A Museum Guide to Copyright and Trademark

by Steiner, Christine; Shapiro, Michael; Mille, Brett I.

• ISBN13: 9780931201639
• ISBN10: 0931201632
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-01-01
• Publisher: American Alliance Of Museums

Table of Contents

Preface	p. 1
Introduction: Intellectual Property in Museums	p. 5
What is Intellectual Property?	p. 6
Copyright and Trademark: A Comparison	p. 7
The Digital Environment	p. 8
Fair Use	p. 9
Policy Issues for Museums	p. 10
What Lies Ahead	p. 11
Copyright	p. 15
Subject Matter of Copyright	p. 15
Criteria for Protection	p. 15
Types of Works Protected	p. 18
Derivative Works and Compilations	p. 21
Exclusions from Protection	p. 23
Securing Copyright	p. 24
Notice	p. 24
Publication	p. 25
Registration	p. 26
Deposit	p. 27
Exclusive Rights and Their Limitations	p. 27
Reproduction Right	p. 27
Right to Prepare Derivative Works	p. 27
Right to Distribute the Work	p. 28
Right to Publicly Perform the Work	p. 28
Right to Publicly Display the Work	p. 30
Moral Rights	p. 31
Duration	p. 32
Works Created On or After January 1, 1978	p. 32
Unpublished Works Created Before January 1, 1978	p. 34
Works Created and Published Before January 1, 1978	p. 34
Renewal of Works Created and Published Before January 1, 1978	p. 35
The Public Domain	p. 36
Copyright Restoration	p. 37
Ownership	p. 41
Transfers of Copyright	p. 45
Formal Requirements	p. 46
Recordation of Transfers	p. 46
Termination of Copyright Transfers	p. 47
Infringement	p. 48
Bringing an Infringement Claim	p. 48
Preliminary Considerations	p. 49
Evaluating the Merits of a Claim	p. 49
Remedies	p. 51
Contributory and Vicarious Liability	p. 52
Fair Use and Other Limitations	p. 52
Fair Use	p. 52
Other Statutory Limitations	p. 55
Trademark	p. 59
Purpose of Trademarks and Their Relevance to Museums	p. 60
Establishment of Trademark Rights and Bases for Protection	p. 61
Common-Law Rights	p. 61
Federal Registration	p. 61
State Trademark Registration	p. 61
Scope of Trademark Protection	p. 62
Inherently Distinctive Marks	p. 62
Suggestive Marks	p. 63
Descriptive Marks	p. 63
Generic and Other Unprotectable Terms	p. 64
Format and Subject Matter of Trademarks	p. 65
Certification Marks	p. 65
Collective Marks	p. 65
Distinguishing Trade Names from Trademarks	p. 66
Proper Names as Trademarks	p. 66
Trademark Rights in Artists' Names	p. 67
Museum Buildings as Trademarks	p. 68
Trademark Protection for Exhibition and Program Titles	p. 69
Trade Dress Protection	p. 71
Works of Art as Trademarks	p. 71
The Federal Registration Process: Initial Considerations	p. 72
Whether to Seek Federal Registration	p. 72
Role of Trademark Counsel in Selecting, Searching, and Registering Trademarks	p. 73
Selection of Marks and Classification of Goods and Services	p. 73
Trademark Availability Searches	p. 74
Federal Registration Requirements and Procedure	p. 74
Bases and Requirements for Registration	p. 74
What Is Actual Use?	p. 75
PTO Application and Review Process	p. 75
Supplemental Register	p. 76
Timing	p. 76
Maintaining and Renewing Federal Registrations	p. 76
Declaration of Continued Use (Section 8 Affidavit)	p. 76
Declaration of Incontestability (Section 15 Filing)	p. 77
Renewal	p. 77
Proper Trademark Usage	p. 77
Guidelines for Usage	p. 77
Dangers of Nonuse	p. 78
Trademark Enforcement	p. 78
Likelihood of Confusion Standard	p. 79
Strategies for Policing and Monitoring Marks	p. 80
Cease and Desist, "Line-Drawing," and "Information-Seeking" Letters	p. 81
Trademark Enforcement Litigation	p. 82
Settlement of Trademark Disputes	p. 86
Permitted Uses and Defenses to Trademark Infringement	p. 87
Fair Use	p. 88
Nominative Use	p. 88
First Amendment Considerations	p. 88
Defenses to Infringement	p. 89
Joint Ownership and Transfers of Trademark Rights	p. 90
Joint Ownership	p. 90
Assignment of Trademarks	p. 91
Museums and the Web	p. 93
Copyright and the Internet	p. 94
Online Rights	p. 94
Fair Use in the Online Context	p. 98
Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998	p. 99
Trademarks and Domain Names	p. 106
Internet Domain Name Basics	p. 106
Basic Domain Structure and Authorities	p. 106
Domain Name Selection, Clearance, and Registration	p. 107
Registrability of Domain Names with the PTO	p. 109
Conflicts Between Domain Names and Trademarks	p. 111
Misuse of Metatags as Trademark Infringement/Dilution	p. 115
Linking and Framing on the Internet	p. 116
Linking	p. 116
Framing	p. 117
Jurisdiction and the Internet	p. 118
Personal Jurisdiction Basics	p. 119
Personal Jurisdiction and the Internet	p. 119
International Jurisdiction and the Internet	p. 120
Licensing	p. 123
General Terms and Conditions	p. 123
Licensed Property Defined	p. 123
License Grant	p. 124
Scope of License	p. 124
License Limitations	p. 127
Term, Renewal, and Termination	p. 129
Compensation	p. 131
Representations and Warranties	p. 132
Indemnification	p. 132
Dispute Resolution	p. 133
Governing Law	p. 133
Enforcement	p. 134
Copyright Licenses	p. 134
Copyright License Requirements	p. 135
Image Licenses	p. 135
Music Licenses	p. 137
Audiovisual Production Agreements	p. 139
Software Licenses	p. 141
Termination of Copyright Transfers	p. 142
Moral Rights	p. 143
Recording and Searching Copyright Licenses	p. 143
Trademark Licenses	p. 143
Formal Requirements	p. 144
Electronic and Web Licenses	p. 145
International Issues	p. 149
The International Treaty System	p. 150
Territorial Limitations	p. 150
International Treaty Structure	p. 152
International Treaty Law Principles	p. 153
International Organizations	p. 154
International Copyright Protection	p. 155
Highlights of the Berne Convention	p. 155
European Union	p. 161
International Trademark Protection	p. 161
U.S. and International Trademark Laws Distinguished	p. 162
International Trademark Registration: Process and Procedure	p. 163
Multinational Trademark Regimes	p. 167
International Trademark Enforcement	p. 168
Enforcing Rights through Bilateral Treaties	p. 170
Guidance on Trademark Availability Searches	p. 173
Federal Trademark/Service Mark Application	p. 175
International Schedule of Classes of Goods and Services	p. 177
Components of the Application for Federal Trademark Registration	p. 180
Rights of Privacy and Publicity	p. 185
Advisory Committees	p. 190
Notes	p. 192
Resources	p. 212
Contributors	p. 215
Index	p. 216
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