Natural Resources : Ecology, Economics, and Policy

by Holechek, Jerry L.; Cole, Richard A.; Fisher, James T.; Valdez, Raul

• ISBN13: 9780138960773
• ISBN10: 0138960771
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

For freshman/senior-level introductory courses in Introduction to Natural Resource Management, Advanced Natural Resource Management, Natural Resource Economics, Natural Resource Policy, and Environmental Science. Unlike other natural resource management texts that focus solely on the ecological aspects of resourcesand with an overly pessimistic view of the futurethis text explores natural resource management in context in a functional, applied framework by integrating ecology, history, planning, economics, and policy into coverage of each natural resource, and by providing a balanced, guarded optimistic view of the most current research and technology's capability to overcome natural resource problems. Exceptionally straightforward and readable, it is easily accessible to students with limited background in ecology, biology, and economics.

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
Natural Resources: An Overview	1	(16)
Natural Resources Defined	1	(4)
Abiotic and biotic resources	2	(1)
Ecosystems defined	2	(1)
Resource consumption, use, and renewal	2	(3)
Natural Resource Management	5	(2)
Management objectives	5	(1)
Private and public resource management	5	(1)
An integrated approach to management	6	(1)
The Need for Natural Resource Management	7	(1)
The human population increase	7	(1)
Land Area and Land Uses	8	(4)
Natural resource issues	9	(3)
An Optimistic View of the Future	12	(1)
Other Sources of Information	13	(1)
Organization of the Book	13	(4)
Management foundations	13	(1)
Air, water, and land resources	13	(1)
The land-based renewable resources	14	(1)
The wild living resources	14	(1)
The mineral and energy resources	14	(1)
Integration of natural resources management	14	(1)
Literature Cited	15	(2)
SECTION 1 MANAGEMENT FOUNDATIONS	17	(132)
The Historical Perspective	19	(41)
Colonization (up to 1776)	19	(7)
Ecology and landscape	19	(4)
Economics	23	(2)
Policy	25	(1)
Westward Expansion (1776--1860)	26	(6)
Ecology and landscape	26	(2)
Economics	28	(1)
Policy	29	(3)
The Gilded Age (1861--1899)	32	(8)
Ecology and landscape	32	(1)
Economics	33	(4)
Policy	37	(3)
The Progressive Period (1900--1945)	40	(8)
Ecology and landscape	40	(1)
Economics	41	(3)
Policy	44	(4)
Neoprogressive Period (1945--Present)	48	(9)
Ecology and landscape	48	(2)
Economics	50	(2)
Policy	52	(5)
Literature Cited	57	(3)
Basic Ecology	60	(39)
Introduction	60	(1)
Populations	61	(2)
Population identity	61	(1)
Distribution and dispersal	61	(1)
Factors affecting population distribution	62	(1)
Population habitat and physical niche	63	(1)
Population Structure and Dynamics	63	(2)
Population structure	63	(1)
Population dynamics	63	(2)
Population Energetics, Biomass, and Production	65	(2)
Energetics	65	(1)
Population biomass	66	(1)
Production, Productivity, and P/B ratio	67	(1)
Population Strategies	67	(1)
Communities	68	(1)
Definition	68	(1)
Community Structure and Functions	69	(8)
Community habitat	69	(1)
Biodiversity	69	(2)
Trophic functions	71	(3)
Competitive interactions within communities	74	(2)
Interaction among biotic communities	76	(1)
Ecosystems	77	(1)
Ecosystems defined	77	(1)
Ecosystem structure and function	78	(18)
Energy flow	79	(3)
Material flow, storage, and cycling	82	(5)
Succession	87	(7)
Ecosystem manipulators: The human component	94	(2)
Literature Cited	96	(3)
Conservation Economics	99	(23)
The Problem	99	(1)
