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Mark Gerig’s Foundations of Clinical Mental Health Counseling gives readers a fresh perspective on today’s clinical mental health counseling profession that is both practical and academically informed. Drawing on his experience as a counselor educator, practitioner, supervisor and manager in agency and behavioral health settings, as well as on his leadership positions in professional associations, the author shows readers what it truly means to be a relevant clinical mental health counselor who delivers effective treatment in an ever-changing contemporary context. With the goals of helping current and future counselors ensure that they are helpful to their clients, marketable to potential employers, and relevant voices in front of stakeholders or public policymakers, Dr. Gerig presents a well-informed description of pertinent settings, public policies, and trends. The new edition includes new applications, expanded information, and a wealth of new content.

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Mark S. Gerig is Professor of Counseling and Chair in the Division of Graduate Counseling at Indiana Wesleyan University, located in Marion and Indianapolis, Indiana. He is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor and Licensed Psychologist with over 30 years of experience in professional counseling and counselor education. Mark has previously served as Manager of Crisis and Elderly Services at Hiawatha Behavioral Health, Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, and as a sessional professor of psychology at Algoma University, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada. Throughout these years, he has also provided counseling and consultation services to individuals, families, and organizations.

Dr. Gerig has been a leader in state and national organizations. He presently serves on the Diplomate Committee of the American Mental Health Counselors Association. Mark has previously served in the roles of President and Chair of Professional Development in the Indiana Mental Health of the Indiana Mental Health Counseling Association and Mental Health Counseling Representative for the Indiana Counseling Association. In recognition of Dr. Gerig’s professional service, he was named recipient of the 2005 American Mental Health Counselors Association Counselor Educator of the Year and recipient of the Mental Health Counselor of the Year Award by the Indiana Counseling Association (2003).

Dr. Gerig lives near Marion, Indiana with his wife, Michelle. Their son, Brandon, is a fish biologist and completing doctoral studies at the University of Notre Dame. Their daughter, Laurén is a professional painter and is completing her Master of Fine Arts at Michigan State University. In addition to his professional activities, Mark considers the family cottage near Iron Bridge, Ontario as a second home and enjoys hiking, fishing, gardening, and ice hockey.

Brief Table of Contents

Chapter 1 — What is a Mental Health or Professional Counselor?

Chapter 2 — The Clinical Mental Health Counseling Profession in Historical Perspective

Chapter 3 — Theoretical Foundations for Clinical Mental Health Counselors

Chapter 4 — Traditional and Contemporary Theories of Counseling

Chapter 5 — Education, Licensure, and Certification

Chapter 6 — Ethical and Legal Issues in Clinical Mental Health Counseling

Chapter 7 — The Practice of Clinical Mental Health Counseling: What We Do

Chapter 8 — Contexts for Professional Practice: Where Clinical Mental Health Counselors Work

Chapter 9 — Appraisal and Research in the Practice of Clinical Mental Health Counseling

Chapter 10 — Professional Practice in Multicultural Contexts

Chapter 11 — Managed Care and Third-Party Reimbursement

Chapter 12 — Community Mental Health: Program Development, Evaluation, and Management

Chapter 13 — The Future of Clinical Mental Health Counseling

Appendix A — Professional Associations

Appendix B — Selected Professional Training Institutes

Appendix C — State Licensure Boards

Index

Detailed Table of Contents

Chapter 1- What Is a Mental Health or Professional Counselor?

What is a Counselor? Enter a Land of Confusion!

What It Means to be a Clinical Mental Health or Professional Counselor: Some Helpful Definitions

Relevant Professional Organizations

Other Specialties Within the Counseling Profession

Addictions Counseling

Career Counseling

College Counseling

Gerontological Counseling

Couples and Family Counseling

Rehabilitation Counseling

School Counseling

Clinical Mental Health Counseling and the Allied Mental Health Professions

Conclusion: The Process of Consolidating Professional Identity

Chapter 2 - The Clinical Mental Health Counseling Profession in Historical Perspective

Early Views and Treatment of Mental Health and Illness

The Emergence of Psychiatry

Roots of the Counseling-Related Professions

Movement Toward the Professionalization of Counseling

The Private Practice of Psychology

The Child Guidance Movement

Carl Rogers and Non-Directive Counseling

Marriage and Family Counseling

Rapid Expansion of Assessment and Increase Sophistication of Vocational Counseling

