Nervous System : Basic Science and Clinical Conditions

by Michael-Titus, Adina

• ISBN13: 9780443071799
• ISBN10: 0443071799
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2007-03-26
• Publisher: Elsevier Science Health Science div

Summary

This book brings to life the basic science of the nervous system and its major diseases. After early chapters on its general organisation and cellular and molecular mechanisms, clinical scenarios are used to introduce and discuss the knowledge required for diagnosis and treatment of major conditions of the nervous system. Organisation of the nervous system, Elements of cellular and molecular neuroscience, Clinical examination, The spinal cord, Pain and analgesia, Cranial nerves and the brainstem, The visual system, Hearing and balance: the auditory and vestibular systems, Motor systems I: descending pathways and cerebellum, Motor systems II: the basal ganglia, Stroke and head injury, Infection of the central nervous system, Epilepsy, Dementia, Schizophrenia, Depression and anxiety, Addiction. Book jacket.

Table of Contents

Organisation of the Nervous System	p. 1
Introduction	p. 2
Overview of brain anatomy	p. 3
Internal anatomy of the brain	p. 6
Ventricular system	p. 11
Forebrain	p. 13
Hemisphere specialisation	p. 13
Limbic system	p. 16
Orbitofrontal cortex	p. 19
Basal ganglia	p. 19
Diencephalon	p. 19
Thalamus	p. 20
Hypothalamus	p. 21
Peripheral nervous system	p. 23
Putting it all together: from anatomy to behaviour	p. 31
Self-assessment questions	p. 32
Elements of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience	p. 33
Introduction	p. 34
Neurones	p. 34
Glial cells	p. 35
Neurone excitability	p. 37
Neurotransmitters	p. 43
Postsynaptic events and postsynaptic receptors	p. 44
Self-assessment questions	p. 49
Clinical Examination	p. 51
Introduction	p. 52
Parts of the clinical examination	p. 52
Other investigations	p. 59
General comments	p. 62
Self-assessment questions	p. 62
The Spinal Cord	p. 63
Introduction	p. 64
Gross anatomy of the spinal cord and vertebral column	p. 64
Case history	p. 64
Functional organisation of the spinal cord	p. 65
Spinal cord cell types	p. 67
Receptive fields	p. 69
Somatosensory pathways	p. 69
Blood supply to the spinal cord	p. 75
Damage to the spinal cord	p. 76
Comments on the case history	p. 83
Self-assessment case study	p. 83
Self-assessment questions	p. 83
Pain and Analgesia	p. 85
Introduction	p. 86
Case history	p. 86
Nociceptors	p. 87
Pain pathways	p. 89
How does the central nervous system interpret a stimulus as painful?	p. 93
Physiology of pain modulation	p. 93
Pain mechanisms after tissue damage: peripheral and central sensitisation	p. 98
Neuropathic pain mechanisms	p. 100
Pharmacology of pain	p. 101
Other approaches to pain management	p. 107
General comments on pain management	p. 111
Self-assessment case study	p. 111
Self-assessment questions	p. 111
Cranial Nerves and the Brainstem	p. 113
Introduction	p. 114
Anatomical organisation of cranial nerves in the brain	p. 114
Case history	p. 114
Internal organisation of the brainstem	p. 115
Reticular formation	p. 117
Blood supply to the brainstem	p. 120
Brainstem reflexes	p. 123
Brainstem lesions	p. 125
Comments on the case history	p. 127
Self-assessment case study	p. 128
Self-assessment questions	p. 128
The Visual System	p. 129
Introduction	p. 130
Case history	p. 130
Structure of the eye	p. 130
Visual pathways	p. 132
Visual field defects	p. 132
Pupillary light reflexes	p. 134
Focusing of light on the retina	p. 134
Control of eye movements	p. 136
Structure and function of the retina	p. 138
Processing of visual information	p. 145
Summary	p. 147
Self-assessment case study	p. 149
Self-assessment questions	p. 149
Hearing and Balance: The Auditory and Vestibular Systems	p. 151
Introduction	p. 152
Auditory system	p. 152
Case history	p. 152
Vestibular system	p. 162
Comments on case history	p. 168
Self-assessment case study	p. 169
