Mushroom Biology: Concise Basics and Current Developments

by Miles, Philip G.; Chang, Shu-Ting

• ISBN13: 9789810228774
• ISBN10: 9810228775
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1997-07-01
• Publisher: Textstream

Summary

Provides an introduction to Mushroom biology and discusses classification of mushrooms. Covers the biology of fungi - the structure, chemical composition of fungal cells, growth, and genetics. Deals with mushroom biotechnology and covers recent developments in mushroom biology.

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
Part I. Mushroom Biology	1	(9)
Chapter 1. Introduction to Mushroom Biology	1	(9)
A. What are mushrooms	4	(1)
B. Where are mushrooms found	4	(2)
C. Importance of mushrooms	6	(5)
1. In nature	6	(1)
2. As food for man	6	(2)
3. As tonics and medicines	8	(2)
Part II. Concise Basics of Fungi as Background for Mushroom Biology	10	(76)
Chapter 2. Classification	10	(4)
A. Various kingdoms	10	(1)
B. Distinguishing characteristics of various fungal taxons	10	(2)
C. Groups of fungi which produce mushrooms	12	(2)
Chapter 3. Biology of Fungi	14	(72)
A. Structure	14	(17)
1. Cellular organization	14	(10)
a. Filamentous fungi - the hypha	14	(10)
Organelles	15	(2)
Septa	17	(1)
Secondary mycelium of Basidiomycetes	17	(3)
Cell walls	20	(3)
Membranes	23	(1)
b. Unicellular fungi	24	(1)
2. Specialized vegetative structures	24	(1)
a. Appressoria	24	(1)
b. Haustoria	25	(1)
c. Sclerotia	25	(1)
d. Rhizomorphs	25	(1)
3. Specialized reproductive structures	25	(6)
a. Sexual	25	(4)
b. Nonsexual	29	(2)
B. Chemical composition of fungal cells	31	(5)
1. Chemical differences	31	(1)
2. Proximate values	32	(1)
3. Useful generalizations	33	(2)
4. Procedure for chemical analysis	35	(1)
C. Growth	36	(29)
1. Problems of measurement	36	(1)
2. Kinetics of growth	37	(1)
a. Unicellular forms	37	(1)
b. Mycelial fungi	38	(1)
3. Mycelial systems	38	(2)
a. Hyphal tip growth	38	(1)
b. Hyphal branching	39	(1)
c. Hyphal fusion	40	(1)
4. Nutritional requirements for growth	40	(4)
a. Essential elements	40	(3)
Oxygen	40	(1)
Carbon	41	(1)
Nitrogen	41	(1)
Sulfur	42	(1)
Phosphorus	42	(1)
Potassium	42	(1)
Magnesium	42	(1)
Trace elements	43	(1)
b. Vitamins	43	(1)
Thiamine	43	(1)
Biotin	44	(1)
Others	44	(1)
5. Physical requirements for growth and development	44	(5)
a. Hydrogen ion concentration	45	(1)
b. Temperature	45	(2)
c. Moisture	47	(1)
d. Light	47	(1)
e. Aeration	48	(1)
f. Gravity	48	(1)
6. Metabolism	49	(4)
a. Carbon	49	(1)
b. Respiration	50	(2)
c. Nitrogen	52	(1)
Amino acid biosynthesis	53	(1)
Nitrogen metabolites	53	(1)
7. Reproduction	53	(10)
a. Nonsexual	54	(3)
Reproductive methods	54	(1)
Heterokaryosis	55	(1)
Parasexuality	56	(1)
b. Sexual	57	(3)
Homothallism	57	(1)
Heterothallism	58	(1)
Hormonal control	59	(1)
c. By spores	60	(3)
8. Mode of nutrition in nature	63	(2)
a. Saprophytism	63	(1)
b. Parasitism	64	(1)
D. Genetics of fungi	65	(21)
1. Mutants as genetical markers	65	(1)
2. Genome karyotypes determined by pulsed field gel electrophoresis analysis	65	(1)
3. Mitochondrial genetics	66	(1)
4. Sexuality and mating reactions	67	(9)
a. Bipolar or unifactorial systems	68	(1)
b. Tetrapolar or bifactorial systems	69	(1)
c. Concept of primary homothallism	69	(1)
d. Basis of secondary homothallism in Agaricus bisporus	70	(1)
e. Formation of heterothallic fruiting bodies in bipolar systems	70	(2)
Pattern of A. bitorquis & P. nameko	71	(1)
f. Formation of heterothallic fruiting bodies in tetrapolar systems	72	(4)
Pattern of S. commune & L. edodes	72	(2)
Pattern of Pleurotus spp.	74	(2)
5. Mating type genes	76	(1)
6. Transformation in mushrooms	77	(1)
7. Parasexual process in mushrooms	77	(3)
8. Breeding of edible mushrooms	80	(6)
a. The empirical approach	80	(1)
b. Controlled genetic hybridization	81	(1)
c. Use of genetic markers	82	(4)
Part III. General Principles of Production of Mushrooms and Mushroom Products	86	(33)
