Nanoengineering Of Structural, Functional And Smart Materials

by Schulz; Mark J.

• ISBN13: 9780849316531
• ISBN10: 0849316537
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 8/29/2005
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

In chapters contributed by 24 nanotechnology laboratories, this book combines wide-ranging research relevant to the development of multifunctional materials, focusing on synthesis, manufacturing techniques, and modeling. It defines functional materials and discusses techniques that are designed to improve material properties, durability, multifunctionality, and adaptability. It also examines sensors and actuators fabricated from nanostructured microdevices for structural health and performance monitoring. The authors emphasize the current and potential commercial applications of nanoengineered smart materials, such as nanocoatings to create "artificial skin" and functionalized nanotubes used for enhancing the properties of composite materials and for hydrogen sensing and storage.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction to Nanoengineering	1	(14)
John F. Maguire and David B. Mast
1.1 Thermodynamic and Statistical Foundations of Small Systems	2	(2)
1.2 Definitions	4	(7)
1.2.1 Characterization and Metrology Needs	5	(4)
1.2.2 Computer Modeling Needs	9	(2)
1.3 Boundaries for Nanoscience and Technology	11	(1)
1.4 Some Final Thoughts	11	(1)
References	12	(3)
PART 1 Synthesis of Nanoscale Materials
Chapter 2 Design of Nanostructured Materials	15	(42)
Debasish Banerjee, Jingyu Lao, and Zhifeng Ren
2.1 Introduction	15	(1)
2.2 Motivation, Background, and Strategies	16	(3)
2.3 Experimental Setup	19	(1)
2.4 Results and Discussion	20	(28)
2.4.1 ZnO Nanostructures and Their Properties	20	(9)
2.4.2 The In2O3 Nanocrystal Chain and Nanowire Circuit	29	(5)
2.4.3 Zn-In-O Hierarchical Nanostructures	34	(12)
2.4.4 Zn-Sn-O Hierarchical Nanostructures	46	(2)
2.4.5 Zn-In-Ge-O Quaternary Hierarchical Nanostructures	48	(1)
2.5 Large Quantity Nanostructures	48	(4)
2.6 Concluding Remarks	52	(1)
Problems	52	(1)
References	53	(4)
Chapter 3 Carbon Nanotubes and Bismuth Nanowires	57	(42)
Mildred S. Dresselhaus, Ado Jorio, and Oded Rabin
3.1 Introduction	57	(1)
3.2 Carbon Nanotubes	58	(16)
3.2.1 Overview	58	(3)
3.2.2 Nanotube Synthesis	61	(4)
3.2.3 Nanotube Characterization	65	(1)
3.2.4 Raman Spectroscopy	65	(6)
3.2.5 Other Photophysical Techniques	71	(2)
3.2.6 Future Directions for Nanotube Development	73	(1)
3.3 Bismuth Nanowires	74	(18)
3.3.1 Bismuth Nanowire Synthesis	75	(3)
3.3.2 Structural Characterization	78	(4)
3.3.3 Electronic Characterization	82	(8)
3.3.4 Optical Characterization	90	(1)
3.3.5 Future Directions for Bismuth Nanowires	91	(1)
3.3.6 Concluding Remarks	91	(1)
Acknowledgments	92	(1)
Problems	92	(1)
References	93	(6)
Chapter 4 Nanobelts and Nanowires of Functional Oxides	99	(26)
Xudong Wang and Zhong Lin Wang
4.1 Introduction	99	(1)
4.2 The Nanobelt: What Is It?	100	(1)
4.3 Techniques for Growing Nanobelts/Nanowires	100	(4)
4.3.1 Thermal Evaporation	101	(2)
4.3.2 Laser Ablation–Assisted CVD	103	(1)
4.4 Growth Mechanisms	104	(2)
4.5 The Nanobelt Family	106	(2)
4.5.1 Binary Oxide Nanobelts	106	(1)
4.5.2 Compound Semiconductor Nanobelts	107	(1)
4.5.3 Multielement Nanobelts	107	(1)