Hard Choices	99	(3)
Timber versus spotted owls (Pacific NW)	100	(1)
Cheap energy versus functioning ecosystems	100	(1)
Clean air versus cheap steel	100	(1)
Endangered wolves versus livestock and wildlife	101	(1)
Endangered fish versus food	101	(1)
Hydropower versus recreation	101	(1)
Electric power versus forests	101	(1)
Mining versus recreation on public lands	102	(1)
Riparian ecosystems versus livestock	102	(1)
Hydro-dam relicensing	102	(1)
Choices Displace Opportunities	102	(6)
Economics is about choices	102	(2)
Importance of good decisions	104	(1)
What the market mechanism does	104	(1)
How the market solves the three problems	104	(2)
Who controls the market?	106	(1)
The invisible hand of the market	106	(1)
Can profit incentives protect natural resources?	106	(1)
How markets settle conservation questions	107	(1)
When are markets best at promoting conservation?	107	(1)
Limits of the market	108	(1)
The Future	108	(1)
Harnessing the Power of the Market	109	(3)
Concepts for incentive-based pollution control	109	(1)
Pollution taxes	109	(1)
Marketable waste emission permit systems	110	(2)
Applications of Incentive-Based Regulations	112	(2)
Pollution taxes	112	(1)
Marketable permit systems	112	(2)
Governments and Conservation	114	(3)
How government settle conservation questions	114	(1)
Limits of government in settling conservation questions	114	(1)
Rent seeking	114	(1)
Taxpayer ignorance	114	(1)
Empire building	114	(1)
Abuses of economic analysis	115	(1)
What government can do to protect natural resources	115	(1)
Why measure benefits and costs?	116	(1)
How to Measure Benefits and Costs	117	(1)
Basic principles	117	(1)
Implementation principles	117	(1)
Implementation practices, incremental benefits and costs	118	(1)
Measurement problems	118	(1)
Scope and Limits of BCA	118	(2)
The bad news	119	(1)
The good news	119	(1)
A summary of BCA	120	(1)
Conclusion	120	(1)
Literature Cited	120	(2)
Planning, Policy, and Administration	122	(27)
Elements of Organizational Function	122	(2)
Identifying and solving problems	122	(1)
Forces in organizational integration	122	(2)
General approaches to management	124	(1)
Management Systems	124	(4)
Organizations as management systems	124	(2)
Management system boundaries	126	(2)
The Internal Management Environment	128	(3)
Resources, use, and management	128	(1)
Opportunity and use	129	(1)
Managing for result, not process	129	(1)
External environment	129	(1)
Measuring management performance and success	130	(1)
Public, Private, and Advocacy Systems	131	(2)
Public	131	(1)
Business	131	(1)
Advocacy	132	(1)
Planning Process	133	(2)
Inventorying planning environments	133	(1)
Reviewing mandates	134	(1)
Reviewing mission	134	(1)
Environmental scanning	134	(1)
Stakeholders	135	(1)
SWOT analysis	135	(1)
Forecasting	135	(1)
Focusing Management Intent	135	(3)
Mission	135	(1)
Planning vision	136	(1)
Goals	136	(1)
Issues	136	(1)
Strategic planning	136	(1)
Setting objectives	137	(1)
Long-range planning	137	(1)
Operations planning	137	(1)
Organizational performance evaluation	138	(1)
Organizational Planning Boundaries	138	(2)
Project planning	138	(1)
Program planning	139	(1)
Comprehensive organizational planning	139	(1)
Regional (Geographic) Planning	140	(1)
Politically bounded planning	140	(1)
Naturally bounded planning	140	(1)
Integrated resource management planning	140	(1)
Policy	141	(2)
What is policy?	141	(1)
Roles of federal, state, and local governments	142	(1)
Budget policy	142	(1)
Public and private policy	142	(1)
U.S. Constitution and policy development	143	(1)
Making Policy	143	(2)