Chapter 4. Introduction	86	(11)
Chapter 5. Mushroom Science	97	(6)
A. Definition	97	(1)
B. Contributing fields	97	(2)
1. Microbiology	97	(1)
2. Fermentation	98	(1)
3. Environmental engineering	98	(1)
C. Phases of Mushroom technology	99	(4)
1. Acceptable spawn	99	(1)
2. Selection of a fruiting culture	99	(1)
3. Development of spawn	99	(1)
4. Preparation of compost	100	(1)
5. Choice of proper spawn	101	(1)
6. Spawning	101	(1)
7. Spawn running	101	(1)
8. Mushroom development	101	(1)
9. Environmental engineering	102	(1)
10. Management and marketing	102	(1)
Chapter 6. Mushroom Biotechnology	103	(16)
A. Definition	103	(1)
B. Historical beginning	103	(1)
C. Applications of biotechnology	104	(15)
1. Bioconversion of organic wastes into edible protein	104	(1)
2. Spent compost	105	(2)
a. As fodder for livestock	105	(1)
b. As soil conditioner and fertilizer	106	(1)
c. In bioremediation	106	(1)
3. Medicinal components of mushrooms	107	(3)
a. Nutraceuticals	108	(1)
b. Nutriceuticals	108	(1)
c. Pharmaceuticals	109	(1)
4. Scientific studies suggested by observed medicinal properties	110	(9)
a. Anti-tumor	110	(4)
b. Anti-viral	114	(1)
c. Hypocholesterolemic	114	(1)
d. Antibiotic	115	(1)
e. Anti-inflammatory	115	(2)
f. Tonic	117	(2)
Part IV. Current Developments in Mushroom Biology	119	(39)
Chapter 7. Worldwide Trends Over the Past Decade	119	(24)
A. Introduction	119	(1)
B. Availability of more species of edible mushrooms in sizeable amounts	119	(11)
1. The "Big Six" mushrooms	119	(5)
2. The non "Big-Six" mushrooms	124	(1)
3. Total world production of mushrooms	124	(6)
a. Pleurotus	129	(1)
b. Auricularia	129	(1)
c. Tremella	130	(1)
d. Flammulina	130	(1)
C. Development of medicinals	130	(3)
1. Introduction	130	(1)
2. Ganoderma lucidum	130	(1)
3. Coriolus versicolor	131	(1)
4. Lentinula edodes	132	(1)
5. Other mushrooms	132	(1)
D. Cultivation techniques	133	(8)
1. Introduction	133	(1)
2. Developments in Agaricus	134	(2)
a. In Taiwan	134	(1)
b. In Indonesia	134	(2)
c. Composting	136	(1)
3. Cultivation of some specific mushrooms	136	(3)
a. Morchella	136	(1)
b. Dictyophora	137	(1)
c. Hericium	138	(1)
d. Efforts with mycorrhizal mushrooms	138	(1)
4. Improvements in bag cultivation	139	(1)
5. Centralized production of compost and marketing for small farms	140	(1)
E. Acceptance in Western world of more species	141	(1)
F. International Symposia	141	(2)
1. Establishment of concept of Mushroom Biology	141	(2)
a. Recognition of nutritional and medicinal value of mushrooms	141	(2)
Chapter 8. Current Activities	143	(15)
A. Selected applications in Mushroom Biology	143	(3)
1. Gains in Pleurotus	143	(1)
2. Specialty mushrooms in the United States	143	(1)
3. Regulation of fruiting - ecological and physiological studies	144	(2)
4. Improvement of mushroom strains	146	(1)
B. Applications in Mushroom Science	146	(3)
1. Bioconversion	147	(1)
2. Production	147	(1)
3. Upgrading of waste material utilization	148	(1)
C. Applications in Mushroom Biotechnology	149	(2)
1. Medicinals	149	(1)
2. Commercial production of enzymes	150	(1)
D. Additional Research Activities	151	(4)
1. Utilization of methods of Molecular Biology	151	(3)
a. Taxonomic studies - distinguishing species and strains	151	(1)
b. Demonstration of genetic variation in natural populations	152	(1)
c. Demonstration of genetic variation in germplasm collections	152	(1)
d. Linkage studies	153	(1)
e. Confirmation of crosses	153	(1)
f. Patent labeling	154	(1)
g. Breeding	154	(1)
2. Establishment of networks to advance the mushroom industry	154	(1)
E. Looking to the Future	155	(3)
1. Mushroom Science	156	(1)
2. Mushroom Biotechnology	156	(2)
Part V. Appendix	158	(8)
A. Basic information of specific mushrooms	158	(4)
B. 1994 figures on production of cultivated edible mushrooms	162	(2)
C. Protocol for obtaining Ganoderma quality products	164	(2)
References	166