4.6 Ultra-Narrow ZnO Nanobelts	108	(3)
4.7 Mesoporous ZnO Nanowires	111	(2)
4.8 Patterned Growth of Aligned ZnO Nanowires	113	(3)
4.9 Selected Applications of Nanobelts	116	(4)
4.9.1 Nanocantilevers	116	(1)
4.9.2 Field-Effect Transistors	116	(3)
4.9.3 Nanosensors	119	(1)
4.10 Summary	120	(1)
Problems	120	(1)
Acknowledgments	121	(1)
References	121	(4)
Chapter 5 Advances in Chemical Vapor Deposition of Carbon Nanotubes	125	(34)
Vesselin N. Shanov, Atul Miskin, Sachin Jain, Peng He, and Mark J. Schulz
5.1 The CVD Technique for Growth of CNT	125	(3)
5.2 CVD Growth System	128	(3)
5.3 Catalyst and Substrate Preparation	131	(1)
5.4 Growth of CNT	132	(7)
5.5 Purification of As-Grown CNT	139	(1)
5.6 Characterization of CNT	140	(7)
5.6.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy	140	(2)
5.6.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy	142	(2)
5.6.3 Raman Spectroscopy	144	(3)
5.7 Advanced Topics and Future Directions for CVD of CNT	147	(6)
5.7.1 Synthesis of Long Carbon Nanotubes	148	(1)
5.7.2 Design and Fabrication of a Segment for CNT Actuator	149	(1)
5.7.3 Oriented Growth of a Simple CNT Network	150	(1)
5.7.4 Functionalization of CNT	151	(2)
5.8 Conclusions	153	(1)
Problems	154	(1)
Acknowledgments	154	(1)
References	154	(5)
Chapter 6 Self-Assembled Au Nanodots in a ZnO Matrix: A Novel Way to Enhance Electrical and Optical Characteristics of ZnO Films	159	(10)
Ashutosh Tiwari and Jagdish Narayan
6.1 Introduction	160	(1)
6.1.1 Nanostructured Materials	160	(1)
6.1.2 Transparent and Conducting ZnO	160	(1)
6.1.3 Au Nanodots in a ZnO Matrix	161	(1)
6.2 Experimental Procedure	161	(2)
6.2.1 Pulsed Laser Deposition	161	(1)
6.2.2 Experimental Setup	161	(1)
6.2.3 Target Arrangement	162	(1)
6.2.4 Growth Parameters	162	(1)
6.2.5 Characterization	163	(1)
6.3 Results and Discussion	163	(4)
6.3.1 Structural	163	(1)
6.3.2 Optical	164	(2)
6.3.3 Electrical	166	(1)
6.4 Conclusion	167	(1)
Problems	167	(1)
Acknowledgments	167	(1)
References	167	(2)
Chapter 7 Synthesis of Boron Nitride Nanotubes Using a Ball-Milling and Annealing Method	169	(30)
Ying Chen and Jim S. Williams
7.1 Introduction	169	(6)
7.1.1 Boron Nitride Nanotubes	170	(2)
7.1.2 High-Energy Ball Milling (HEBM)	172	(3)
7.2 Synthesis of BN Nanotubes from Elemental B	175	(8)
7.2.1 Milling with a Rotating Steel Mill	175	(6)
7.2.2 Milling with a Vibrating Ceramic Mill	181	(2)
7.3 Synthesis of BN Nanotubes from BN Compounds	183	(4)
7.4 Formation Mechanism Discussion	187	(3)
7.4.1 Separate Nucleation and Growth	187	(1)
7.4.2 Nucleation Structures	187	(2)
7.4.3 The Growth Process	189	(1)
7.5 Summary	190	(1)
Problems	191	(1)
Acknowledgments	191	(1)
References	191	(8)
PART 2 Manufacturing Using Nanoscale Materials
Chapter 8 Plasma Deposition of Ultra-Thin Functional Films on Nanoscale Materials	199	(26)
Peng He and Donglu Shi
8.1 Introduction	199	(1)
8.2 The Plasma-Coating Technique	200	(1)
8.3 Applications and Characterization	201	(14)
8.3.1 Plasma Polymer Films Deposited on ZnO Particles	201	(4)
8.3.2 Plasma Coating of Magnetic Nanoparticles	205	(2)
8.3.3 Copolymer Coating of YYbErO2S	207	(1)
8.3.4 Plasma Coating of Carbon Nanofibers	208	(4)
8.3.5 Plasma Coating of an Aligned Carbon Nanotube Array	212	(3)
8.4 Processing and Characterization of Nanocomposite Materials	215	(5)
8.5 Summary	220	(1)
Problems	221	(1)
