Music in Western Civilization, Volume II The Enlightenment to the Present

by Wright, Craig; Simms, Bryan R.

• ISBN13: 9780495008668
• ISBN10: 0495008664
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-07-01
• Publisher: Cengage

Summary

Understand music in context with MUSIC IN WESTERN CIVILIZATION, VOLUME II: THE ENLIGHTENMENT TO THE PRESENT! Clear and easy-to-understand, this music text provides you with the tools you need to succeed in this course. With a focus on the history of music in the wider context of Western civilization, you will see how study of music history is important to the practice and performance of music today. Numerous full-color photographs, maps, and timelines give you a sense of the place of music within the arts and humanities in the West. Class preparation is made easy with the book-specific website that contains features such as additional musical selections, a music glossary, unit resources, and more.

Table of Contents

Preface	xxi
Part V THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE CLASSICAL ERA
Music in the Age Of Enlightenment: Opera	366	(12)
Music of the Establishment: Enlightenment Opera Seria	367	(3)
Listening Cue Johann Adolf Hasse, Cleofide, Aria, ``Digli ch'io son fedele''	369	(1)
Music and Social Change: Comic Opera	370	(4)
Listening Cue John Gay, The Beggar's Opera, Dialogue and Songs from Act I	371	(1)
Listening Cue Giovanni Battista Pergolesi, La serva padrona, Duet, ``Lo conosco a quegl' occhetti''	372	(2)
Listening Cue Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Le Devin du village, Duet, ``A jamais Colin''	374	(1)
The Reform Operas of Gluck	374	(3)
Listening Cue Christoph Willibald Gluck, Orfeo ed Euridice	376	(1)
Aria, ``Deh placatevi''	376	(1)
Chorus, ``Misero giovane''	376	(1)
Obbligato recitative, ``Ahime! Dove trascorsi?''	376	(1)
Aria, ``Che faro senza Euridice''	376	(1)
Summary	377	(1)
Key Terms	377	(1)
Music in the Age of Enlightenment: Orchestral Music	378	(7)
Public Concerts	378	(1)
The Early Symphony: Giovanni Battista Sammartini in Milan	379	(3)
Playing in an Eighteenth-Century Orchestra	381	(1)
Listening Cue Giovanni Battista Sammartini, Symphony No. 3 in D Major, 1st movement	381	(1)
The Rise of Orchestral Discipline: Johann Stamitz in Mannheim	382	(2)
Listening Cue Johann Stamitz, La Melodia Germanica, Symphony in E Major, 1st movement	383	(1)
How Fast Is Allegro?	384	(1)
Summary	384	(1)
Key Terms	385	(1)
Music in the Age of Enlightenment: Keyboard Music	385	(11)
Domestic Keyboard Music for Women	385	(2)
The Advent of the Piano	387	(1)
Domenico Scarlatti in Madrid	387	(2)
Listening Cue Domenico Scarlatti, Essercizi, Sonata No. 26 in A Major	389	(1)
The Clavichord in Berlin: Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach	389	(3)
The Clavichord	391	(1)
Listening Cue C. P. E. Bach, Fantasia in C Minor for Clavichord	392	(1)
The Piano in London: Johann Christian Bach	392	(3)
The Piano Comes to England	394	(1)
Listening Cue J. C. Bach, Piano Sonata in D Major, Opus 5, No. 2, 1st movement	395	(1)
Summary	395	(1)
Key Terms	395	(1)
Classical Music in Vienna	396	(9)
Classical Style	396	(1)
Classical Forms	397	(3)
Should I Repeat?	399	(1)
Classical Genres	400	(3)
