Nanoscale Physics for Materials Science

by Tsurumi; Takaaki

• ISBN13: 9781439800591
• ISBN10: 1439800596
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-12-10
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Although there are many books available on the preparation, properties, and characterization of nanomaterials, few provide an interdisciplinary account of the physical phenomena that govern the novel properties of nanomaterials. Addressing this shortfall, Nanoscale Physics for Materials Sciencecovers fundamental cross-disciplinary concepts in materials science and engineering. It presents a comprehensive description of the physical phenomena and changes that can be expected when macroscopically sized materials are reduced to the nanometer level. The text is divided according to physical phenomena and interactions. After reviewing the necessary theoretical background, the authors address the electrical, optical, and magnetic properties as functions of size and distance. They discuss the energy spectrum, the charging effect, tunneling phenomena, electronically induced stable nanostructures, absorption and scattering, electromagnetic interactions, magnetism, ferromagnetic domain-wall-related phenomena, and spin transport in magnetic nanostructures. Problem sets are included at the end of each chapter. Providing an excellent treatment of physical phenomena not covered in similar books, this text explores the electrical, optical, and magnetic properties of materials at the nanoscale level. It delves into the dramatic physical changes that occur on scales where the quantum nature of objects starts dominating their properties.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. vii
Acknowledgments	p. ix
Authors	p. xi
Fundamentals of quantum mechanics	p. 1
Probability amplitude and interference effects	p. 1
Uncertainty principle	p. 5
Wave functions	p. 7
Operators	p. 8
Eigenvalue and expected value	p. 10
Expansion theorem	p. 10
Schrödinger equation	p. 11
Principle of superposition	p. 13
Examples of solutions of the Schrödinger equation	p. 14
Electron in a one-dimensional (1D) box	p. 14
Harmonic oscillator	p. 15
Hydrogen atom	p. 16
Matrix mechanics and bra-ket (Dirac) notation	p. 18
Comparison of the Heisenberg and Schrödinger approaches to quantum mechanics	p. 20
Perturbation theory	p. 22
Electronic band structure of solids	p. 27
Free electron Fermi gas	p. 27
Nearly free electron model (DOS)	p. 31
Bloch function	p. 33
Krönig-Penny model	p. 33
Tight binding model	p. 35
Phase velocity, group velocity, and effective mass	p. 37
Reciprocal lattice and the Brillouin zone	p. 40
Energy band structure of silicon (Si)	p. 44
Tight binding approximation for calculating the band structure of grapheme	p. 45
Electron correlation	p. 51
Hartree-Fock approximation	p. 51
Density functional method	p. 54
Material properties with respect to characteristic size in nanostructures	p. 56
Problems	p. 60
References	p. 60
Electronic states and electrical properties of nanoscale materials	p. 63
Outline	p. 63
Low dimensionality and energy spectrum	p. 64
Space for electrons in materials	p. 64
Electron DOS of 3D materials with macroscopic dimensions	p. 65
Electron DOS in 2D materials (nanosheets)	p. 67
Electron DOS in 1D materials (nanowires)	p. 72
Quantized conductance in 1D nanowire systems	p. 74
Electron DOS in 0D materials (nanodots)	p. 77
Quantization	p. 79
2D square wells	p. 80
2D cylindrical wells	p. 83
Shape effect on the quantized states	p. 85
Finite potential wells	p. 87
Band dispersion effect	p. 93
Edge (surface)-localized states	p. 96
Charging effect	p. 100
Tunneling phenomena	p. 103
Limiting factors for size effects	p. 111
Thermal fluctuation	p. 111
Lifetime broadening effect	p. 113
Electronically induced stable nanostructures	p. 115
Magic numbers in clusters	p. 116
Electronic growth	p. 119
Problems	p. 122
References	p. 123
Optical properties and interactions of nanoscale materials	p. 125
Size-dependent optical properties: Absorption and emission	p. 125
Basic quantum mechanics of linear optical transitions	p. 126
General concept of excitons	p. 133
Wannier excitons	p. 135
Size effects in high-dielectric-constant materials	p. 136
Size effects in ¿-conjugated systems	p. 140
Strongly interacting ¿-conjugated systems: A molecular dimmer	p. 144
Molecular Frenkel exciton	p. 149
Size effects in molecular exciton: Coherence length and cooperative phenomena	p. 153
Effects of finite number of optical electrons	p. 157
Size-dependent optical properties: Absorption and scattering	p. 158
Basic theory of light scattering	p. 160
Size-dependent scattering from dielectric spheres: Mie solutions	p. 164
Optical properties of metal nanoparticles: Plasmonics	p. 169
Local field enhancement and surface-enhanced Raman scattering	p. 176
Size-dependent electromagnetic interactions: Particle-particle	p. 179
Radiative energy transfer	p. 179
Förster resonant energy transfer (FRET)	p. 180
Electron-exchange (Dexter) energy transfer	p. 187
Photo-induced electron transfer	p. 190
Size-dependent interactions: Particle-light interactions in finite geometries	p. 191
Optical interactions in microcavities	p. 191
Effects of dielectric interfaces	p. 198
Problems	p. 201
References	p. 204
Magnetic and magnetotransport properties of nanoscale materials	p. 207
Fundamentals of magnetism	p. 207
Magnetic ions and magnetic ordering	p. 207
Exchange interaction	p. 208
Mean field theory of ferromagnetism	p. 211
Size and surface effects in 3D confined systems	p. 213
Quantization of electronic structures and the Kubo effect	p. 214
Surface magnetism of transition noble metals	p. 220
Single-domain structures and superparamagnetism	p. 224
Ferromagnetic domain-wall-related phenomena	p. 229
Macroscopic quantum tunneling in magnetic nanostructures	p. 229
Electron scattering at domain walls: Quantum coherence	p. 233
Spin current and spin transfer torque-current-induced domain wall motion	p. 235
Spin transport in magnetic nanostructures: Magnetic interface effect	p. 240
GMR and TMR effect: Spin-dependent scattering in multilayers and tunneling junctions	p. 240
Spin accumulation and current-perpendicular-to-plane (CFP) GMR: Spin diffusion length	p. 245
Spin Hall effect: Side jump and skew scattering due to spin-orbit coupling	p. 249
Problems	p. 253
References	p. 253
Index	p. 257
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