References	222	(3)
Chapter 9 Structural Nanocomposites	225	(22)
Hassan Mahfuz
9.1 Introduction	225	(2)
9.2 Matrix Modification	227	(13)
9.2.1 Ultrasonic Mixing	227	(1)
9.2.2 Manufacturing of Nanocomposites	228	(1)
9.2.3 Micron- and Nanosized SiC Particle Infusion	229	(2)
9.2.4 Thermal Analysis of Carbon/Epoxy Nanocomposites	231	(3)
9.2.5 Mechanical Tests	234	(4)
9.2.6 Fatigue Tests	238	(2)
9.3 Nanophased Filaments	240	(1)
9.4 Core Modification	241	(1)
9.5 Summary	242	(1)
Problems	243	(1)
References	243	(4)
Chapter 10 Synthesis and Characterization of Metal-Ceramic Thin-Film Nanocomposites with Improved Mechanical Properties	247	(16)
Dhanjay Kumar, Jagannathan Sankar, and Jagdish Narayan
10.1 Introduction	247	(1)
10.2 Theory of Pulsed Laser Deposition	248	(6)
10.3 Experimental Procedure	254	(1)
10.4 Results and Discussion	255	(4)
10.4.1 Mechanical Properties	255	(2)
10.4.2 Structural Characterization	257	(2)
10.5 Conclusions	259	(1)
Problems	259	(1)
Acknowledgments	259	(1)
References	260	(3)
Chapter 11 Macroscopic Fibers of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes	263	(22)
Virginia A. Davis and Matteo Pasquali
11.1 Introduction	263	(1)
11.2 Fibers Produced Directly from SWNT Synthesis	264	(2)
11.3 Electrophoretic Spinning	266	(1)
11.4 Conventional Fiber Spinning	266	(13)
11.4.1 Melt-Spun Composite Fibers	268	(2)
11.4.2 Solution-Spun SWNT Fibers	270	(1)
11.4.2.1 SWNT/Liquid Crystalline Polymer Composite Fibers	270	(1)
11.4.2.2 Fibers Produced from SWNT/Surfactant Dispersions	271	(1)
11.4.2.3 Fibers Produced from SWNT/Superacid Dispersions	276	(3)
11.5 Conclusion	279	(1)
Problems	279	(1)
Acknowledgments	279	(1)
References	280	(5)
Chapter 12 Carbon Nanofiber and Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Composite Fibers and Films	285	(30)
Han Gi Chae, Tetsuya Uchida, and Satish Kumar
12.1 Introduction	286	(1)
12.2 Vapor-Grown Carbon Nanofibers (VGCNFs) and Polymer Composite Fibers	287	(6)
12.2.1 PBZT--VGCNF Composite Fibers	289	(1)
12.2.2 PP-VGCNF Composite Fibers	289	(1)
12.2.3 PET-VGCNF Composite Fibers	290	(2)
12.2.4 PMMA-VGCNF Composite Fibers	292	(1)
12.3 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) and Polymer Composite Fibers	293	(9)
12.3.1 PBO-SWNT Fibers	293	(1)
12.3.2 PAN-SWNT Composite Fibers and Films	294	(1)
12.3.2.1 PAN-SWNT Composite Fibers	294	(1)
12.3.2.2 Oxidative Stabilization of PAN-SWNT Composite Fibers	297	(1)
12.3.2.3 PAN-SWNT Composite Films	299	(1)
12.3.3 Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)/SWNT Composite Fibers and Films	300	(1)
12.3.3.1 PVA-SWNT Composite Fibers	300	(1)
12.3.3.2 PVA-SWNT Composite Films	300	(1)
12.3.4 PMMA-SWNT Composite Fibers	301	(1)
12.4 Additional Aspects of CNT-Polymer Composites	302	(5)
12.4.1 Cross-linking of SWNTs by Oxidation and Effect of Nitric Acid Treatment	302	(2)
12.4.2 Crystallization Behavior of Polymer with SWNT	304	(1)
12.4.3 Effect of SWNT Exfoliation and Orientation	305	(2)
12.5 Polymer/SWNT Application (Supercapacitor)	307	(2)
12.6 Concluding Remarks	309	(1)
Acknowledgments	310	(1)
References	310	(5)
Chapter 13 Surface Patterning Using Self-Assembled Monolayers: A Bottom-Up Approach to the Fabrication of Microdevices	315	(12)
Lakshmi Supriya and Richard O. Claus
13.1 Introduction	315	(2)
13.2 Experimental Procedure	317	(1)