The Classical Orchestra	403	(1)
Classical Composers	404	(1)
Summary	405	(1)
Key Terms	405	(1)
Joseph Haydn: Instrumental Music	405	(10)
The Life of Joseph Haydn (1732--1809)	406	(1)
Haydn's Early and Middle Symphonies	407	(3)
Listening Cue Joseph Haydn, Symphony No. 6 in D Major, Le Matin, 1st movement	409	(1)
Haydn Goes Hunting	410	(1)
Haydn's String Quartets	410	(3)
Listening Cue Joseph Haydn, Opus 33, No. 3, The ``Bird'' Quartet, 1st movement	412	(1)
Haydn's Sonatas and Concertos	413	(2)
Summary	415	(1)
Key Terms	415	(1)
Joseph Haydn: Late Symphonies and Vocal Music	415	(7)
The Paris Symphonies	416	(1)
The London Symphonies	417	(2)
Listening Cue Joseph Haydn, Symphony No. 94, The ``Surprise,'' 2nd movement	418	(1)
Listening Cue Joseph Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E. Major, 1st movement	418	(1)
Haydn Wins Over His Orchestra	419	(1)
The Late Vocal Music	419	(2)
Listening Cue Joseph Haydn, The Creation, ``The Heavens Are Telling''	421	(1)
Summary	421	(1)
Key Terms	421	(1)
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Instrumental Music	422	(12)
The Life of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756--1791)	422	(1)
Symphonies	423	(5)
Listening Cue Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Symphony No. 40 in G Minor, 1st movement	427	(1)
Listening Cue Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Symphony No. 41 in C Major, The ``Jupiter,'' 4th movement	428	(1)
Chamber Music	428	(1)
Piano and Violin Sonatas	429	(3)
Pianoforte or Fortepiano?	431	(1)
Concertos	432	(1)
Listening Cue Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Piano Concerto in A Major, 1st movement	433	(1)
Summary	433	(1)
Key Terms	434	(1)
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Vocal Music	434	(9)
Lorenzo da Ponte: Librettist to Mozart	435	(1)
Listening Cue Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Le nozze di Figaro	436	(1)
Aria, ``Se vuol ballare''	436	(1)
Aria, ``Porgi, amor''	436	(2)
Aria, ``Voi, che sapete''	438	(1)
Ensemble, ``Vostre dunque''	439	(1)
Requiem Mass	439	(3)
Listening Cue Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Requiem Mass	441	(1)
``Confutatis''	441	(1)
``Lacrimosa''	442	(1)
Summary	442	(1)
Key Terms	443	(1)
The Early Music of Beethoven	443	(11)
Years of Apprenticeship: 1770--1792	444	(1)
Beethoven's World in 1792	445	(1)
Vienna: 1792--1802	446	(1)
Piano Music and the ``Pathetique'' Sonata	447	(2)
Listening Cue Ludwig van Beethoven, Piano Sonata in C Minor (``Pathetique''), 1st movement	448	(1)
Piano Concerto No. 1 in C Major	449	(3)
Carl Czerny Meets Beethoven	450	(2)
Listening Cue Ludwig van Beethoven, Piano Concerto No. 1 in C Major, 3rd movement	452	(1)
The Onset of Deafness	452	(1)
Summary	453	(1)
Key Terms	453	(1)
Beethoven's Middle Period: 1802--1814	454	(10)
Beethoven's Life and Music During the Middle Period	454	(1)
The Heiligenstadt Testament	455	(1)
Beethoven's Symphonies: New Paths	455	(4)
Listening Cue Ludwig van Beethoven, Symphony No. 3 (``Eroica''), 2nd movement (Funeral March)	459	(1)
The Opera Fidelio	459	(3)
Synopsis of Fidelio	460	(2)
Affairs of the Heart: The Immortal Beloved	462	(2)
Beethoven's Letter to the Immortal Beloved	463	(1)
Summary	464	(1)
Key Terms	464	(1)
