Nanostructures and Nanomaterials : Synthesis, Properties and Applications

by Cao, Guozhong

• ISBN13: 9781860944154
• ISBN10: 1860944159
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-06-01
• Publisher: World Scientific Pub Co Inc

Table of Contents

Preface	p. v
Introduction	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Emergence of Nanotechnology	p. 4
Bottom-Up and Top-Down Approaches	p. 7
Challenges in Nanotechnology	p. 10
Scope of the Book	p. 11
References	p. 14
Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces	p. 15
Introduction	p. 15
Surface Energy	p. 17
Chemical Potential as a Function of Surface Curvature	p. 26
Electrostatic Stabilization	p. 32
Surface charge density	p. 32
Electric potential at the proximity of solid surface	p. 33
Van der Waals attraction potential	p. 36
Interactions between two particles: DLVO theory	p. 38
Steric Stabilization	p. 42
Solvent and polymer	p. 43
Interactions between polymer layers	p. 45
Mixed steric and electric interactions	p. 47
Summary	p. 48
References	p. 48
Zero-Dimensional Nanostructures: Nanoparticles	p. 51
Introduction	p. 51
Nanoparticles through Homogeneous Nucleation	p. 53
Fundamentals of homogeneous nucleation	p. 53
Subsequent growth of nuclei	p. 58
Growth controlled by diffusion	p. 59
Growth controlled by surface process	p. 59
Synthesis of metallic nanoparticles	p. 63
Influences of reduction reagents	p. 67
Influences by other factors	p. 69
Influences of polymer stabilizer	p. 72
Synthesis of semiconductor nanoparticles	p. 74
Synthesis of oxide nanoparticles	p. 81
Introduction to sol-gel processing	p. 82
Forced hydrolysis	p. 85
Controlled release of ions	p. 87
Vapor phase reactions	p. 88
Solid state phase segregation	p. 89
Nanoparticles through Heterogeneous Nucleation	p. 93
Fundamentals of heterogeneous nucleation	p. 93
Synthesis of nanoparticles	p. 95
Kinetically Confined Synthesis of Nanoparticles	p. 96
Synthesis inside micelles or using microemulsions	p. 96
Aerosol synthesis	p. 98
Growth termination	p. 99
Spray pyrolysis	p. 100
Template-based synthesis	p. 101
Epitaxial Core-Shell Nanoparticles	p. 101
Summary	p. 104
References	p. 105
One-Dimensional Nanostructures: Nanowires and Nanorods	p. 110
Introduction	p. 110
Spontaneous Growth	p. 111
Evaporation (dissolution)-condensation growth	p. 112
Fundamentals of evaporation (dissolution)-condensation growth	p. 112
Evaporation-condensation growth	p. 119
Dissolution-condensation growth	p. 123
Vapor (or solution)-liquid-solid (VLS or SLS) growth	p. 127
Fundamental aspects of VLS and SLS growth	p. 127
VLS growth of various nanowires	p. 131
Control of the size of nanowires	p. 134
Precursors and catalysts	p. 138
SLS growth	p. 140
Stress-induced recrystallization	p. 142
Template-Based Synthesis	p. 143
Electrochemical deposition	p. 144
Electrophoretic deposition	p. 151
Template filling	p. 157
Colloidal dispersion filling	p. 158
Melt and solution filling	p. 160
Chemical vapor deposition	p. 161
Deposition by centrifugation	p. 161
Converting through chemical reactions	p. 162
Electrospinning	p. 164
Lithography	p. 165
Summary	p. 168
References	p. 168
Two-Dimensional Nanostructures: Thin Films	p. 173
Introduction	p. 173
Fundamentals of Film Growth	p. 174
Vacuum Science	p. 178
Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD)	p. 182
Evaporation	p. 183
Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE)	p. 185
Sputtering	p. 186
Comparison of evaporation and sputtering	p. 188
Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)	p. 189
Typical chemical reactions	p. 189
Reaction kinetics	p. 190
Transport phenomena	p. 191
CVD methods	p. 194
Diamond films by CVD	p. 197
Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD)	p. 199
Superlattices	p. 204
Self-Assembly	p. 205
