Multiscale Dissipative Mechanisms and Hierarchical Surfaces

by Nosonovsky, Michael; Bhushan, Bharat

• ISBN13: 9783540784241
• ISBN10: 3540784241
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2008-08-03
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

"Multiscale Dissipative Mechanisms and Hierarchical Surfaces covers the rapidly developing topics of hierarchical surfaces, roughness-induced superhydrophobicity and biomimetic surfaces. The research in these topics has been progressing rapidly in the recent years due to the advances in the nanosciences and surfaces science and due to potential applications in nanotechnology. The first in its field, this monograph provides a comprehensive review of these subjects and presents the background introduction as well as recent and new results in the area."--BOOK JACKET.

Author Biography

Michael Nosnovsky is a Research Fellow at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (USA). His reaearch interests include nanomechanics, multi-scale modeling in surface scienes and tribology, biomimetics. He got his Ph.D. degree in Applied Mechanics from Northeastern University (Boston, USA) and worked as a Visiting Scholar at the Ohio State University.Dr. Bharat Bhushan is an Ohio Eminent Scholar and The Howard D. Winbigler Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, a Graduate Research Faculty Advisor in the Department of Materials Science & Engineering, and the Director of the Nanotribology Laboratory for Information Storage & MEMS/NEMS (NLIM) at the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. He holds two M.S., a Ph.D. in mechanical engineering/mechanics, an MBA, and three semi-honorary and honorary doctorates. His research interests are in nanotribology and nanomechanics and their applications to magnetic storage devices and MEMS/NEMS (Nanotechnology). He has authored 5 technical books, more than 70 handbook chapters, more than 600 technical papers in referred journals, and more than 60 technical reports, edited more than 40 books, and holds 16 U.S. and foreign patents. He is co-editor of Springer NanoScience and Technology Series and Microsystem Technologies - Micro- & Nanosystems and Information Storage & Processing Systems (formerly called Journal of Information Storage and Processing Systems). He has organized various international conferences and workshops. He is the recipient of numerous prestigious awards and international fellowships. He is a member of various professional societies, including the International Academy of Engineering (Russia).

