Network Analysis and Ethnographic Problems Process Models of a Turkish Nomad Clan

by White, Douglas R.; Johansen, Ulla C.

• ISBN13: 9780739108963
• ISBN10: 0739108964
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-12-10
• Publisher: Lexington Books

Summary

Using network visualization and the study of the dynamics of marriage choices, Network Analysis and Ethnographic Problems expands the theory of social practice to show how changes in the structure of a society's kinship network affect the development of social cohesion over time. Using the genealogical networks of a Turkish nomad clan, authors Douglas White and Ulla Johansen explore how changes in network cohesion are revealed to be indicative of key processes of social change.

Author Biography

Douglas White is Professor of Anthropology and Social Networks at the University of California, Irvine.

Table of Contents

Foreword by Andrej Korotayev	xxi
Preface	xxv
Organization of the Chapters	xxix
Acknowledgements	xxxv
Further Reading	xxxvi
Chapter 1 Introduction: Networks, Ethnography, and Emergence	1	(58)
Networks and Ethnography	2	(4)
The Path of Network Analysis in the 1960's	3	(1)
A Network Paradigm Developed in Long-Term Field Studies	4	(1)
What is different now?	5	(1)
Ethnography and Complex Interactive Processes	6	(31)
Network Theory and Emergence: Four Propositions	7	(22)
1. Structural properties	8	(16)
The probabilistic theory of network topology and dynamics	11	(10)
Generalizing the theory of network topology and dynamics	21	(3)
2. Micro-macro linkages as explanatory principles	24	(2)
3. Many structural properties have configurational Effects, whether or not they have micro-macro linkages	26	(1)
4. Emergents may be local or nonlocal, depending on whether they have micro-macro linkages	27	(2)
Ethnography and Emergence	29	(3)
Unexpected Change: Emergence and Ethnography	32	(1)
When does Network Analysis Matter?	33	(4)
Sidedness: An Example where Propositions B through E Apply	35	(2)
Emergence and Network Analysis in Ethnography	37	(11)
Social Organization and Structure	37	(1)
Organization and Groups	38	(1)
Emergent Rules and Emergent Groups	39	(1)
Cohesion and Emergent Groups	40	(4)
Structural Cohesion as a Nonlocal Emergent	44	(2)
Bounded and Overlapping Multiconnectivity Groups	46	(1)
Edges and Boundaries	47	(1)
Further Reading	48	(1)
Notes	49	(10)
Chapter 2 Problems of Analysis	59	(38)
The Network Approach to Kinship and Marriage, or Genealogical Networks	64	(2)
Key Analytic Terms for Social Network Groupings: Emergent Patterns from Behavioral Choices	66	(5)
A Representation for Kinship Networks	71	(19)
P-graph	72	(3)
From Genealogies to Genealogical Networks	74	(1)
Method: Preparation of Data	75	(1)
The P-graph Genealogies	75	(1)
The Merging and Splitting of Lineages in the Genealogies	75	(7)
Computer Analysis	82	(2)
Coding of Data	84	(3)
Spreadsheeting and Transforming the Network Data	87	(1)
Computer Assisted Analysis	88	(1)
Providing Data and Analytic Tools for Analysis	89	(1)
Summary	90	(2)
Further Reading	92	(1)
Notes	93	(4)
Chapter 3 Ethnographic Setting	97	(14)
Historical Background	97	(2)
Fieldwork Conditions	99	(1)
Population	99	(1)
Group Names and Multiple Levels of Membership	100	(2)
Economic Basis and Inheritance Rules	102	(3)
Lineages, Islam, and FBD Marriage	105	(1)
Leading Personalities	105	(1)
Summary	106	(2)
Ethnographic and Leadership: Illustrations	Insert
Further Reading	108	(1)
Notes	108	(3)
Chapter 4 Theories, Rules, Exceptions, and Models	111	(16)
Recurring Groups, Linking Alliances: A Critique	111	(11)
Rules for Generating Recurrence in Social Structure	113	(6)
Diachronics and Diversity	119	(1)
Rules for Generating Diversity: FBD Marriage	120	(2)
Summary	122	(1)
Further Reading	123	(1)
Notes	123	(4)
Chapter 5 Network Models and Complexity: Measures, Graphs, and Sensitivity to Context	127	(38)
Models for Large Networks, Small Worlds	127	(3)
Small Worlds with Navigability	128	(1)
Realistic Social Network Models for Complex Small Worlds	129	(1)
Models for the Aydinli: Lineage Fractals and Complex Small World Networks	130	(5)
