Nanostructures and Nanomaterials : Synthesis, Properties and Applications

by Cao, Guozhong

• ISBN13: 9781860944802
• ISBN10: 1860944809
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-04-30
• Publisher: IMPERIAL COLLEGE PRESS

Table of Contents

Preface	v
Introduction	1	(14)
Introduction	1	(3)
Emergence of Nanotechnology	4	(3)
Bottom-Up and Top-Down Approaches	7	(3)
Challenges in Nanotechnology	10	(1)
Scope of the Book	11	(4)
References	14	(1)
Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces	15	(36)
Introduction	15	(2)
Surface Energy	17	(9)
Chemical Potential as a Function of Surface Curvature	26	(6)
Electrostatic Stabilization	32	(10)
Surface charge density	32	(1)
Electric potential at the proximity of solid surface	33	(3)
Van der Waals attraction potential	36	(2)
Interactions between two particles: DLVO theory	38	(4)
Steric Stabilization	42	(6)
Solvent and polymer	43	(2)
Interactions between polymer layers	45	(2)
Mixed steric and electric interactions	47	(1)
Summary	48	(3)
References	48	(3)
Zero-Dimensional Nanostructures: Nanoparticles	51	(59)
Introduction	51	(2)
Nanoparticles through Homogeneous Nucleation	53	(40)
Fundamentals of homogeneous nucleation	53	(5)
Subsequent growth of nuclei	58	(1)
Growth controlled by diffusion	59	(1)
Growth controlled by surface process	59	(4)
Synthesis of metallic nanoparticles	63	(4)
Influences of reduction reagents	67	(2)
Influences by other factors	69	(3)
Influences of polymer stabilizer	72	(2)
Synthesis of semiconductor nanoparticles	74	(7)
Synthesis of oxide nanoparticles	81	(1)
Introduction to sol-gel processing	82	(3)
Forced hydrolysis	85	(2)
Controlled release of ions	87	(1)
Vapor phase reactions	88	(1)
Solid state phase segregation	89	(4)
Nanoparticles through Heterogeneous Nucleation	93	(3)
Fundamentals of heterogeneous nucleation	93	(2)
Synthesis of nanoparticles	95	(1)
Kinetically Confined Synthesis of Nanoparticles	96	(5)
Synthesis inside micelles or using microemulsions	96	(2)
Aerosol synthesis	98	(1)
Growth termination	99	(1)
Spray pyrolysis	100	(1)
Template-based synthesis	101	(1)
Epitaxial Core-Shell Nanoparticles	101	(3)
Summary	104	(6)
References	105	(5)
One-Dimensional Nanostructures: Nanowires and Nanorods	110	(63)
Introduction	110	(1)
Spontaneous Growth	111	(32)
Evaporation (dissolution)--condensation growth	112	(1)
Fundamentals of evaporation (dissolution)--condensation growth	112	(7)
Evaporation--condensation growth	119	(4)
Dissolution--condensation growth	123	(4)
Vapor (or solution)--liquid--solid (VLS or SLS) growth	127	(1)
Fundamental aspects of VLS and SLS growth	127	(4)
VLS growth of various nanowires	131	(3)
Control of the size of nanowires	134	(4)
Precursors and catalysts	138	(2)
SLS growth	140	(2)
Stress-induced recrystallization	142	(1)
Template-Based Synthesis	143	(21)
Electrochemical deposition	144	(7)
Electrophoretic deposition	151	(6)
Template filling	157	(1)
Colloidal dispersion filling	158	(2)
Melt and solution filling	160	(1)
Chemical vapor deposition	161	(1)
Deposition by centrifugation	161	(1)
Converting through chemical reactions	162	(2)
Electrospinning	164	(1)
Lithography	165	(3)
Summary	168	(5)
References	168	(5)
Two-Dimensional Nanostructures: Thin Films	173	(56)
Introduction	173	(1)
Fundamentals of Film Growth	174	(4)
Vacuum Science	178	(4)
Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD)	182	(7)
Evaporation	183	(2)
Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE)	185	(1)
Sputtering	186	(2)
Comparison of evaporation and sputtering	188	(1)
Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)	189	(10)
Typical chemical reactions	189	(1)
Reaction kinetics	190	(1)
Transport phenomena	191	(3)
CVD methods	194	(3)
Diamond films by CVD	197	(2)
Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD)	199	(5)
Superlattices	204	(1)
Self-Assembly	205	(8)