Legislation	143	(1)
Common elements of law	144	(1)
Organizational Administration	145	(2)
Integrating organizational activities	145	(1)
Information flow and authority	145	(2)
Information management	147	(1)
Networking	147	(1)
Summary	147	(1)
Literature Cited	148	(1)
SECTION 2 AIR, WATER, AND LAND RESOURCES	149	(142)
Atmospheric Resources and Climate	151	(27)
Introduction	151	(1)
Climatic Factors and Elements	151	(1)
Climatic Factors	152	(4)
Atmospheric composition and pressure	152	(1)
Solar radiation	152	(1)
Earth latitude, shape, and rotation	153	(1)
Distribution of continents	153	(1)
Topography	154	(1)
Marine currents	155	(1)
Interactions between climatic factors	156	(1)
Vegetation as a climatic factor	156	(1)
Climatic Elements	156	(6)
Wind	156	(1)
Temperature	157	(1)
Precipitation	158	(3)
Precipitation systems	161	(1)
Humidity	162	(1)
Types of Climate	162	(1)
Equable climate	162	(1)
Desert climate	163	(1)
Polar climate	163	(1)
Mediterranean climate	163	(1)
Continental climate	163	(1)
Tropical wet and dry climate	163	(1)
Climatic Types in the United States	163	(3)
The Pacific climate	163	(1)
The Great Basin climate	164	(1)
The Southwestern climate	165	(1)
The Plains climate	166	(1)
The Eastern climate	166	(1)
The Florida climate	166	(1)
Climatic Instability and Natural Resource Management	166	(3)
World climatic history	167	(1)
Climatic lessons from the past	168	(1)
Climatic Change and Human Activities	169	(7)
The greenhouse effect and radiation balance	169	(2)
Global warming and fossil fuels	171	(1)
The implications of global warming	172	(1)
Possible strategies for managing global climate change	173	(1)
Acid precipitation	173	(2)
Ozone depletion	175	(1)
Desertification	175	(1)
Literature Cited	176	(2)
Water Resources	178	(41)
Introduction	178	(2)
The Properties of Water	180	(1)
Physical attributes	180	(1)
Water Forms and Distribution	181	(2)
The planet's reserves	181	(1)
Glacial ice	181	(1)
Lakes	182	(1)
Rivers	182	(1)
Oceans	182	(1)
Groundwater	182	(1)
Water Resources and Management	183	(9)
The hydrologic cycle	183	(1)
The watershed	183	(1)
What is watershed management?	184	(1)
Watershed processes	185	(2)
Managing land use practices	187	(2)
Roles of wetland and riparian areas	189	(1)
Special watershed management techniques	190	(2)
Multipurpose Water Resource Management	192	(5)
The water resource management agencies	192	(1)
Integrated management objectives	192	(2)
Water management engineering	194	(3)
Water Quality Management	197	(4)
Types of water quality problems	197	(1)
Surface water impairment	197	(1)
Disease-causing organisms	198	(1)
Nutrients	199	(1)
Silts and suspended solids	199	(1)
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)	200	(1)
Salinity and other dissolved solids	200	(1)
Toxic materials	200	(1)
Acid mine drainage	200	(1)
Thermal discharges	201	(1)
Approaches to Water Quality Management	201	(2)
Classification of water pollution sources	201	(1)
The watershed approach	201	(1)
Water treatment	201	(2)
Home water treatment	203	(1)
Water Uses in the United States	203	(4)
Types of water use	203	(2)
Off-stream uses	205	(2)
In-stream uses	207	(1)
Regional trends in water use and consumption	207	(1)
Water Use Problems and Conflicts	207	(6)
Overpumping	208	(1)
Water allocation and wildlife habitat	208	(2)
Salinization	210	(1)
Who owns the water?	211	(2)
Meeting Water Demand in the Twenty-First Century	213	(2)
Water conservation	213	(1)
Reclamation of sewage water	213	(1)
Development of groundwater	213	(1)
Desalinization	213	(1)
Developing salt-resistant crops	213	(1)
Developing drought-resistant crops	213	(1)