Table of Contents

Preface	p. v
Nomenclature	p. xiii
Glossary	p. xv
Abbreviations	p. xvii
Surface Roughness and Hierarchical Friction Mechanisms
Introduction	p. 3
Surfaces and Surface Free Energy	p. 3
Mesoscale	p. 5
Hierarchy	p. 7
Dissipation	p. 7
Tribology	p. 9
Biomimetics: From Engineering to Biology and Back	p. 11
Rough Surface Topography	p. 13
Rough Surface Characterization	p. 13
Statistical Analysis of Random Surface Roughness	p. 17
Fractal Surface Roughness	p. 20
Contact of Rough Solid Surfaces	p. 23
Surface Modification	p. 25
Surface Texturing	p. 25
Layer Deposition	p. 25
Summary	p. 26
Mechanisms of Dry Friction, Their Scaling and Linear Properties	p. 27
Approaches to the Multiscale Nature of Friction	p. 28
Mechanisms of Dry Friction	p. 31
Adhesive Friction	p. 31
Deformation of Asperities	p. 38
Plastic Yield	p. 39
Fracture	p. 39
Ratchet and Cobblestone Mechanisms	p. 39
"Third Body" Mechanism	p. 40
Discussion	p. 40
Friction as a Linear Phenomenon	p. 40
Friction, Controlled by Real Area of Contact	p. 41
Friction Controlled by Average Surface Slope	p. 43
Other Explanations of the Linearity of Friction	p. 44
Linearity and the "Small Parameter"	p. 45
Summary	p. 45
Friction as a Nonlinear Hierarchical Phenomenon	p. 47
Nonlinear Effects in Dry Friction	p. 47
Nonlinearity of the Amontons-Coulomb Rule	p. 47
Dynamic Instabilities Associated with the Nonlinearity	p. 48
Velocity-Dependence and Dynamic Friction	p. 49
Interdependence of the Load-, Size-, and Velocity-Dependence of the Coefficient of Friction	p. 50
Stick-Slip Motion	p. 51
Self-Organized Criticality	p. 52
Nonlinearity and Hierarchy	p. 53
Heterogeneity, Hierarchy and Energy Dissipation	p. 55
Ideal vs. Real Contact Situations	p. 55
Measure of Inhomogeneity and Dissipation at Various Hierarchy Levels	p. 55
Order-Parameter and Mesoscopic Functional	p. 59
Kinetics of the Atomic-Scale Friction	p. 59
Mapping of Friction at Various Hierarchy Levels	p. 61
Summary	p. 62
Solid-Liquid Friction and Superhydrophobicity
Solid-Liquid Interaction and Capillary Effects	p. 65
Three Phase States of Matter	p. 65
Phase Equilibrium and Stability	p. 67
Water Phase Diagram at the Nanoscale	p. 69
Surface Free Energy and the Laplace Equation	p. 72
Contact Angle and the Young Equation	p. 73
Kelvin's Equation	p. 76
Capillary Effects and Stability Issues	p. 77
Summary	p. 79
Roughness-Induced Superhydrophobicity	p. 81
The Phenomenon of Superhydrophobicity	p. 81
Contact Angle Analysis	p. 85
Heterogeneous Surfaces and Wenzel and Cassie Equations	p. 86
Contact Angle with a Rough and Heterogeneous Surfaces	p. 86
The Cassie-Baxter Equation	p. 87
Limitations of the Wenzel and Cassie Equations	p. 90
Range of Applicability of the Wenzel and Cassie Equations	p. 92
Calculation of the Contact Angle for Selected Surfaces	p. 96
Two-Dimensional Periodic Profiles	p. 96
Three-Dimensional Surfaces	p. 100
Surface Optimization for Maximum Contact Angle	p. 105
Contact Angle Hysteresis	p. 107
Origin of the Contact Angle Hysteresis	p. 107
Pinning of the Triple Line	p. 109
Contact Angle Hysteresis and the Adhesion Hysteresis	p. 110
Summary	p. 112
Stability of the Composite Interface, Roughness and Meniscus Force	p. 115
Destabilization of the Composite Interface	p. 115
Destabilization Due to Capillary and Gravitational Waves	p. 116
Probabilistic Model	p. 121
Analysis of Rough Profiles	p. 122
Effect of Droplet Weight	p. 123
Contact Angle with Three-Dimensional Solid Harmonic Surface	p. 126
Three-Dimensional Harmonic Rough Surface	p. 126
Calculations of the Contact Areas	p. 128
Metastable States	p. 129
Overall Contact Angle	p. 130
Discussion of Results	p. 131
The Similarity of Bubbles and Droplets	p. 133
Capillary Adhesion Force Due to the Meniscus	p. 134
Sphere in Contact with a Smooth Surface	p. 134
Multiple-Asperity Contact	p. 136
Roughness Optimization	p. 137
Effect of the Hierarchical Roughness	p. 141
Hierarchical Roughness	p. 141
Stability of a Composite Interface and Hierarchical Roughness	p. 142
Hierarchical Roughness	p. 145
Results and Discussion	p. 148
Summary	p. 151
Cassie-Wenzel Wetting Regime Transition	p. 153
The Cassie-Wenzel Transition and the Contact Angle Hysteresis	p. 153
Experimental Study of the Cassie-Wenzel Transition	p. 157
Wetting as a Multiscale Phenomenon	p. 163
Investigation of Wetting as a Phase Transition	p. 165
Reversible Superhydrophobicity	p. 166
Summary	p. 166
Underwater Superhydrophobicity and Dynamic Effects	p. 169
Superhydrophobicity for the Liquid Flow	p. 169
Nanobubbles and Hydrophobic Interaction	p. 171
Bouncing Droplets	p. 172
A Droplet on a Hot Surface: the Leidenfrost Effect	p. 175
A Droplet on an Inclined Surface	p. 176
Summary	p. 177
Biological and Biomimetic Surfaces
Lotus-Effect and Water-Repellent Surfaces in Nature	p. 181
Water-Repellent Plants	p. 181
Characterization of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Leaf Surfaces	p. 184
Experimental Techniques	p. 184
Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Leaves	p. 185
Contact Angle Measurements	p. 186
Surface Characterization Using an Optical Profiler	p. 187
Leaf Characterization with an AFM	p. 190
Adhesion Force and Friction	p. 192
Role of the Hierarchy	p. 196
Other Biological Superhydrophobic Surfaces	p. 197
Summary	p. 197
Artificial (Biomimetic) Superhydrophobic Surfaces	p. 199
How to Make a Superhydrophobic Surface	p. 201
Roughening to Create One-Level Structure	p. 202
Coating to Create One-Level Hydrophobic Structures	p. 204
Methods to Create Two-Level (Hierarchical) Superhydrophobic Structures	p. 205
Experimental Techniques	p. 206
Contact Angle, Surface Roughness, and Adhesion	p. 206
Measurement of Droplet Evaporation	p. 207
Measurement of Contact Angle Using ESEM	p. 207
Wetting of Micro- and Nanopatterned Surfaces	p. 208
Micro- and Nanopatterned Polymers	p. 208
Micropatterned Si Surfaces	p. 211
Self-cleaning	p. 227
Commercially Available Lotus-Effect Products	p. 228
Summary	p. 229
Gecko-Effect and Smart Adhesion	p. 231
Gecko	p. 231
Hierarchical Structure of the Attachment Pads	p. 233
Model of Hierarchical Attachment Pads	p. 236
Biomimetic Fibrillar Structures	p. 237
Self-cleaning	p. 239
Biomimetic Tape Made of Artificial Gecko Skin	p. 240
Summary	p. 241
Other Biomimetic Surfaces	p. 243
Hierarchical Organization in Biomaterials	p. 243
Moth-Eye-Effect	p. 244
Shark Skin	p. 246
Darkling Beetle	p. 246
Water Strider	p. 247
Spider Web	p. 247
Other Biomimetic Examples	p. 248
Summary	p. 249
Outlook	p. 251
References	p. 255
Index	p. 271
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