Post World War II and the Veterans Administration

The Influence of Professional Organizations

The Professionalization and Expansion of Mental Health Counseling

Problems in the Mental Health System

Increased Effectiveness of Psychopharmacological Interventions

Innovations in Counseling Theories and Techniques

Limited Availability of and Access to Community-Based Services

The Community Mental Health Centers Act of 1963

Emergence of Mental Health Counseling

Licensure of Mental Health and Professional Counselors

The Consolidation of the Mental Health Counseling Profession

Changing Roles, Tools, and Contexts: The Mental Health Professions Move Into the 21st Century

Application of Technology

Influence of Positive Psychology and Research into Wellness

Response to Natural and Human-Made Disasters

Conclusion

Discussion Questions

Suggested Activities

References

Chapter 3 - Theoretical Foundations for Clinical Mental Health Counselors

Theory and Personal Characteristics of the Counselor

Self-Schema

Worldview

Interpersonal Style

Client Motivation and the Process of Change: The Transtheoretical Model

The Role of Theory in Counseling

Foundational Theories for Clinical Mental Health Counselors

Theories of Human Development

Ecological Perspective

Theories of Mental Health and Prevention of Mental Illness

Approaches to Mental Health Promotion

Prevention in the Context of Promoting Mental Health

Conclusion: The Clinical Mental Health Counseling Paradigm

Discussion Questions

Suggested Activities

References

Chapter 4 - Traditional and Contemporary Theories of Counseling

Traditional Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy

Psychoanalysis

Object Relations

Individual Psychology (Adlerian Therapy)

Behavior Therapy

Cognitive Approaches

Humanistic Therapies and Existential Theory

Narrative Therapy

Feminist Therapy

Family Therapy

Conclusion

Discussion Questions

Suggested Activities

References

Chapter 5 — Education, Licensure, and Certification

Academic Preparation of Clinical Mental Health Counselors

The CACREP Model for the Training of Clinical Mental Health Counselors

Common Core Curriculum

CACREP Standards for Clinical Mental Health Counseling Programs

Foundations

Contextual Dimensions

Practice

Professional Practice Standards in the Training of Clinical Mental Health Counselors

The Credentialing of Clinical Mental Health Counselors

Registry

Certification

Licensure

Contemporary Issues in Education and Credentialing of Counselors

Licensure for Clinical Mental Health Counselors in All 50 States: What Comes Next?

Portability

Controversies and Growing Pains

Conclusion

Discussion Questions

Suggested Activities

References

Chapter 6 - Ethical and Legal Issues in Clinical Mental Health Counseling

The Significance of Ethical Codes and the Law

The Relationship Between the Law and Codes of Ethics

Foundational Principles of Ethical Codes

Codes of Ethics

The Role of the ACA Ethics Committee and Investigation of Alleged Violations

Specific Ethical and Legal Issues

Competence and Scope of Practice

Informed Consent: Client’s Rights and Responsibilities

Confidentiality and Privileged Communication

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

Protection of Clients or Others from Harm

Taking Action When Child or Elder Abuse or Neglect Is Suspected

Protecting Clients Who Pose a Danger to Themselves

Clients Who Pose a Danger to Others

Clients with Communicable Diseases Whose Behavior Poses a Danger to Others

Professional Boundaries and Dual Relationships

Application of Technology in Counseling

Conclusion

Discussion Questions

Suggested Activities

References

Chapter 7 — The Practice of Clinical Mental Health Counseling: What We Do

Application of the Clinical Mental Health Counseling Paradigm

Stages of Helping

Establishing the Relationship

Assessing or Defining the Presenting Problem

The Initial Interview and Biopsychosocial Assessment

Mental Status Exam

Diagnosis: DSM-V and the ICD-10

Identifying and Setting Goals

Choosing and Implementing Interventions

Planning and Introducing Termination and Follow-Up

Modalities of Intervention

Individual Counseling

Group Work

Family Counseling

Consultation

Advocacy

Contextual Trends Influencing Treatment Processes

The Post-deinstitutionalization Era

Least Restrictive Treatment

Evidence-Based Treatment

Recovery and the Consumer Movement

Conclusion

Discussion Questions

Suggested Activities

References

Chapter 8 — Contexts for Professional Practice: Where Clinical Mental Health Counselors Work

Clinical Mental Health Counselors on the Job: Special Populations

Homelessness and Mental Health

Treating Persons with Severe and Persistent Mental Illness.