After the Congress of Vienna: Beethoven's Late Music	464	(11)
Music at the Congress of Vienna	465	(1)
Beethoven's Life and Works in His Late Period	465	(5)
Listening Cue Ludwig van Beethoven, String Quartet in Bb Major, Op. 130 5th movement (Cavatina)	468	(1)
Listening Cue Ludwig van Beethoven, Missa Solemnis, Kyrie	469	(1)
Beethoven's Death and Funeral	470	(1)
Summary	470	(1)
Key Terms	471	(3)
Part VI THE ROMANTIC PERIOD
Musical Interlude 6
Romanticism	474	(1)
Franz Schubert	475	(11)
Schubert's Life	475	(2)
Schubert's Appearance	477	(1)
Schubert's Music: Works for Voices	477	(1)
Chamber, Piano, and Orchestral Compositions	478	(2)
Schubert's Songs	480	(5)
Performing Schubert's Songs	481	(2)
Listening Cue Franz Schubert, ``Erlkonig''	483	(1)
Listening Cue Franz Schubert, ``Ganymed''	484	(1)
Listening Cue Franz Schubert, ``Nahe des Geliebten''	485	(1)
Summary	485	(1)
Key Terms	485	(1)
Music in Paris Under Louis Philippe: Berlioz and Chopin	486	(14)
Musical Culture in Paris	487	(2)
Hector Berlioz	489	(6)
Berlioz as Conductor	490	(4)
Listening Cue Hector Berlioz, Symphonie fantastique, 4th movement, ``March to the Scaffold''	494	(1)
Listening Cue Hector Berlioz, ``Absence'' from Les nuits d'ete	495	(1)
Frederic Chopin	495	(4)
Chopin and the Musical Hoax	497	(2)
Listening Cue Frederic Chopin, Nocturne in Db Major, Op. 27, No. 2	499	(1)
Summary	499	(1)
Key Terms	499	(1)
Leipzig and the Gewandhaus: Felix Mendelssohn and the Schumanns	500	(11)
Music in Saxony	500	(1)
Felix Mendelssohn: Life and Music	501	(4)
Getting into the Canon	503	(2)
Listening Cue Felix Mendelssohn, Piano Trio in D Minor, Op. 49, 1st movement	505	(1)
Robert Schumann	505	(4)
Listening Cue Robert Schumann, Symphony No. 1, 2nd movement	509	(1)
Clara Schumann	509	(1)
Listening Cue Clara Schumann, ``Liebst du um Schonheit''	510	(1)
Summary	510	(1)
Key Terms	511	(1)
German Opera of the Nineteenth Century: Weber and Wagner	511	(10)
Carl Maria von Weber	512	(3)
Synopsis of Der Freischutz	513	(1)
Listening Cue Carl Maria von Weber, Der Freischutz, Act 2, Wolf's Glen Scene, concluding section	514	(1)
Richard Wagner	515	(1)
Wagner's Music and Theories of Opera	516	(1)
Das Rheingold	517	(4)
Synopsis of The Rhine Gold	518	(2)
Wagner and Anti-Semitism	520	(1)
Listening Cue Richard Wagner, Das Rheingold, Entrance of the Gods into Valhalla	521	(1)
Summary	521	(1)
Key Terms	521	(1)
Opera in Italy: Rossini and Verdi	521	(9)
Gioachino Rossini	522	(3)
Synopsis of The Barber of Seville	524	(1)
The Audience Greets the Barber	525	(1)
Listening Cue Gioachino Rossini, The Barber of Seville, Act 1, No. 1 (Introduzione)	525	(1)
Giuseppe Verdi	525	(1)
Verdi and the Risorgimento	526	(3)
Synopsis of Otello	527	(1)
Listening Cue Giuseppe Verdi, Otello, Act 4, sc. 3	528	(1)
Verdi and Wagner	529	(1)
Summary	529	(1)
Key Terms	529	(1)
Nationalism and Virtuosity: Franz Liszt	530	(9)
Liszt's Life and Works	531	(2)
Marie d' Agoult	532	(1)
Liszt and the Piano	533	(3)
At a Liszt Recital	534	(2)
Listening Cue Franz Liszt, Hungarian Rhapsody No. 15 (``Rakoczy March'')	536	(1)
Liszt, Wagner, and the New German School	536	(1)
Music for Orchestra: The Symphonic Poem	537	(1)
Summary	538	(1)
Key Terms	539	(1)