Self-assessment questions	p. 169
Motor Systems I: Descending Pathways and Cerebellum	p. 171
Introduction	p. 172
Case history	p. 173
Skeletal muscle contraction	p. 173
Reflexes	p. 176
Descending pathways	p. 179
Clinical importance of reflexes	p. 184
Cerebellum	p. 186
Self-assessment case study	p. 192
Self-assessment questions	p. 193
Motor Systems II: The Basal Ganglia	p. 195
Introduction	p. 196
Case history	p. 196
The basal ganglia: structure and organisation	p. 196
Parkinson's disease	p. 198
Huntington's disease	p. 213
Self-assessment case study	p. 215
Self-assessment questions	p. 215
Stroke and Head Injury	p. 217
Introduction	p. 218
Case history	p. 218
Physiological control of cerebral blood flow	p. 218
Blood supply to the brain	p. 219
Venous system	p. 222
Functional anatomy of the cerebral vasculature	p. 222
Angiography	p. 223
Stroke	p. 224
Head injury	p. 237
Comments on the case history	p. 243
Self-assessment case study	p. 243
Self-assessment questions	p. 243
Infection in the Central Nervous System	p. 245
Introduction	p. 246
Case history	p. 246
Types of infection of the central nervous system	p. 246
The meninges	p. 247
Cerebrospinal fluid production and circulation	p. 248
The blood-brain barrier	p. 249
Meningitis	p. 250
Diagnosis and treatment of meningitis	p. 252
Encephalitis	p. 254
Cerebral abscesses	p. 254
Brain infections in the immunocompromised patient	p. 255
Self-assessment case study	p. 255
Self-assessment questions	p. 255
Epilepsy	p. 257
Introduction	p. 258
General description of epilepsy	p. 258
Case history	p. 258
Epidemiology of epilepsy	p. 258
Types of epileptic syndrome	p. 259
Diagnostic investigations of epilepsy	p. 259
Different types of seizure	p. 262
Neurobiology of epilepsy	p. 264
Pharmacological treatment of epilepsy	p. 266
Other treatments for epilepsy	p. 269
Treatment of status epilepticus	p. 269
Social consequences of epilepsy	p. 270
Self-assessment case study	p. 270
Self-assessment questions	p. 270
Dementia	p. 271
Introduction	p. 272
Case history	p. 272
Causes and diagnosis of dementia	p. 272
Neurobiology of learning and memory	p. 273
Alzheimer's disease	p. 276
Treatment of Alzheimer's disease	p. 281
Other types of dementia	p. 284
General considerations in the management of Alzheimer's disease and other types of dementia	p. 287
Self-assessment case study	p. 287
Self-assessment questions	p. 288
Schizophrenia	p. 289
Introduction	p. 290
Case history	p. 290
Schizophrenia: the clinical diagnosis	p. 290
Aetiology of schizophrenia	p. 293
Neurobiology of schizophrenia	p. 294
Treatment of schizophrenia	p. 297
Comments on the management of schizophrenia and the long-term prognosis	p. 300
Other psychoses and schizophrenia-like syndromes	p. 301
Self-assessment case study	p. 302
Self-assessment questions	p. 302
Depression and Anxiety	p. 303
Introduction	p. 304
Classification of mood disorders	p. 304
Clinical features of mood disorders	p. 304
Case history	p. 304
Epidemiology of depression and natural evolution of the disease	p. 305
Genetics of mood disorders	p. 305
Neurobiology of depression	p. 308
Treatment of depression	p. 310
Bipolar disorder and its treatment	p. 313
General comments on mood disorders	p. 315
Need for new therapeutic targets	p. 316
Comments on the case history	p. 316
Anxiety disorders	p. 316
Treatment of anxiety disorders	p. 317
Insomnia	p. 319
Self-assessment case study	p. 321
Self-assessment questions	p. 322
Addiction	p. 323
Introduction	p. 324
Addiction and drug misuse: general comments	p. 324
Case history	p. 324
Opiates	p. 324
Cocaine and crack	p. 327
Cannabis	p. 328
Nicotine	p. 329
Alcohol	p. 331
Phencyclidine	p. 332
Amphetamines	p. 332
Ecstasy-or the beginning of agony?	p. 333
Hallucinogens	p. 334
Solvents	p. 334
Neurobiology of addiction	p. 335
Addiction and rehabilitation: general issues	p. 336
Self-assessment case study	p. 337
Self-assessment questions	p. 337
Answers	p. 339
Index	p. 353
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.