Rainmaking	214	(1)
Harvesting icebergs	214	(1)
Long distance water transport	214	(1)
Improved integration of water use	215	(1)
Water in the nation's future	215	(1)
Literature Cited	215	(4)
Soil: The Basic Land Resource	219	(27)
Importance of Soil	219	(15)
The soil profile	219	(1)
Soil formation	220	(2)
Soil characteristics	222	(2)
Soil classification	224	(5)
Soil erosion	229	(2)
Soil erosion in the United States	231	(3)
Controlling Soil Erosion	234	(7)
Conservation tillage	234	(6)
Maintaining soil fertility	240	(1)
The USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service	241	(1)
Soil Policy	242	(3)
Literature Cited	245	(1)
Ecosystems of the United States	246	(45)
Introduction	246	(1)
Terrestrial Ecosystems	246	(14)
Overview	246	(7)
Biomes of the United States	253	(7)
Desert	260	(5)
Hot desert	260	(3)
Cold desert	263	(2)
Woodlands	265	(6)
Pinon-juniper woodland	265	(1)
Mountain browse	266	(1)
Oak woodland	267	(1)
Western coniferous forest	268	(1)
Southern pine forest	269	(1)
Eastern deciduous forest	270	(1)
Tundra	271	(1)
Alpine tundra	271	(1)
Aquatic Ecosystems	272	(16)
Wetland ecosystems	272	(7)
Stream and river ecosystems	279	(3)
Estuarine ecosystems	282	(2)
Marine ecosystems	284	(4)
Literature Cited	288	(3)
SECTION 3 THE LAND-BASED RENEWABLE RESOURCES	291	(170)
Forests and Forestry	293	(42)
Introduction	293	(1)
Tree Structure and Function	294	(2)
Forest Products	296	(1)
Forest Distribution	297	(5)
Boreal forest (Taiga)	298	(1)
Temperate deciduous forests	299	(1)
Temperate coniferous forests	300	(1)
Temperate mixed forests	300	(1)
Temperate broad-leaved evergreen forests	300	(1)
Tropical evergreen forests	300	(2)
Tropical deciduous forests	302	(1)
Forests of the United States	302	(4)
Major forest types	302	(4)
Forest Land Area in the U. S.	306	(1)
The Status of the U. S. Timber Resource	306	(3)
Commercial forest land	307	(1)
Timber productivity across the regions	308	(1)
Timber removals	308	(1)
Who owns the nation's forests?	308	(1)
Forest Management	309	(6)
Forest management defined	309	(1)
Criteria used to classify stands	310	(1)
Age and size distribution	311	(1)
Species composition	312	(1)
Classification based on density	312	(1)
Classification based on site quality	313	(1)
The concept of shade tolerance	314	(1)
Stand Management	315	(4)
Silvicultural systems	315	(1)
Cutting and reproduction methods	315	(4)
Intermediate Treatments	319	(1)
Emergency Cuttings or Thinnings	319	(1)
Timber Harvesting	320	(1)
Tree Planting	320	(1)
Forest Protection	321	(3)
Forest fire	321	(1)
Insects	321	(3)
Disease	324	(1)
Exotic pests	324	(1)
Abiotic factors	324	(1)
Forest Ecosystem Management	324	(6)
Ecosystem management defined	324	(2)
The clear-cutting controversy	326	(1)
Ecosystem management and fire	327	(1)
Gap dynamics	328	(2)
Forest succession and ecosystems management	330	(1)
Global Forest Problems	330	(1)
Recycling Wastepaper	331	(1)
Reducing Paper Use	332	(1)
Concluding Remarks	332	(1)
Literature Cited	332	(3)
Rangeland and Range Management	335	(33)
Rangelands Defined	335	(1)
Rangeland Management Defined	336	(1)
Basic concepts	336	(1)
Types of Rangeland	337	(2)
Historical Perspective	339	(1)
Rangeland Ecology	340	(1)
Grazing effects on range plants	340	(1)
Rangeland Condition and Trend	341	(1)
Range Animal Ecology	342	(4)
Comparative digestive systems	342	(1)
Forage selection by different ungulates	343	(1)
Comparative nutritive value of grasses, forbs, and shrubs	343	(2)
Use of nutritional knowledge in management	345	(1)
Animal suitability for different rangelands	346	(1)
Rangeland Management	346	(10)