Vienna in the Late Nineteenth Century: Brahms and Bruckner	539	(9)
Vienna in the 1860s	539	(2)
Brahms's Life and Works	541	(3)
New Paths by Robert Schumann	542	(2)
Listening Cue Johannes Brahms, Symphony No. 3, 1st movement	544	(1)
Brahms's Vocal Music	544	(1)
Listening Cue Johannes Brahms, ``Feldeinsamkeit,'' Op. 86, No. 2	545	(1)
Anton Bruckner	545	(3)
Listening Cue Anton Bruckner, Christus factus est	548	(1)
Summary	548	(1)
Key Terms	548	(1)
Music and Ballet in Nineteenth-Century Russia: Mussorgsky and Tchaikovsky	548	(9)
St. Petersburg in the Late Nineteenth Century	549	(1)
The Kuchka	549	(1)
Modest Mussorgsky	550	(1)
Listening Cue Modest Mussorgsky, Sunless, ``Within Four Walls''	551	(1)
Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky	551	(1)
Ballet	552	(1)
Marie Taglioni	553	(1)
Ballet in Russia: The Nutcracker	553	(3)
Scenario of The Nutcracker	554	(1)
Listening Cue Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky, The Nutcracker, Act 1, sc. 8	555	(1)
Summary	556	(1)
Key Terms	556	(1)
Vienna at the Turn of the Twentieth Century: Gustav and Alma Mahler	557	(8)
Mahler's Life	557	(1)
Mahler's Songs	558	(2)
Listening Cue Gustav Mahler, ``Um Mitternacht''	560	(1)
Mahler's Symphonies	560	(3)
Choosing a Tempo	563	(1)
Listening Cue Gustav Mahler, Symphony No. 5, 4th movement (Adagietto)	563	(1)
Alma Mahler: Musician and Muse	563	(2)
Listening Cue Alma Mahler, ``Die stille Stadt''	565	(1)
Summary	565	(1)
Key Terms	565	(1)
England at the End of the Romantic Period: Elgar and Vaughan Williams	565	(8)
The English Choir Festivals	566	(1)
Edward Elgar	567	(4)
Pomp and Circumstance	569	(2)
Listening Cue Edward Elgar, Enigma Variations, theme and 9th variation (``Nimrod'')	571	(1)
English Music After Elgar: Ralph Vaughan Williams	571	(1)
Summary	572	(1)
Key Terms	572	(1)
Opera in Milan After Verdi: Puccini, Toscanini, and Verismo	573	(6)
The Opera Business	573	(1)
The Claque	574	(1)
Innovations at La Scala	574	(1)
Arturo Toscanini	574	(1)
Puccini at La Scala	575	(3)
Synopsis of Madama Butterfly	576	(2)
Listening Cue Giacomo Puccini, Madama Butterfly, Aria, ``Dovunque al mondo''	578	(1)
Verismo Opera	578	(1)
Summary	579	(1)
Key Terms	579	(1)
Paris in the Belle Epoque: Debussy, Faure, and Lili Boulanger	579	(14)
New Poetry	580	(1)
Impressionism in Painting	581	(1)
New Realities: Claude Debussy	581	(2)
Debussy on Music and Nature	583	(1)
Listening Cue Claude Debussy, Fetes galantes I, ``En sourdine''	583	(1)
Harmonic Chemistry in Debussy's Piano Music	583	(2)
Listening Cue Claude Debussy, Images I, ``Reflets dans l'eau''	585	(1)
Debussy's Orchestral Music	585	(2)
Listening Cue Claude Debussy, Nocturnes, ``Nuages''	586	(1)
Gabriel Faure	587	(1)
Listening Cue Gabriel Faure, ``Dans la foret de septembre,'' Op. 85, No. 1	587	(1)
The Spread of Debussyism: Lili Boulanger	587	(1)
Listening Cue Lili Boulanger, Clairieres dans le ciel, ``Elle est gravement gaie''	588	(1)
Summary	588	(1)
Key Terms	589	(3)
Part VII THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY
Musical Interlude 7
Music After 1900	592	(1)
Richard Strauss in Berlin	593	(7)
Berlin	593	(1)
Richard Strauss	594	(3)
Synopsis of Salome	596	(1)
Music of the Opera	597	(1)
Listening Cue Richard Strauss, Salome, concluding scene	598	(1)
