonomy of opportunistic routing: principles and behaviors	p. 27
EPA generalization	p. 28
Principles of local behavior of GOR	p. 28
EPA strictly increasing property	p. 28
Relay priority rule	p. 29
Containing property of feasible candidate set	p. 30
Concavity of maximum EPA	p. 32
Reliability increasing property	p. 32
Least cost opportunistic routing	p. 33
Expected opportunistic transmission count (EOTX)	p. 33
End-to-end cost of opportunistic routing	p. 34
Properties of LCOR	p. 34
Dijkstra-based algorithm	p. 36
Bellman - Ford-based algorithm	p. 37
Conclusions	p. 38
References	p. 38
Energy efficiency of geographic opportunistic routing	p. 39
EGOR problem formulation	p. 40
Energy consumption model	p. 40
Tradeoff between EPA and energy consumption	p. 41
Efficient localized node-selection algorithms	p. 42
Reformulate the node-selection optimization problem	p. 42
Efficient node-selection algorithms	p. 43
Energy-efficient geographic opportunistic routing	p. 45
Performance evaluation	p. 47
Simulation setup	p. 48
Simulation results and analysis	p. 49
Conclusion	p. 59
References	p. 59
Capacity of multirate opportunistic routing	p. 61
Computing throughput bound of OR	p. 62
Transmission interference and conflict	p. 62
Concurrent transmission sets	p. 63
Effective forwarding rate	p. 64
Lower bound of end-to-end throughput of OR	p. 65
Maximum end-to-end throughput of OR	p. 67
Multi-flow generalization	p. 69
Impact of transmission rate and forwarding strategy on throughput	p. 69
Rate and candidate selection schemes	p. 70
Least medium time opportunistic routing	p. 71
Per-hop greedy: most advancement per unit time	p. 75
Performance evaluation	p. 76
Simulation setup	p. 77
Impact of source-destination distances	p. 77
Impact of forwarding candidate number	p. 82
Impact of node density	p. 84
Conclusion	p. 85
References	p. 87
Multiradio multichannel opportunistic routing	p. 89
Introduction	p. 90
System model and opportunistic routing primer	p. 91
Opportunistic routing primer	p. 92
Problem formulation	p. 93
Concurrent transmission sets	p. 93
Effective forwarding rate	p. 95
Capacity region of an opportunistic module	p. 96
Maximum end-to-end throughput in multiradio, multichannel, multihop networks with OR capability	p. 96
Forwarding priority scheduling	p. 98
A scheduling based on LP	p. 99
A heuristic scheduling	p. 99
Performance evaluation	p. 104
Two scenarios with different link qualities	p. 104
Simulation of random networks	p. 106
Conclusions and future work	p. 108
References	p. 108
Medium access control for opportunistic routing - candidate coordination	p. 111
Existing candidate coordination schemes	p. 112
GeRaF collision avoidance MAC	p. 112
ExOR batch-based MAC	p. 114
Contention-based forwarding (CBF)	p. 115
Slotted acknowledgment (SA)	p. 117
Compressed slotted acknowledgment (CSA)	p. 118
Design and analysis of FSA	p. 119
Design of FSA	p. 119
Analysis	p. 120
More on channel assessment techniques	p. 122
Simulation results and evaluation	p. 122
Simulation setup	p. 123
Simulation results and evaluation	p. 125
Conclusions	p. 132
References	p. 132
Integration of opportunistic routing and network coding	p. 133
A brief review of MORE	p. 134
Mobile content distribution in VANETs	p. 137
Model and assumptions	p. 138
Related works on mobile content distribution in VANETs	p. 140
Cooperative downloading of general contents in VANETs	p. 140
Streaming of multimedia content in VANETs	p. 142
Background on symbol-level network coding	p. 143
A brief review of SLNC	p. 143
Motivation: why VANET content distribution benefits from SLNC	p. 145
CodeOn: a cooperative popular content broadcast scheme for VANETs based on SLNC	p. 152
Design objectives	p. 152
Design overview	p. 152
Network coding method	p. 154
Efficient exchange of content reception status	p. 155
Distributed relay selection in cooperative PCD	p. 156
Broadcast content scheduling	p. 159
Performance evaluation	p. 160
Simulation results	p. 161
CodePlay: a live multimedia streaming scheme for VANETs based on SLNC	p. 171
Design objectives	p. 172
Overview of codeplay	p. 172
LMS using symbol-level network coding	p. 175
Coordinated and distributed relay selection	p. 176
Transmission coordination of relays	p. 179
OLRR: opportunistic LRR scheduling for sparse VANETs	p. 179
Performance evaluation	p. 181
Conclusion	p. 188
References	p. 190
Multirate geographic opportunistic routing protocol design	p. 193
System model	p. 193
Impact of transmission rate and forwarding strategy on OR performance	p. 195
One-hop packet forwarding time of opportunistic routing	p. 196
Impact of transmission rate	p. 197
Impact of forwarding strategy	p. 198
Impact of candidate coordination	p. 198
Opportunistic effective one-hop throughput (OEOT)	p. 199
Heuristic candidate selection algorithm	p. 200
Multirate link-quality measurement	p. 202
Performance evaluation	p. 202
Simulation setup	p. 203
Simulation results and analysis	p. 204
Conclusion	p. 211
References	p. 211
Opportunistic routing security	p. 213
Attack on link quality measurement	p. 213
Existing link quality measurement mechanisms and vulnerabilities	p. 215
Performance demonstration	p. 218
Broadcast-based secure link quality measurement	p. 219
Attacks on opportunistic coordination protocols	p. 222
Attack on implicit-prioritized coordination protocol	p. 223
Attack on explicit-prioritized coordination protocol	p. 224
Attack on slotted ACK	p. 225
Attack on compressed slotted ACK	p. 226
Attack on fast slotted ACK	p. 226
Resilience to packet-dropping attack	p. 226
Conclusion	p. 227
References	p. 228
Opportunistic broadcasts in vehicular networks	p. 231
Related works on broadcasts in general MWNs	p. 234
Stateful broadcast	p. 234
Stateless broadcast	p. 234
Related works on broadcasts in VANETs	p. 235
Opportunistic forwarding in VANETs	p. 235
The reliability issue in VANET broadcast	p. 237
Broadcast in partitioned VANETs	p. 237
Problem statement	p. 237
Model and assumptions	p. 237
Objectives	p. 238
Overview of OppCast	p. 239
OppCast: main design	p. 241
Fast-forward dissemination	p. 241
Makeup for reliability	p. 243
Broadcast coordination in OppCast	p. 246
Extension to disconnected VANET	p. 249
Implementation issues	p. 252
Parameter optimization	p. 252
Optimize the forwarding range	p. 253
Optimal threshold density	p. 259
Performance evaluation	p. 260
Simulation setup	p. 260
Results for OppCast without extension	p. 261
Results for OppCast with extension	p. 269
Conclusion	p. 271
References	p. 271
Conclusions and future research	p. 275
Summary	p. 275
Future research directions	p. 279
References	p. 281
Index	p. 283
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