Importance of correct stocking rate	346	(2)
Improving livestock distribution	348	(1)
Grazing systems	349	(7)
Rangeland Livestock Production	356	(2)
Importance of the West	357	(1)
Livestock management during drought	357	(1)
Poisonous plant problems	358	(1)
Controlling Rangeland Vegetation	358	(1)
Government Policy	359	(5)
Importance of federal lands	360	(1)
The Vale program	361	(1)
Policy changes	362	(2)
Range Management and the Future	364	(2)
Literature Cited	366	(2)
Farmland and Food Production	368	(24)
Introduction	368	(1)
A Brief History	369	(1)
Major Types of Agriculture	369	(1)
The Green Revolution	370	(2)
Agriculture Problems in the United States	372	(5)
Increasing regulation	374	(1)
Urban sprawl	374	(1)
Rising production costs	375	(1)
Declining exports	376	(1)
Atmospheric pollution	377	(1)
Restricted water supplies	377	(1)
Excess capacity	377	(1)
Agriculture in Developing Countries	377	(2)
Pesticide Controversies	379	(3)
Sustainable Agriculture	382	(1)
Farmland Policy	382	(7)
Farm programs in other countries	387	(1)
Trends in current policy	388	(1)
Eliminating Government Involvement in Agriculture: The New Zealand Case	389	(1)
Conclusion	390	(1)
Literature Cited	390	(2)
Outdoor Recreation	392	(28)
Introduction	392	(1)
What is Recreation?	393	(2)
The Importance of Outdoor Recreation	395	(1)
Attributes of Outdoor Recreation	395	(1)
Resource Conflicts and Resolution	396	(1)
Historical Perspectives	397	(2)
Federal management	397	(1)
Early attitudes	397	(1)
Recent trends	398	(1)
Federal Recreational Management	399	(4)
National Forest Service	399	(1)
National Park Service	400	(3)
Federal water resources agencies	403	(1)
Other Recreational Management	403	(1)
State and local government	403	(1)
Private recreation opportunities and tourism	404	(1)
Recreational Challenges on Public Lands	404	(6)
Importance of public land recreation	404	(1)
Subdividing private grazing lands	404	(2)
Agriculture on the urban interface	406	(1)
Scenic beauty and range management	406	(2)
Public opinion and management of federal rangelands	408	(1)
Recreation and ranching	408	(1)
Managing recreation costs on public lands	408	(2)
Conflict resolution in multiple-use decisions	410	(1)
Outdoor Recreational Management	410	(5)
Interfacing people with resources	410	(1)
Recreational planning	410	(1)
Recreational economics	411	(1)
Integrative management planning	412	(1)
Recreational resource managers	412	(1)
Visitor management	413	(1)
Natural resource management	414	(1)
Information service management	415	(1)
Future Demands for Outdoor Recreation	415	(2)
Literature Cited	417	(3)
Urban Land-Use Management	420	(41)
The Urban Landscape	420	(1)
Resources and services expectations	420	(1)
The Urban Ecosystem	421	(7)
Urban form and function	424	(1)
Integrating urban form with natural functions	425	(3)
Development of Urban Infrastructure	428	(6)
Public and private partnership	428	(2)
Transportation	430	(1)
Utilities	431	(1)
Housing subsidies	432	(1)
The superhighways	433	(1)
Urban Growth and Decline	434	(2)
Urban growth	434	(1)
Urban decline	435	(1)
The role of the automobile	435	(1)
Urban Sprawl and Downtown Renewal	436	(2)
Urban Land-Use Planning	438	(3)
Historic land-use development	438	(3)
Contemporary Urban Land-Use Planning	441	(3)
Planning professionals	441	(1)
Nongovernment stakeholders	442	(1)
Government role in planning	442	(2)
Managing the Urban Ecosystem	444	(14)
Integrating urban ecosystem services	444	(1)
Land	445	(4)
Water	449	(5)
Air	454	(4)
Regional Planning Challenges	458	(1)
Literature Cited	458	(3)
SECTION 4 THE WILD LIVING RESOURCES	461	(88)