Strauss and ``Progress''	598	(2)
Summary	600	(1)
Key Terms	600	(1)
Music in Russia During the Silver Age: Igor Stravinsky	600	(11)
Realism in Russian Art and Literature	601	(1)
Music During the Silver Age	602	(1)
Sergei Diaghilev and The World of Art	602	(1)
The Ballets Russes	603	(1)
Igor Stravinsky	604	(5)
``What I Wanted to Express in The Rite of Spring'' by Igor Stravinsky (excerpts)	606	(1)
Authenticity in the Writings of Stravinsky	607	(2)
Listening Cue Igor Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring	609	(1)
Procession of the Sage	609	(1)
The Sage	609	(1)
Dance of the Earth	609	(1)
The Russian Revolution	609	(1)
Summary	610	(1)
Key Terms	611	(1)
Atonality: Schoenberg and Scriabin	611	(9)
New Music and Abstract Art	611	(1)
Arnold Schoenberg	612	(1)
The Atonal Style	613	(2)
Schoenberg on Atonal Music	614	(1)
Listening Cue Arnold Schoenberg, Piano Piece, Op. 11, No. 1	615	(1)
The Evolution of Schoenberg's Atonal Style	615	(3)
Listening Cue Arnold Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaire, No. 8, ``Nacht (Passacaglia)''	617	(1)
Other Atonalists: Alexander Scriabin	618	(2)
Listening Cue Alexander Scriabin, Piano Prelude, Op. 74, No. 5	620	(1)
Summary	620	(1)
Key Terms	620	(1)
French Music at the Time of World War I: Ravel and Satie	620	(7)
Maurice Ravel	621	(2)
Listening Cue Maurice Ravel, Le tombeau de Couperin, Rigaudon	623	(1)
Erik Satie	623	(2)
Cabaret Then and Now	624	(1)
Listening Cue Erik Satie, Sarabande No. 2 for Piano	625	(1)
World War I	625	(1)
Summary	626	(1)
Key Terms	627	(1)
New Music in Paris After World War I: Stravinsky and the Six	627	(6)
Musical Life in Paris	627	(1)
Regaining Control	628	(1)
Igor Stravinsky and the Neoclassical Style	629	(2)
``Some Ideas About My Octuor'' by Igor Stravinsky (excerpts)	631	(1)
Listening Cue Igor Stravinsky, Octet, ``Sinfonia'' (1st movement)	631	(1)
Darius Milhaud and ``The Six''	631	(2)
Listening Cue Darius Milhaud, Saudades do Brazil, ``Botafogo''	633	(1)
Summary	633	(1)
Key Terms	633	(1)
Vienna in the Aftermath of War: Twelve-Tone Methods	633	(11)
Austria After 1918	634	(1)
Organizing the Twelve Tones	634	(2)
Schoenberg's Twelve-Tone Method	636	(4)
Listening Cue Arnold Schoenberg, String Quarter No. 4, 1st movement	640	(1)
Anton Webern	640	(3)
Schoenberg Writes to Webern's Widow	641	(2)
Listening Cue Anton Webern, Symphony, Op. 21, 2nd movement	643	(1)
Summary	643	(1)
Key Terms	644	(1)
Musical Theater in Germany in the 1920s: Berg and Weill	644	(8)
Georg Buchner	645	(1)
Synopsis of Woyzeck by Georg Buchner	646	(1)
Alban Berg's Wozzeck	646	(3)
Listening Cue Alban Berg, Wozzeck, Act 3, sc. 2	649	(1)
Kurt Weill	649	(3)
Synopsis of The Threepenny Opera	650	(2)
Listening Cue Kurt Weill, The Threepenny Opera, ``Ballad of Mac the Knife''	652	(1)
Summary	652	(1)
Key Terms	652	(1)
Bela Bartok and Hungarian Folk Music	652	(7)
Bela Bartok	653	(1)
Hungarian Peasant Music	654	(1)
Bartok's Use of Folk Music	655	(4)
Listening Cue Bela Bartok, Eight Hungarian Folk Songs, ``Fekete fod''	656	(1)
Bartok and the Golden Section	657	(1)
Listening Cue Bela Bartok, Concerto for Orchestra, 1st movement	658	(1)
The Kodaly Method	659	(1)
Summary	659	(1)
Key Terms	659	(1)
Early Jazz	659	(9)