Treating Clients with Co-Occurring Mental Illness and Substance Use Disorders

Community Mental Health and Corrections

Community Mental Health, Disaster Response, and Emergency Management Systems

Disaster Response

Trauma-Informed Care

Emergency Management Systems

Clinical Mental Health Counselors on the Job: Selected Work Settings

Agency/Community Mental Health Centers

Private Practice

Substance Use Treatment Programs

Small College Counseling Center

University Health Service

In the Barn: Equine Therapy

Home-based Therapy

Integrated Behavioral Health in Primary Healthcare Settings

Conclusion

Discussion Questions

Suggested Activities

References

Chapter 9 — Appraisal and Research in the Practice of Clinical Mental Health Counseling

Appraisal

The Use of Tests

Key Concepts and Principles in Appraisal

Classical True-Score Theory

Reliability

Validity

Standardization

Categories of Appraisal Techniques

Intelligence Tests

Achievement Tests

Aptitude Tests and Interest Inventories

Personality Tests

Self-Report Clinical Scales

Neuropsychological Screening and Assessment

Ethical Practice in Appraisal

Test Selection

Test Administration

Test Interpretation

Test Reporting

Research

Key Concepts and Principles in Research

Sampling

Validity

Reliability

Operational Definitions

Specific Models of Research Design

Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Designs

Direct Observation

Survey Methods

Correlational Methods

Experimental Methods

Within Subjects Designs

Qualitative Methods

Meta-Analysis

Statistical Analysis

Ethical Practice in Research

Conclusion

Discussion Questions

Suggested Activities

References

Chapter 10 - Professional Practice in Multicultural Contexts

Diversity and Multiculturalism in America

Multiculturalism as the Fourth Force in Counseling

Key Definitions and Concepts

Barriers to Effective Multicultural Counseling

Resistance

Cultural Encapsulation

Misapplication of Traditional Theories and Techniques

Systemic Barriers Within Counseling Delivery Systems

Language Barriers and Miscommunication

Mistrust

Foundational Principles in Multicultural Counseling

Activation of Schemas and Confirmation Bias

Between- and Within-Group Differences

Racial/Cultural Identity Development Theory

Acculturation

Multiple Identities

Multiple Heritage Identity Development

The Culturally Competent Counselor

Conclusion

Chapter 11 - Managed Care and Third-Party Reimbursement

The Context of Managed Care and Its Development Context

Financial Risk and the Rise of Insurance Companies

The Push Toward Managed Health Care

What Is Managed Care?

Procedures for Reducing Utilization

Pretreatment Authorization of Treatment

Concurrent Utilization Reviews

Incentives for Efficient Providers

Increased Employee and User/Client Cost Sharing

Procedures for Controlling Price Per Unit

Capitation

Less Expensive but Equally Effective Treatment Approaches

Retrospective Claims Reviews

Responses of Mental Health Practitioners to the Contemporary Economic Context

Conclusion: Surviving in the Era of Managed Care

Discussion Questions

Suggested Activities

References

Chapter 12 - Community Mental Health: Program Development, Evaluation, and Management

Historical Background: Community Mental Health in the United States

A Model of Mental Health Delivery Systems

Assessment of the Needs and Wants of Service Recipients

Mission

Goals, Objectives, and Program Outputs

Programs

Working Knowledge, Skills, and Resource Supports

Environmental Supports: Technology and Facility

Program Evaluation

Funding Programs Through Grants

Program Supervision, Management, and Leadership

Conclusion

Discussion Questions

Suggested Activities

References

Chapter 13 - The Future of Clinical Mental Health Counseling

Current Factors Influencing the Profession

Professional Credentialing

Consolidation of Professional Identity

Political and Socio-Economic Climate

New Models and Delivery Systems

Contemporary Trends in the Application of Counseling Theory

Spirituality in Clinical Mental Health Counseling

Biologicalization of Psychopathology and Wellness: Psychopharmacology, Neuroscience, and Neurocounseling

Economic Context and Application of Theory in Professional Practice

Strengths of the Contemporary Mental Health Counseling Profession

The Struggles of the Contemporary Mental Health Counseling Profession

How to Live Out Who We Are: Enacting the Clinical Mental Health Counseling Paradigm

Conclusion

Discussion Questions

Suggested Activities

References

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