13.2.1 Materials	317	(1)
13.2.2 Substrate Preparation	317	(1)
13.2.3 Deposition of SAM	318	(1)
13.2.4 Patterning	318	(1)
13.2.5 Deposition of Multilayers	318	(1)
13.3 Results and Discussion	318	(6)
13.3.1 Patterning on Silicon	318	(2)
13.3.2 Patterning on Polyethylene and Kapton®	320	(4)
13.4 Conclusions and Applications	324	(1)
Problems	324	(1)
Acknowledgments	324	(1)
References	324	(3)
Chapter 14 Enhancement of the Mechanical Strength of Polymer-Based Composites Using Carbon Nanotubes	327	(20)
Kin-Tak Lau, Jagannathan Sankar, and David Hui
14.1 Introduction	327	(1)
14.2 Properties of Carbon Nanotubes	328	(8)
14.2.1 Experimental Measurements	328	(2)
14.2.2 Theoretical Study and Molecular Dynamics Simulation	330	(5)
14.2.3 Finite Element Modeling	335	(1)
14.3 Fabrication Processes of Nanotube/Polymer Composites	336	(2)
14.4 Interfacial Bonding Properties of Nanotube/Polymer Composites	338	(5)
14.4.1 Experimental Investigation	338	(2)
14.4.2 Theoretical Study and Molecular Dynamics Simulation	340	(3)
14.5 Concluding Remarks	343	(1)
Problems	343	(1)
Acknowledgments	344	(1)
References	344	(3)
Chapter 15 Nanoscale Intelligent Materials and Structures	347	(62)
Yun Yeo-Heung, Inpil Kang, Sachin Jain, Atul Miskin, Suhasini Narasimhadevara, Goutham Kirkeria, Vishal Shinde, Sri Laxmi Pammi, Saurabh Datta, Peng He, Douglas Hurd, Mark J. Schulz, Vesselin N. Shanov, Donglu Shi, F. James Boerio, and Mannur J. Sundaresan
15.1 Introduction	348	(5)
15.2 Review of Smart Materials	353	(2)
15.3 Nanotube Geometric Structures	355	(4)
15.3.1 Structures of Carbon Nanotubes	355	(1)
15.3.2 Structures of Noncarbon Nanotubes	356	(1)
15.3.3 Designations of Nanotubes and Nanostructured Materials	357	(2)
15.4 Mechanical and Physical Properties of Nanotubes	359	(8)
15.4.1 Elastic Properties	359	(1)
15.4.2 Electrical Conductivity	360	(1)
15.4.3 Magnetoresistance	361	(1)
15.4.4 Piezoresistance	361	(1)
15.4.5 Electrokinetics of Nanotubes	362	(1)
15.4.6 Piezoelectric Properties	363	(1)
15.4.7 Electrochemical Effects	364	(1)
15.4.8 Nanotube Power Generation	365	(1)
15.4.9 Nanotube Contact Phenomena	365	(2)
15.5 Review of Nanoscale Sensors and Actuators	367	(5)
15.5.1 Simulation of Nanotube Structures	367	(2)
15.5.2 Nanotube Strain Sensors	369	(1)
15.5.3 Actuators Based on Nanoscale Materials	369	(1)
15.5.3.1 Carbon Nanotube Electrochemical Actuators	369	(1)
15.5.3.2 Thermally Activated Actuators	370	(1)
15.5.3.3 Piezoelectric and Nanotweezer Actuators	370	(1)
15.5.3.4 Shape Memory Alloy and Platinum Nanoscale Actuators	371	(1)
15.5.3.5 Biological Molecular Actuators	371	(1)
15.6 Manufacturing of Carbon Nanotube and Nanofiber Intelligent Materials	372	(17)
15.6.1 Synthesis of Nanotubes	372	(1)
15.6.2 Functionalization of Nanotubes	373	(1)
15.6.3 Casting Nanotubes and Nanofibers in Structural Polymer Electrolyte	373	(2)
15.6.4 Carbon Nanotube Composite Strain Sensors	375	(2)
15.6.5 Carbon Nanotube-Based Biosensors	377	(5)
15.6.6 Carbon Nanotube and Nanofiber Hybrid Actuators	382	(7)
15.7 Future Directions for Intelligent Materials	389	(7)
15.7.1 Carbon Structural Neural Systems	389	(3)
15.7.2 High-Temperature Nanoscale Materials	392	(1)
15.7.3 Power Harvesting Using Carbon Nanotubes	393	(1)
15.7.4 Intelligent Machines	394	(2)
15.7.5 Telescoping Carbon Nanotubes	396	(1)