The Sources of Early Jazz: Ragtime	660	(2)
Listening Cue Scott Joplin, ``Maple Leaf Rag''	661	(1)
Listening Cue James P. Johnson, ``Carolina Shout''	662	(1)
Blues	662	(1)
Listening Cue Bessie Smith, ``Lost Your Head Blues''	663	(1)
Popular Songs	663	(1)
Dance Music	664	(4)
Music at Congo Square	665	(1)
New Orleans and the Emergence of Jazz	665	(2)
Listening Cue Joe ``King'' Oliver, ``Dippermouth Blues''	667	(1)
Listening Cue Louis Armstrong, ``West End Blues''	667	(1)
Summary	668	(1)
Key Terms	668	(1)
Paul Hindemith and Music in Nazi Germany	668	(8)
Musical Life Under the Nazis	669	(1)
Hindemith's Life and Works	670	(1)
Hindemith's Theory of the Twelve Tones	670	(6)
Synopsis of Mathis de Maler	672	(3)
``The Hindemith Case'' by Wilhelm Furtwangler (excerpts)	675	(1)
Listening Cue Paul Hindemith, Mathis der Maler, sc. 6, entrance 3	675	(1)
Summary	676	(1)
Key Terms	676	(1)
Music in Soviet Russia: Prokofiev and Shostakovich	676	(11)
Sergei Prokofiev	677	(1)
Musical Culture in the Soviet Union	677	(5)
Listening Cue Sergei Prokofiev, Piano Sonata No. 7, 3rd movement	680	(1)
Peter and the Wolf	681	(1)
Dmitri Shostakovich	682	(1)
Early Works and Successes	682	(2)
Shostakovich on Music and Ideology	683	(1)
Later Works and Controversies	684	(2)
Listening Cue Dmitri Shostakovich, Piano Concerto No. 1, 1st movement	686	(1)
Summary	686	(1)
Key Terms	687	(1)
Self-Reliance in American Music: Ives, Seeger, Nancarrow	687	(10)
Music in Colonial America	687	(1)
Nineteenth-Century Developments	688	(1)
Charles Ives	689	(1)
Listening Cue Charles Ives, ``Feldeinsamkeit''	690	(1)
Aesthetics	690	(1)
Ives's Music: Vocal Works	691	(1)
Listening Cue Charles Ives, ``Charlie Rutlage''	692	(1)
Ives's Instrumental Music: The Unanswered Question	692	(1)
Listening Cue Charles Ives, The Unanswered Question	693	(1)
Later Figures: Ruth Crawford Seeger and Conlon Nancarrow	693	(4)
Listening Cue Ruth Crawford Seeger, String Quarter, 3rd movement	695	(1)
Listening Cue Conlon Nancarrow, Study 3a for player piano	696	(1)
Summary	697	(1)
Key Terms	697	(1)
American Composers Return From Europe: Copland and Barber	697	(10)
Copland's Life and Music	698	(1)
The Formation of a Style	698	(6)
Listening Cue Aaron Copland, Piano Variations	701	(1)
Listening Cue Aaron Copland, Appalachian Spring, Variations on a Shaker Hymn	702	(1)
Copland on Art and the Affirmative Spirit	703	(1)
Samuel Barber	704	(1)
Barber's Life and Works	704	(2)
Listening Cue Samuel Barber, Hermit Songs, ``Sea-Snatch''	706	(1)
Summary	706	(1)
Key Terms	707	(1)
Tin Pan Alley and the Broadway Musical	707	(14)
The Popular Song Business	707	(1)
George Gershwin	708	(2)
Listening Cue George Gershwin, ``The Man I Love''	710	(1)
The Broadway Musical	710	(1)
Synopsis of Oklahoma!	711	(1)
Rodgers and Hammerstein: Oklahoma!	711	(1)
Listening Cue Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II, Oklahoma! ``I Cain't Say No!''	712	(1)
Leonard Bernstein: West Side Story	712	(4)
Synopsis of West Side Story	713	(3)
Listening Cue Leonard Bernstein, West Side Story, ``Cool''	716	(1)
Musicals of the 1960s and Beyond	716	(1)
Summary	716	(1)
Key Terms	717	(3)
Part VIII CONTEMPORARY MUSIC
Musical Interlude 8
After World War II	720	(1)
