Nanofibers and Nanotechnology in Textiles

by Brown; Stevens

• ISBN13: 9781845691059
• ISBN10: 1845691059
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2007-10-17
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

Nanotechnology is revolutionising the world of materials. This important book reviews its impact in developing a new generation of textile fibers with enhanced functionality and a wide range of applications. The first part of the book reviews nanofiber production, discussing how different fiber types can be produced using electrospinning techniques. Part II analyses the production and properties of carbon nanotubes and polymer nanocomposites and their applications in such areas as aerospace engineering. The third part of the book considers ways of using nanotechnology to improve polymer properties such as thermal stability and dyeability. The final part of the book reviews the use of nanotechnology to modify textile surfaces, including the use of coatings and films to improve hydrophobic, filtration and other properties.

Table of Contents

Contributor contact details	p. xiii
Nanofiber production
Electrospinning of nanofibers and the charge injection method	p. 3
Introduction	p. 3
Principles of electrostatic atomization	p. 3
Electrospraying and electrospinning by the capillary method	p. 5
Electrospraying and electrospinning by the charge injection method	p. 12
References	p. 20
Producing nanofiber structures by electrospinning for tissue engineering	p. 22
Introduction	p. 22
Fabrication of nanofibrous scaffolds	p. 28
Characterization of nanofibrous scaffolds	p. 30
Cell-scaffold interaction	p. 36
Summary and conclusion	p. 42
Acknowledgments	p. 43
References	p. 43
Continuous yarns from electrospun nanofibers	p. 45
Introduction	p. 45
Using electrospun nanofibers: background and terminology	p. 45
Controlling fiber orientation	p. 48
Producing noncontinuous or short yarns	p. 49
Producing continuous yarns	p. 52
Summary and future trends	p. 66
Sources of further information and advice	p. 67
References	p. 68
Producing polyamide nanofibers by electrospinning	p. 71
Introduction	p. 71
The electrospinning process	p. 71
Properties of electrospun nanofibers	p. 73
Measuring the effects of different spinning conditions and the use of high molecular weight polymers on the properties of electrospun nanofibers	p. 75
Improving the properties of electrospun nanofibers: experimental results	p. 77
Conclusions	p. 85
References	p. 87
Controlling the morphologies of electrospun nanofibres	p. 90
Introduction	p. 90
The electrospinning process and fibre morphology	p. 91
Polymer concentration and fibre diameter	p. 93
Fibre bead formation and fibre surface morphology	p. 96
Controlling fibre alignment and web morphologies	p. 100
Bicomponent cross-sectional nanofibres	p. 103
Future trends	p. 107
Acknowledgements	p. 108
References	p. 108
Carbon nanotubes and nanocomposites	p. 111
Synthesis, characterization and application of carbon nanotubes: the case of aerospace engineering	p. 113
Introduction	p. 113
The development and structure of carbon nanotubes	p. 115
Synthesis of carbon nanotubes	p. 124
Characterization techniques	p. 140
Purification techniques	p. 152
The use of carbon nanotubes in aerospace engineering	p. 157
Nanostructured composite materials for aerospace applications	p. 162
Nanostructured solid propellants for rockets	p. 170
Frequency selective surfaces for aerospace applications	p. 175
Other aerospace applications of carbon nanotubes	p. 182
Conclusions	p. 184
Acknowledgments	p. 184
References	p. 185
Carbon nanotube and nanofibre reinforced polymer fibres	p. 194
Introduction	p. 194
Synthesis and properties of carbon nanotubes	p. 197
Developing nanotube/nanofibre-polymer composites	p. 201
Adding nanotubes and nanofibres to polymer fibres	p. 206
Analysing the rheological properties of nanotube/nanofibre-polymer composites	p. 208
Analysing the microstructure of nanotube/nanofibre-polymer composites	p. 212
Mechanical, electrical and other properties of nanocomposite fibres	p. 216
Future trends	p. 221
References	p. 222
Structure and properties of carbon nanotube-polymer fibers using melt spinning	p. 235
Introduction	p. 235
Producing carbon nanotube-polymer fibers	p. 236
Thermal characterization	p. 237
Fiber morphology	p. 238
Mechanical properties of fibers	p. 245
Conclusions and future trends	p. 251
Sources of further information and advice	p. 252
Acknowledgments	p. 252
References	p. 253
Multifunctional polymer nanocomposites for industrial applications	p. 256
Introduction	p. 256
The development of functional polymer nanocomposites	p. 257
Improving the mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites	p. 258
Improving the fire-retardant properties of polymer nanocomposites	p. 260