15.8 Conclusions	396	(1)
Problems	396	(1)
Acknowledgments	397	(1)
References	397	(12)
Chapter 16 Thermal Properties and Microstructures of Polymer Nanostructured Materials	409	(34)
Joseph H. Koo and Louis A. Pilato
16.1 Introduction	409	(1)
16.2 Selection of Nanoparticles	410	(6)
16.2.1 Montmorillonite Nanoclays	410	(1)
16.2.2 Carbon Nanofibers (CNFs)	411	(4)
16.2.3 Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS)	415	(1)
16.3 Discussion of Results	416	(23)
16.3.1 TEM Analyses of Nanoparticles	416	(2)
16.3.2 Fire-Retardant Nanocomposite Coatings	418	(2)
16.3.3 Nanostructured Materials for Propulsion Systems	420	(3)
16.3.4 Nanocomposite Rocket Ablative Materials	423	(8)
16.3.5 Nanomodified Carbon/Carbon Composites	431	(8)
16.4 Summary and Conclusions	439	(1)
Problems	439	(1)
Acknowledgments	440	(1)
References	440	(3)
Chapter 17 Manufacturing, Mechanical Characterization, and Modeling of a Pultruded Thermoplastic Nanocomposite	443	(26)
Samit Roy, Kalivarathan Vengadassalam, Earzana Hussain, and Hongbing Lu
17.1 Introduction	444	(3)
17.1.1 Nanoclays	444	(1)
17.1.2 Montmorillonite	445	(1)
17.1.3 Dispersion of Montmorillonite Clay Platelets in Polypropylene	445	(1)
17.1.4 Compression Strength of Nanocomposites	446	(1)
17.2 Experimental Procedure	447	(4)
17.2.1 Materials	447	(1)
17.2.2 Processing of Fiber—Reinforced Nanocomposites	448	(1)
17.2.2.1 Thermoplastic Pultrusion Process	448	(1)
17.2.2.2 Process Parameter Control	449	(1)
17.2.3 Mechanical Test Methodology	450	(1)
17.3 Nanocomposite Morphology	451	(1)
17.3.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)	451	(1)
17.3.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)	452	(1)
17.4 Results and Discussion of Test Data	452	(2)
17.4.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy	452	(2)
17.5 Mechanical Properties Characterization	454	(10)
17.5.1 Uniaxial Compression Tests	454	(3)
17.5.2 Inelastic Kinking Analysis for Pure Compression Loading	457	(4)
17.5.3 Calculation of Fiber Volume Fraction, Composite Shear Modulus, and φγ*y Ratio	461	(1)
17.5.4 Discussion of Results	462	(2)
17.6 Summary and Conclusions	464	(1)
Problems	465	(1)
Acknowledgments	465	(1)
References	465	(4)
PART 3 Modeling of Nanoscale and Nanostructured Materials
Chapter 18 Nanomechanics	469	(32)
Young W. Kwon
18.1 Introduction	469	(1)
18.2 Static Atomic Model	470	(5)
18.3 Coupling Atomic and FEA Models	475	(4)
18.4 Fatigue Analysis at Atomic Level	479	(6)
18.5 Heterogeneous Carbon Nanotubes	485	(13)
18.6 Summary	498	(1)
Problems	498	(1)
Acknowledgments	498	(1)
References	498	(3)
Chapter 19 Continuum and Atomistic Modeling of Thin Films Subjected to Nanoindentation	501	(28)
J. David Schall, Donald W. Brenner, Ajit D. Kelkar, and Rahul Gupta
19.1 Introduction	501	(10)
19.1.1 Finite Element Model	507	(3)
19.1.2 Need for Atomistic Model	510	(1)
19.2 Modeling of Nanoindentation	511	(5)
19.2.1 Molecular Dynamics Simulation	511	(1)
19.2.2 Embedded Atom Method (EAM)	512	(1)
19.2.3 PARADYN	513	(1)
19.2.4 Nordsieck–Gear Predictor–Corrector Algorithm	514	(1)
19.2.5 Temperature Control	515	(1)
19.3 Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Nanoindentation	516	(8)
19.3.1 Simulation Set-Up	516	(1)
19.3.2 Repulsive Potential Indentation	517	(1)
19.3.3 Rigid Indentation	518	(1)
19.3.4 Tests and Comparisons of Indenter Functions	519	(5)