Monolayers of organosilicon or alkylsilane derivatives	p. 208
Monolayers of alkanethiols and sulfides	p. 210
Monolayers of carboxylic acids, amines and alcohols	p. 212
Langmuir-Blodgett Films	p. 213
Electrochemical Deposition	p. 218
Sol-Gel Films	p. 219
Summary	p. 223
References	p. 224
Special Nanomaterials	p. 229
Introduction	p. 229
Carbon Fullerenes and Nanotubes	p. 230
Carbon fullerenes	p. 230
Fullerene-derived crystals	p. 232
Carbon nanotubes	p. 232
Micro and Mesoporous Materials	p. 238
Ordered mesoporous structures	p. 239
Random mesoporous structures	p. 245
Crystalline microporous materials: zeolites	p. 249
Core-Shell Structures	p. 257
Metal-oxide structures	p. 257
Metal-polymer structures	p. 260
Oxide-polymer structures	p. 261
Organic-Inorganic Hybrids	p. 263
Class I hybrids	p. 263
Class II hybrids	p. 264
Intercalation Compounds	p. 266
Nanocomposites and Nanograined Materials	p. 267
Summary	p. 268
References	p. 269
Nanostructures Fabricated by Physical Techniques	p. 277
Introduction	p. 277
Lithography	p. 278
Photolithography	p. 279
Phase-shifting photolithography	p. 283
Electron beam lithography	p. 284
X-ray lithography	p. 287
Focused ion beam (FIB) lithography	p. 288
Neutral atomic beam lithography	p. 290
Nanomanipulation and Nanolithography	p. 291
Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM)	p. 292
Atomic force microscopy (AFM)	p. 294
Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM)	p. 296
Nanomanipulation	p. 298
Nanolithography	p. 303
Soft Lithography	p. 308
Microcontact printing	p. 308
Molding	p. 310
Nanoimprint	p. 310
Dip-pen nanolithography	p. 313
Assembly of Nanoparticles and Nanowires	p. 314
Capillary forces	p. 315
Dispersion interactions	p. 316
Shear force assisted assembly	p. 318
Electric-field assisted assembly	p. 318
Covalently linked assembly	p. 319
Gravitational field assisted assembly	p. 319
Template-assisted assembly	p. 319
Other Methods for Microfabrication	p. 321
Summary	p. 321
References	p. 322
Characterization and Properties of Nanomaterials	p. 329
Introduction	p. 329
Structural Characterization	p. 330
X-ray diffraction (XRD)	p. 331
Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS)	p. 333
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)	p. 336
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)	p. 338
Scanning probe microscopy (SPM)	p. 340
Gas adsorption	p. 343
Chemical Characterization	p. 344
Optical spectroscopy	p. 345
Electron spectroscopy	p. 349
Ionic spectrometry	p. 350
Physical Properties of Nanomaterials	p. 352
Melting points and lattice constants	p. 353
Mechanical properties	p. 357
Optical properties	p. 362
Surface plasmon resonance	p. 362
Quantum size effects	p. 367
Electrical conductivity	p. 371
Surface scattering	p. 371
Change of electronic structure	p. 374
Quantum transport	p. 375
Effect of microstructure	p. 379
Ferroelectrics and dielectrics	p. 380
Superparamagnetism	p. 382
Summary	p. 384
References	p. 384
Applications of Nanomaterials	p. 391
Introduction	p. 391
Molecular Electronics and Nanoelectronics	p. 392
Nanobots	p. 394
Biological Applications of Nanoparticles	p. 396
Catalysis by Gold Nanoparticles	p. 397
Band Gap Engineered Quantum Devices	p. 399
Quantum well devices	p. 399
Quantum dot devices	p. 401
Nanomechanics	p. 402
Carbon Nanotube Emitters	p. 404
Photoelectrochemical Cells	p. 406
Photonic Crystals and Plasmon Waveguides	p. 409
Photonic crystals	p. 409
Plasmon waveguides	p. 411
Summary	p. 411
References	p. 412
Appendix
Periodic Table of the Elements	p. 419
The International System of Units	p. 420
List of Fundamental Physical Constants	p. 421
The 14 Three-Dimensional Lattice Types	p. 422
The Electromagnetic Spectrum	p. 423
The Greek Alphabet	p. 424
Index	p. 425
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