Improving the tribological properties of polymer nanocomposites	p. 262
Case-study: development of a nanocomposite sliding seal ring	p. 265
Enhancing the functionality of polymer nanocomposites	p. 273
Conclusions	p. 275
Acknowledgements	p. 275
References	p. 275
Nanofilled polypropylene fibres	p. 281
Introduction	p. 281
Polymer layered silicate nanocomposites	p. 282
The structure and properties of layered silicate polypropylene nanocomposites	p. 284
Nanosilica filled polypropylene nanocomposites	p. 289
Calcium carbonate and other additives	p. 291
Conclusion	p. 293
References	p. 293
Improving polymer functionality	p. 299
Nanostructuring polymers with cyclodextrins	p. 301
Introduction	p. 301
Formation and characterization of polymer-cyclodextrin-inclusion compounds	p. 302
Properties of polymer-cyclodextrin-inclusion compounds	p. 304
Homo- and block copolymers coalesced from their cyclodextrin-inclusion compounds	p. 308
Constrained polymerization in monomer-cyclodextrin-inclusion compounds	p. 310
Coalescence of common polymer-cyclodextrin-inclusion compounds to achieve fine polymer blends	p. 311
Temporal and thermal stabilities of polymers nanostructured with cyclodextrins	p. 312
Cyclodextrin-modified polymers	p. 313
Polymers with covalently bonded cyclodextrins	p. 314
Conclusions	p. 316
References	p. 316
Dyeable polypropylene via nanotechnology	p. 320
Introduction	p. 320
Dyeing techniques for unmodified polypropylene	p. 321
Modified polypropylene for improved dyeability using copolymerization and other techniques	p. 323
Polyblending and other techniques for improving polypropylene dyeability	p. 324
Dyeing polypropylene nanocomposites	p. 326
Using X-ray diffraction analysis and other techniques to assess dyed polypropylene nanocomposites	p. 334
Conclusions	p. 345
Acknowledgments	p. 346
References	p. 346
Polyolefin/clay nanocomposites	p. 351
Introduction	p. 351
Organomodification of clays	p. 354
Polymer/clay nanocomposites	p. 356
Polypropylene/clay nanocomposites	p. 360
Polyethylene/clay nanocomposites	p. 367
Higher polyolefin/clay nanocomposites	p. 372
Conclusions	p. 374
References	p. 381
Multiwall carbon nanotube-nylon-6 nanocomposites from polymerization	p. 386
Introduction	p. 386
Nanocomposite synthesis and production	p. 387
Characterization techniques	p. 388
Properties of multiwall carbon nanotube-nylon-6 nanocomposite fibers	p. 391
Conclusions	p. 404
Acknowledgments	p. 405
References	p. 406
Nanocoatings and surface modification techniques	p. 407
Nanotechnologies for coating and structuring of textiles	p. 409
Introduction	p. 409
Production of nanofiber nonwovens using electrostatic spinning	p. 410
Anti-adhesive nanocoating of fibers and textiles	p. 417
Water- and oil-repellent coatings by plasma treatment	p. 418
Self-cleaning superhydrophobic surfaces	p. 421
Sources of further information and advice	p. 427
References	p. 427
Electrostatic self-assembled nanolayer films for cotton fibers	p. 428
Introduction	p. 428
Principles of electrostatic self-assembly for creating nanolayer films	p. 428
Advantages and disadvantages of electrostatic self-assembly	p. 431
Substrates used for electrostatic self-assembly	p. 432
Polyelectrolytes used for electrostatic self-assembly	p. 434
Analyzing self-assembled nanolayer films on cotton	p. 436
Conclusions: functional textiles for protection, filtration and other applications	p. 439
References	p. 440
Nanofabrication of thin polymer films	p. 448
Introduction	p. 448
Macromolecular platform for nanofabrication	p. 449
'Grafting from' technique for synthesis of polymer films	p. 451
'Grafting to' technique for synthesis of polymer films	p. 455
Synthesis of smart switchable coatings	p. 458
Synthesis of ultrahydrophobic materials	p. 464
Conclusions	p. 466
Acknowledgments	p. 466
References	p. 467
Hybrid polymer nanolayers for surface modification of fibers	p. 470
Introduction: smart textiles via thin hybrid films	p. 470
Mechanisms of responsive behavior in thin polymer films	p. 471
Polymer-polymer hybrid layers	p. 478
Polymer-particles hybrid layers	p. 484
Hierarchical assembly of nanostructured hybrid films	p. 485
Future trends	p. 489
Sources of further information and advice	p. 490
Acknowledgment	p. 490
References	p. 490
Structure-property relationships of polypropylene nanocomposite fibres	p. 493
Introduction	p. 493
Materials, processing and characterisation techniques	p. 495
Structure and morphology	p. 497
Phase homogeneity and spinline stability	p. 502
Optical birefringence and infrared activation	p. 505
Crystallisation behaviour and mechanical performance	p. 509
Exfoliation by extensional flow deformation	p. 513
Conclusions	p. 514
References	p. 515
Index	p. 519
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