Reflections on War: Britten, Penderecki, and Others	721	(9)
Richard Strauss, Metamorphosen	722	(1)
Arnold Schoenberg, A Survivor from Warsaw	723	(1)
Benjamin Britten and the War Requiem	724	(3)
Listening Cue Benjamin Britten, War Requiem, Agnus dei	727	(1)
Krzysztof Penderecki, Threnody for the Victims of Hiroshima	727	(3)
Listening Cue Krzysztof Penderecki, Threnody for the Victims of Hiroshima	729	(1)
Summary	730	(1)
Key Terms	730	(1)
Twelve-Tone Music and Serialism After World War II	730	(11)
The Twelve-Tone Revival	731	(1)
Milton Babbitt and ``Total Serialism''	732	(3)
``Who Cares If You Listen?'' by Milton Babbitt (excerpts)	734	(1)
Listening Cue Milton Babbitt, Composition for Piano No. 1	734	(1)
Igor Stravinsky, Agon	735	(3)
Listening Cue Igor Stravinsky, Agon, Bransle Double	737	(1)
Pierre Boulez, Le marteau sans maitre	738	(2)
Listening Cue Pierre Boulez, Le marteau sans maitre, ``L'artisanat furieux''	740	(1)
The Waning of the Twelve-Tone Method	740	(1)
Summary	740	(1)
Key Terms	741	(1)
Alternatives to Serialism: Chance, Electronics, Textures	741	(10)
Chance Music: John Cage	742	(3)
Listening Cue John Cage, Music of Changes, Part 1	744	(1)
John Cage on Chance Music	745	(1)
Electronic Music: Edgard Varese	745	(3)
Listening Cue Edgard Varese, Poeme electronique	748	(1)
New Musical Textures: Olivier Messiaen	748	(2)
Listening Cue Olivier Messiaen, ``Mode de valeurs et d'intensites''	750	(1)
Summary	750	(1)
Key Terms	751	(1)
Harlem in the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s: Big Bands, Bebop, and Cool Jazz	751	(10)
Jazz in Harlem	751	(1)
Darius Milhaud Recalls a Visit to Harlem in 1922	752	(1)
The Big Bands: Fletcher Henderson and Duke Ellington	752	(4)
Maurice Ravel Visits America, 1928	755	(1)
Listening Cue Edward ``Duke'' Ellington, ``Take the A Train''	755	(1)
Bebop	756	(1)
Listening Cue Charlie Parker, ``Koko''	757	(1)
Cool and Free Jazz	757	(1)
Listening Cue Miles Davis, ``Boplicity''	758	(1)
Summary	758	(1)
Key Terms	759	(1)
Musical Interlude 9
The Birth of Rock	759	(2)
Music in the 1960s and 1970s: Live Processes, Minimalism, Metric Modulations	761	(11)
New Uses of the Voice: Luciano Berio and George Crumb	762	(4)
Listening Cue Luciano Berio, Circles, ``stinging''	764	(2)
Listening Cue George Crumb, Ancient Voices of Children, ``¿De donde vienes?''	766	(1)
Elliott Carter	766	(3)
Listening Cue Elliott Carter, String Quartet No. 2, Introduction and 1st movement	769	(1)
Minimalism: Steve Reich	769	(2)
Listening Cue Steve Reich, Clapping Music	771	(1)
Summary	771	(1)
Key Terms	772	(1)
Returning to the Known: Music of the Recent Past	772	(13)
Mixing Styles: Gyorgy Ligeti	773	(3)
Listening Cue Gyorgy Ligeti, Hungarian Rock	776	(1)
The Transformation of Minimalism: John Adams	776	(3)
Synopsis of Nixon in China	778	(1)
Listening Cue John Adams, Nixon in China, Act 1, sc. 1, ``News''	779	(1)
Reviving the Recent Past: Joan Tower	779	(1)
Listening Cue Joan Tower, Fanfare for the Uncommon Woman, No. 1	780	(1)
The Renaissance Reborn: Arvo Part	780	(2)
Listening Cue Arvo Part, Berlin Mass, Credo	782	(1)
Music in the Twenty-First Century	782	(1)
Summary	783	(1)
Key Terms	783	(2)
Notes	785	(4)
Bibliography	789	(2)
Credits	791	(2)
Glossary	793	(20)
Index	813