Wildlife Conservation and Management	463	(41)
Introduction	463	(1)
Wildlife Values and Conflicts	463	(2)
The controversial resource	463	(1)
Wildlife authority	464	(1)
What Is Wildlife?	465	(1)
The professional concept of wildlife	465	(1)
The public concept of wildlife	465	(1)
Management Philosophy: Wildlife Conservation	466	(3)
Values of wildlife	467	(2)
Historical and Legislative Perspectives of Wildlife Conservation	469	(12)
Foods and other goods	469	(3)
Recreation	472	(2)
Animal damage control	474	(2)
Management perspectives in the twentieth century	476	(4)
Threatened and endangered species	480	(1)
Responsibilities of a Wildlife Manager	481	(4)
Changing emphasis	481	(1)
Population assessment and management	482	(1)
Habitat assessment and management	483	(1)
Resource demand assessment and management	483	(1)
Resource user satisfaction	484	(1)
Education and research	484	(1)
Contemporary Concepts in Wildlife Management	485	(12)
Managing wildlife supply and demand	485	(1)
The role of public input	485	(1)
Categorizing wildlife for management	486	(1)
Habitat management	486	(6)
Habitat management strategies	492	(2)
Managing wildlife populations	494	(3)
Commercialization and Wildlife Management	497	(3)
Challenges and Trends in Wildlife Management	500	(2)
Literature Cited	502	(2)
Fishery Conservation and Management	504	(29)
The Fishery Resource	504	(2)
Fishing for Food and Other Goods	506	(8)
Cultural importance	506	(1)
Early fishery allocation	507	(1)
North American fisheries	508	(1)
Technological revolution	508	(3)
Reaching food fishery limits	511	(2)
The aquacultural potential	513	(1)
Recreational Fishing	514	(2)
Cultural significance	514	(1)
Growth of sportfishing in the U. S.	514	(1)
The Limits to sportfishing	514	(2)
Fisheries Biodiversity Issues	516	(3)
A growing concern	517	(1)
Biodiversity values	518	(1)
Fishery Science and Management	519	(6)
Early management emphases	519	(1)
Modern fishery management	519	(4)
New management principles	523	(2)
The Fishery Professional	525	(8)
Changing expectations	525	(1)
Bioassessment and management	526	(1)
Habitat assessment and management	527	(1)
Resource demand assessment and management	528	(1)
Resource user satisfaction	528	(1)
Management administration	529	(1)
Original research	529	(1)
Education	529	(1)
Future Fishery Issues	530	(1)
Literature Cited	530	(3)
Biodiversity and Endangered Species Management	533	(16)
The Dilemma	533	(1)
Biodiversity	534	(4)
What is biodiversity?	534	(1)
The need for international cooperation	535	(1)
The escalating loss of biodiversity	535	(1)
Biodiversity services and value	536	(2)
Endangered Species	538	(5)
What are endangered species?	538	(1)
Causes of extinction	539	(4)
Endangered Species Policy and Management	543	(3)
Legislation and treaties	543	(1)
Habitat conservation plans	544	(1)
Management needed to maintain biodiversity	545	(1)
Endangered Ecosystems	546	(1)
Literature Cited	547	(2)
SECTION 5 THE MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES	549	(82)
Mineral Resources	551	(21)
Introduction	551	(1)
Geological Foundations	551	(7)
The realm of minerals and rocks	551	(2)
Plate tectonics	553	(1)
Plate boundaries	554	(1)
The rock cycle	555	(1)
Mineral deposits	556	(1)
Mineral distribution and abundance	557	(1)
Strategic and critical minerals	558	(1)
Mining and Mineral Extraction	558	(4)
What is an ore?	558	(1)
Surface mining	559	(1)
Subsurface mining	560	(1)
Processing	561	(1)
Important Metallic Minerals	562	(5)
Iron	562	(1)
Aluminum	563	(1)
Copper	563	(1)
Lead	563	(1)
Zinc	563	(1)
Gold and silver	563	(1)
Nonmetallic resources	564	(1)