19.4 Conclusions	524	(1)
Problems	525	(1)
References	525	(4)
Chapter 20 Synthesis, Optimization, and Characterization of AlN/TiN Thin Film Iieterostructures	529	(56)
Cindy K. Waters, Sergey Yarmolenko, Jagannathan Sankar, Sudhir Neralla, and Ajit D. Kelkar
20.1 Introduction	530	(8)
20.1.1 Nitrides	531	(1)
20.1.2 Multilayer Coatings	531	(3)
20.1.3 Aluminum Nitride	534	(1)
20.1.3.1 A1N Properties	534	(1)
20.1.3.2 A1N Applications	535	(1)
20.1.4 Titanium Nitride	535	(1)
20.1.4.1 TiN Properties	535	(1)
20.1.4.2 TiN Applications	537	(1)
20.1.5 AlN/TiN Heterostructures	537	(1)
20.1.6 Motivation, Objective, and Organization	538	(1)
20.2 Pulsed Laser Deposition	538	(3)
20.2.1 Laser Energy Influences	539	(1)
20.2.2 Ambient Gas Effects	539	(2)
20.2.3 Substrate Temperature Effects	541	(1)
20.3 Characterization of Thin Films	541	(21)
20.3.1 Thin-Film Thickness	541	(1)
20.3.2 Hardness Testing	542	(1)
20.3.2.1 Testing Basics	542	(1)
20.3.2.2 Microhardness Testing	543	(1)
20.3.2.3 Nanohardness Testing	545	(1)
20.3.2.4 Substrate Effect	551	(1)
20.3.2.5 Indentation Pile-Up	552	(1)
20.3.2.6 Continuous Stiffness Measurement Method	556	(1)
20.3.3 Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)	557	(2)
20.3.4 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)	559	(1)
20.3.5 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)	560	(1)
20.3.6 Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)	560	(2)
20.4 Performance Evaluation of Thin Films	562	(3)
20.4.1 Approach	562	(1)
20.4.2 AlN Monolayer Film Deposition and Optimization	563	(1)
20.4.3 TiN Monolayer Film Deposition	563	(1)
20.4.4 AlN/TiN Heterostructure Deposition	563	(1)
20.4.4.1 Hardness and Modulus versus Deposition Temperature	564	(1)
20.4.4.2 Hardness versus Depth of Indentation	564	(1)
20.4.4.3 Hardness versus Layer Characteristics	564	(1)
20.4.4.4 Indentation Pile-Up Considerations and FEM	564	(1)
20.4.5 X-Ray Diffraction	564	(1)
20.4.6 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)	565	(1)
20.5 Optimization of Results	565	(16)
20.5.1 Laser Energy Effect Results	565	(1)
20.5.1.1 Ambient Gas Pressure Effects	565	(1)
20.5.1.2 Location of Deposition on Heater	566	(1)
20.5.2 AlN Monolayer Deposition and Properties	566	(1)
20.5.3 TiN Monolayer Deposition and Properties	567	(3)
20.5.4 AlN/TiN Multilayered Film Properties	570	(1)
20.5.4.1 Hardness and Modulus versus Deposition Temperature	571	(1)
20.5.4.2 Hardness versus Layer Characteristics	574	(1)
20.5.4.3 Indentation Pile-Up Considerations and FEM	575	(2)
20.5.5 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Data	577	(3)
20.5.6 TEM Data	580	(1)
20.6 Conclusions	581	(1)
Problems	582	(1)
References	582	(3)
Chapter 21 Polarization in Nanotubes and Nanotubular Structures	585	(26)
Marco Buongiorno Nardelli, Serge M. Nakhmanson, and Vincent Meunier
21.1 Introduction	585	(3)
21.2 Modern Theory of Polarization	588	(5)
21.2.1 Computing Polarization Using Berry Phase Method	589	(1)
21.2.2 Polarization from Wannier Functions	590	(1)
21.2.3 A Simple Way to Compute Berry Phases on a Computer	591	(2)
21.3 Computational Details	593	(1)
21.4 Polarization in Nanotubes	594	(5)
21.4.1 Berry Phase Method	594	(3)
21.4.2 Maximally Localized Wannier Functions	597	(2)
21.5 Piezoelectricity in Nanotubes	599	(2)