Aydinli Marriage Networks as Complex Small Worlds	131	(4)
"Arab" Type CSWs with Segmented Lineages	135	(1)
Simulation Models	135	(7)
Investigating Fractal Marriage Networks through Simulations: Agent-based Models	136	(1)
Hammel's Principle of Demographic Network Biases: The Example of Status Bias	137	(3)
Feynman Simulation	140	(2)
Deepening the Foundation for a Network Theory of Kinship	142	(8)
The Axiom of Choice	143	(1)
Baselines of Measurement of Particular Types of Marriage	144	(4)
Prevalence	144	(1)
Interactive Rate	145	(1)
Selective Rate	146	(1)
Relative rate	147	(1)
Distributional Measures for Marriage Types	148	(1)
Exponential Distributions	148	(1)
Power law Distribution	148	(1)
Truncation and Testing Distributions	149	(1)
Temporal Distribution	149	(1)
Using Graph Theory in the Study of Kinship Networks	150	(6)
Summary	156	(5)
Further Reading	161	(1)
Notes	161	(4)
Chapter 6 Clan Structures and Dynamics	165	(60)
The Oral Tradition: Reconstructing the Past	165	(9)
Taking the Genealogies	166	(2)
Oral Traditions of the Lineage Founders	168	(6)
The Genealogy and Relinking Marriage	174	(6)
Written Historical Data about the Development of the Clan	174	(1)
Clan Amalgamation	175	(2)
Social Ranking of the Lineages	177	(1)
Intermarriages and Descent as Bases of Clan Cohesion	178	(1)
Sedentarization and Genealogical Memory	179	(1)
Social Terminology and Social Change	180	(1)
Introduction to the Computer Analyses, 1-20	180	(2)
A Note on Software	181	(1)
Analysis 1: Finding Generation, Counting Marriages	182	(12)
Tabulation by Generations	187	(4)
Computing Generational Depth	188	(1)
Keying the Dates	188	(1)
Generational Statistics	189	(2)
Tabulation of Marriages	191	(3)
Tabulation of Children	192	(2)
Analysis 2: The Structural Endogamy Hypothesis	194	(7)
Bicomponents of Kinship Graphs	196	(1)
Giant Bicomponent	197	(1)
Distance	198	(3)
Analysis 3: Structural Endogamy with Outside Tribes	201	(7)
A Single Tribal Origin	206	(2)
Analysis 4: Clan Roots - Singularity and Multiplicity	208	(4)
Analysis 5: Relinking as Attractor for Further Marriage Affecting Size of Groups	212	(3)
Analysis 6: Dispersal of Marriages in Clan Integration and Exponential Distribution of Ancestors	215	(4)
Summary	219	(2)
Patriarchs: Illustrations	Insert
Further Reading	221	(1)
Notes	222	(3)
Chapter 7 Marriage, Rank and Seasonal Migration: Fractality in Social Structure	225	(68)
Equality and Rank	226	(2)
Competition for Social Rank and Feuding	226	(1)
Barth's Model of Nomad Dynamics	227	(1)
Negotiations and Choice at Marriage	228	(10)
Bride Payments and the FBD	228	(4)
Marriage Exchange	232	(2)
Marriage Choice and the Extended Family	234	(2)
Meeting a Potential Spouse in the Circle of Families, Enlarged through	236	(1)
Close Ties of Reciprocal Exchange
How are Close Marriages Attained?	237	(1)
Analysis 7: Local Curvature and Network Structure	238	(24)
Network Neighborhoods and Curvature	241	(2)
The Lowland-Highland Continuum	243	(8)
Local Clustering Density and Continuum Scaling	251	(1)
The Cascade of Lineage Segments and their Fractal Relationship	251	(3)
Structural Properties of the Sublineage Marriage Network	254	(3)
A Small-World Network of Strong Ties: Local Clustering and Short	257	(5)
Distances Among Reciprocating Sublineages
Equality in Generation between Husband and Wife	262	(4)
Ambiguities of Individual and Marriage "Generation"	263	(2)
Individual and Marriage Generation Looked at as Mutually Informative	265	(1)
Analysis 8: Same Generation Marriage and the Qur'an	266	(5)
The Problem with Counting Generations for Individuals	267	(3)
Rank, Seniority, and Lineage	270	(1)
The Distance between Norms and Behavior	271	(1)
Difference between Marriage Frequencies and Preferences	271	(1)
Analysis 9: Fractality in a Marriage System	272	(7)
Competition and Fractality; Fractality Defined and Tested	273	(5)
The Fractality of Two-Family Relinking	278	(1)
Power-Law Theory for Preferential Attachment to Degree and Preferential Attachment to Relinking (Ring Cohesion)	279	(8)
Preferential Attachment to Degree	279	(1)
Lack of Preferential Attachment to Degree in the Kinship Domain	280	(1)