Recycling	564	(1)
Recycling metals	564	(1)
Iron and steel	564	(2)
Aluminum	566	(1)
Copper	566	(1)
Lead	567	(1)
Environmental Concerns with Mining Activities	567	(3)
Geological exploration	567	(1)
Mining extraction	567	(2)
Mineral processing	569	(1)
Future mineral availability	569	(1)
Literature Cited	570	(2)
Nonrenewable Energy Resources	572	(33)
Introduction	572	(1)
Energy Use	572	(6)
Historical perspective	572	(1)
Energy use today	573	(2)
Electrical energy	575	(1)
Energy in the home, business, and industry	576	(1)
Energy used for transportation	577	(1)
Energy Production	578	(21)
Coal	578	(6)
Oil and gas	584	(8)
Nuclear energy	592	(7)
Nonrenewable Energy and the Environment	599	(4)
Nuclear plant accidents	599	(3)
Terrorism	602	(1)
Environmental degradation	602	(1)
The Immediate Future	603	(1)
Literature Cited	603	(2)
Renewable Energy: The Sustainable Path to a Secure Energy Future	605	(26)
Introduction	605	(2)
Renewable Energy Sources	607	(19)
Solar energy	607	(4)
Wind energy	611	(4)
Hydropower	615	(2)
Biomass	617	(4)
Geothermal energy	621	(3)
Additional renewable energy sources	624	(2)
Concluding Remarks	626	(2)
Literature Cited	628	(3)
SECTION 6 INTEGRATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT	631	(58)
Natural Resources and International Development	633	(11)
Problems with Third World Development	633	(6)
National unity	634	(1)
Market-oriented economy	635	(1)
Democratic form of government	635	(1)
Sound education system	636	(1)
Protection of property rights	636	(1)
Opportunity for social and economic mobility	637	(1)
Level of economic growth exceeds level of population growth	637	(2)
Growth Strategies	639	(1)
Development Options	639	(2)
Natural Resources versus Entrepreneurship	641	(1)
International Policy	641	(2)
Literature Cited	643	(1)
Economics and Economic Systems	644	(24)
Economic Terminology	644	(1)
Basic Economic Principles	644	(6)
Market theories	645	(1)
The Marx alternative to markets	646	(1)
Mixed economies	647	(1)
The most successful economy in the world	648	(2)
Problems with Market Economies: The Business Cycle	650	(8)
Stages of the business cycle	651	(2)
Depressions in the United States	653	(2)
Keynesian economic approach	655	(2)
The economy of the 1980s and 1990s	657	(1)
Creative Destruction and Human Progress	658	(2)
Problems with Centrally Planned Economies	660	(2)
Environmental problems in the former Soviet Union	661	(1)
The collapse of communism	661	(1)
Problems with Mixed Economies	662	(2)
Importance of International Trade and Competition	664	(2)
International trade	664	(1)
International competition	665	(1)
Economies in the Twenty-First Century	666	(1)
Literature Cited	666	(2)
Sustainable Development, Technology, and the Future	668	(21)
Overview	668	(2)
Sustainable Development	670	(1)
Defining sustainable development	670	(1)
National sustainable development goals	670	(1)
National Strategies for Sustainable Development	671	(4)
Sustainable development and conservation	672	(1)
Information deficiencies and sustainable development	672	(1)
Sustainable development in U. S. river corridors	673	(1)
Land control and sustainable development	674	(1)
Ecosystem Management	675	(3)
Defining ecosystem management	675	(1)
Integrating resources management into ecosystems management	676	(1)
Ecosystem health and adaptive management	677	(1)
Technology	678	(3)
The importance of computers	678	(1)
Systems analysis	678	(1)
Models	679	(1)
Artificial intelligence	680	(1)
Virtual reality	680	(1)
Economic analysis	681	(1)
The Future	681	(4)
Literature Cited	685	(4)
Glossary	689	(32)
Index	721