21.6 Polarization Effects in Nanotubular Structures	601	(5)
21.6.1 Nanotube Superlattices and Heterostructures	601	(4)
21.6.2 Multiwalled Hybrids	605	(1)
21.6.3 Experimental Results	606	(1)
21.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives	606	(1)
Problems	607	(1)
Acknowledgments	608	(1)
References	608	(3)
Chapter 22 Multiscale Modeling of Stress Localization and Fracture in Nanocrystalline Metallic Materials	611	(16)
Vesselin Yamakov, Dawn R. Phillips, Erik Saether, and Edward H. Glaessgen
22.1 Introduction	611	(1)
22.2 Configuration Model	612	(2)
22.3 Molecular Dynamics Model	614	(2)
22.4 Shear Strength of a Grain Boundary	616	(1)
22.5 FEM Simulation	617	(1)
22.6 Results and Discussion	618	(4)
22.7 Concluding Remarks	622	(1)
Problems	623	(1)
Acknowledgments	624	(1)
References	624	(3)
Chapter 23 Modeling of Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Composites	627	(28)
Gregory M. Odegard
23.1 Introduction	627	(2)
23.2 Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Interface	629	(1)
23.3 Micromechanics	630	(4)
23.3.1 Analytical Micromechanical Models	631	(2)
23.3.2 Numerical Micromechanical Models	633	(1)
23.4 Molecular Models	634	(5)
23.4.1 Ab Initio Simulations	635	(1)
23.4.2 Molecular Dynamics	635	(4)
23.5 Example: SWNT/Polyimide Composite	639	(4)
23.5.1 Modeling Procedure	639	(2)
23.5.2 Results and Discussion	641	(2)
23.6 Example: SWNT/Polyethylene Composite	643	(6)
23.6.1 MD Simulations	643	(2)
23.6.2 Stress—Strain Curves from Simulation	645	(2)
23.6.3 Results	647	(2)
23.7 Summary and Conclusions	649	(1)
Problems	649	(1)
References	650	(5)
Chapter 24 Introduction to Nanoscale, Microscale, and Macroscale Heat Transport: Characterization and Bridging of Space and Time Scales	655	(34)
Christianne V.D.R. Anderson and Kumar K. Tamma
24.1 Introduction	656	(1)
24.2 Spatial and Temporal Regimes in Heat Conduction	657	(1)
24.3 Considerations in Time–Heat Conduction	658	(1)
24.4 Considerations in Size–Heat Conduction	658	(2)
24.5 Boltzmann Transport Equation	660	(8)
24.5.1 One-Temperature Models	661	(2)
24.5.2 C- and F-Processes Model — A Unified Theory	663	(3)
24.5.3 Validation of Thermodynamics Second Law for C- and F-Processes Model	666	(1)
24.5.3.1 Fourier Model	667	(1)
24.5.3.2 Cattaneo Model	667	(1)
24.5.3.3 Jeffreys-Type Model	667	(1)
24.6 Two-Temperature Models	668	(2)
24.7 Relaxation Time	670	(1)
24.8 Numerical Illustration — Two-Temperature Model and Pulse Laser Heating	671	(2)
24.9 Numerical Illustration — One-Temperature Model and Heat Conduction Model Number FT	673	(4)
24.9.1 Spanning Spatial Scales	675	(2)
24.10 Multilayers and Superlattices	677	(1)
24.11 Equation of Phonon Radiative Transfer (EPRT)	678	(2)
24.12 Callaway—Holland's Model	680	(2)
24.12.1 Comparison of Holland Model and EPRT Results	681	(1)
24.13 Molecular Dynamics	682	(2)
24.13.1 Pristine Nanotube	684	(1)
24.14 Concluding Remarks	684	(2)
Problems	686	(1)
Acknowledgments	686	(1)
References	686	(3)
Index	689
0415951704
Preface	vii
1 THE GEOGRAPHY OF GLOBALIZATION	1	(16)
2 THEORIZING THE POLITICS OF SPACE	17	(24)
3 SERVING TRANSNATIONAL CAPITAL	41	(36)
4 CONSTRUCTING THE GLOCAL TRANSNATIONAL CAPITALIST CLASS	77	(28)
5 SELLING EXPORTS	105	(28)
6 IMAGINEERING WORLD CITIES	133	(40)
7 CONCLUSION	173	(10)
Appendix	183	(6)
Bibliography	189	(24)
Notes	213	(6)
Index	219