Monolayers of organosilicon or alkylsilane derivatives	208	(2)
Monolayers of alkanethiols and sulfides	210	(2)
Monolayers of carboxylic acids, amines and alcohols	212	(1)
Langmuir--Blodgett Films	213	(5)
Electrochemical Deposition	218	(1)
Sol-Gel Films	219	(4)
Summary	223	(6)
References	224	(5)
Special Nanomaterials	229	(48)
Introduction	229	(1)
Carbon Fullerenes and Nanotubes	230	(8)
Carbon fullerenes	230	(2)
Fullerene-derived crystals	232	(1)
Carbon nanotubes	232	(6)
Micro and Mesoporous Materials	238	(19)
Ordered mesoporous structures	239	(6)
Random mesoporous structures	245	(4)
Crystalline microporous materials: zeolites	249	(8)
Core-Shell Structures	257	(6)
Metal-oxide structures	257	(3)
Metal--polymer structures	260	(1)
Oxide--polymer structures	261	(2)
Organic--Inorganic Hybrids	263	(3)
Class I hybrids	263	(1)
Class II hybrids	264	(2)
Intercalation Compounds	266	(1)
Nanocomposites and Nanograined Materials	267	(1)
Summary	268	(9)
References	269	(8)
Nanostructures Fabricated by Physical Techniques	277	(52)
Introduction	277	(1)
Lithography	278	(13)
Photolithography	279	(4)
Phase-shifting photolithography	283	(1)
Electron beam lithography	284	(3)
X-ray lithography	287	(1)
Focused ion beam (FIB) lithography	288	(2)
Neutral atomic beam lithography	290	(1)
Nanomanipulation and Nanolithography	291	(17)
Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM)	292	(2)
Atomic force microscopy (AFM)	294	(2)
Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM)	296	(2)
Nanomanipulation	298	(5)
Nanolithography	303	(5)
Soft Lithography	308	(6)
Microcontact printing	308	(2)
Molding	310	(1)
Nanoimprint	310	(3)
Dip-pen nanolithography	313	(1)
Assembly of Nanoparticles and Nanowires	314	(7)
Capillary forces	315	(1)
Dispersion interactions	316	(2)
Shear force assisted assembly	318	(1)
Electric-field assisted assembly	318	(1)
Covalently linked assembly	319	(1)
Gravitational field assisted assembly	319	(1)
Template-assisted assembly	319	(2)
Other Methods for Microfabrication	321	(1)
Summary	321	(8)
References	322	(7)
Characterization and Properties of Nanomaterials	329	(62)
Introduction	329	(1)
Structural Characterization	330	(14)
X-ray diffraction (XRD)	331	(2)
Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS)	333	(3)
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)	336	(2)
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)	338	(2)
Scanning probe microscopy (SPM)	340	(3)
Gas adsorption	343	(1)
Chemical Characterization	344	(8)
Optical spectroscopy	345	(4)
Electron spectroscopy	349	(1)
Ionic spectrometry	350	(2)
Physical Properties of Nanomaterials	352	(32)
Melting points and lattice constants	353	(4)
Mechanical properties	357	(5)
Optical properties	362	(1)
Surface plasmon resonance	362	(5)
Quantum size effects	367	(4)
Electrical conductivity	371	(1)
Surface scattering	371	(3)
Change of electronic structure	374	(1)
Quantum transport	375	(4)
Effect of microstructure	379	(1)
Ferroelectrics and dielectrics	380	(2)
Superparamagnetism	382	(2)
Summary	384	(7)
References	384	(7)
Applications of Nanomaterials	391	(34)
Introduction	391	(1)
Molecular Electronics and Nanoelectronics	392	(2)
Nanobots	394	(2)
Biological Applications of Nanoparticles	396	(1)
Catalysis by Gold Nanoparticles	397	(2)
Band Gap Engineered Quantum Devices	399	(3)
Quantum well devices	399	(2)
Quantum dot devices	401	(1)
Nanomechanics	402	(2)
Carbon Nanotube Emitters	404	(2)
Photoelectrochemical Cells	406	(3)
Photonic Crystals and Plasmon Waveguides	409	(2)
Photonic crystals	409	(2)
Plasmon waveguides	411	(1)
Summary	411	(8)
References	412	(7)
Appendix
Periodic Table of the Elements	419	(1)
The International System of Units	420	(1)
List of Fundamental Physical Constants	421	(1)
The 14 Three-Dimensional Lattice Types	422	(1)
The Electromagnetic Spectrum	423	(1)
The Greek Alphabet	424	(1)
Index	425