Preferential Attachment to Relinking	280	(1)
Ring Cohesion Theory	281	(3)
Fractally Segmented Lineages as Self-Organizing Systems: Navigable Small Worlds in the Kinship Domain	284	(2)
Fractally Segmented Lineages as Self-Organizing Systems	286	(1)
Summary	287	(4)
Further Readings	291	(1)
Notes	292	(1)
Chapter 8 Demographic Choice and Constraint: Historical Structure and Change	293	(28)
Demographic Opportunity and Constraint as Influences on Social Cohesion, Resilience, and Change	295	(1)
Analysis 10: Co-Selection Bias among Siblings	296	(3)
Marriage Choice and Constraint	299	(2)
Spatial and Network Constraints in Finding a Spouse	299	(1)
Demographic Constraints in Choice of a Spouse	300	(1)
Analysis 11: Cousin Marriage Demography	301	(8)
FBD and the Agnatic Line	304	(1)
FBD Marriage: Index of Tradition, or Generator of Diversity	305	(1)
MBD Marriage: The Effects of Spatiality and Demography	306	(1)
MZD and the Uterine Line	307	(2)
Analysis 12: FBD and MZD Demography Compared	309	(7)
Theory and Measurement: FBD and MZD Demographics	309	(2)
MZD-FBD Inverse Correlation: Residence as a Third Factor	311	(1)
Findings from Controlled Simulation	312	(3)
Marriage and Social Change	315	(1)
Stayers and Leavers Revisited	316	(1)
Summary	316	(3)
Further Readings	319	(2)
Chapter 9 Decentralized Leadership and Network Cohesion	321	(56)
Decentralized Leadership and the Aydinli Case	321	(13)
Aydinli Leadership and Network Cohesion	322	(3)
Network Cohesion Created by Marriage as a Predictor of Emergent Leadership: Hypotheses and Measures	325	(9)
Measuring Network Cohesion Created by Marriage	327	(1)
The Logical Construction of Social Cohesion	328	(1)
Reliance on Dependant Nodes for Cohesion in Kinship Networks	329	(2)
Direct versus Mediated Forms of Cohesion	331	(3)
Analysis 13: Hierarchical Embedding of Cohesion	334	(8)
Concentric Rings of Decreasing Pairwise Connectivity	335	(2)
Leadership and Levels of Exocohesion	337	(1)
The Erosion of Exocohesion over Time	338	(1)
Growth of Size as a Dilution of the Exocohesive Groups	339	(1)
Tanidik Kisi and Cohesion	340	(2)
Analysis 14: Exclusion Principles, Cohesion versus Adhesion	342	(6)
Adhesion versus Cohesion (Maxflow versus Point Connectivity)	345	(3)
Marriage Behavior that Avoids Enhancement of the Centrality of Others	348	(1)
Analysis 15: Distributed Cohesion in Kinship Networks	348	(2)
Analysis 16: Network and Attribute Leadership Predictors	350	(12)
Entrepreneurship and Parents' Status as Predictors of Emergent Leadership	360	(2)
Leadership, Marriage, and Social Change	362	(1)
Analysis 17: Overall Cohesion, Lineage, and Leaders	363	(7)
Summary	370	(1)
Further Readings	371	(1)
Notes	372	(5)
Chapter 10 Graphic Approaches to Nomad Solidarity: The Endo-conical Clan	377	(31)
The Endo-conical Clan	378	(3)
Analysis 18: Age Ranking and the Endo-conical Clan	381	(8)
Analysis 19: Levels of Relinking	389	(3)
Maximal Chains	390	(1)
Chain-Reduced Graphs	391	(1)
Demographic Change in the Stayer Bias for Larger Families	392	(2)
Analysis 20: Time Slice Graphs of Network Change	394	(9)
Historically Recent Breaks in the Cohesive Relinking of the Clan	399	(4)
Summary	403	(1)
Further Reading	404	(1)
Notes	405	(3)
Chapter 11 Overview and Conclusions	408	(33)
Overview	408	(1)
Dynamics: The Long-Term Findings	409	(9)
Long-Term Ethnography versus Longitudinal Analysis	409	(2)
Ethnogenesis of the Clan: Understanding Dynamic Complexity	411	(2)
Clan Cohesion, Segmentation, Expulsion, and Transformation	413	(2)
Enlarging the Concepts Concerning Clans	415	(1)
Decline: Demographic Changes through Outmigration and Continued Viability of Nomadic Social Forms	416	(2)
The Anthropology of Relations	418	(15)
Norms and Behavior: What People Do and What They Say	418	(2)
Structural Endogamy as Extra-cohesive Connectivity Reproduced in the Practice of Marital Relinking: Social Inclusion and Exclusion	420	(1)
Subgroup Analysis	421	(3)
Leadership and the Political System	424	(3)
Measuring Relinking Density and the Porousness of Structural Endogamy	427	(1)
Identification of Emergent Forms	428	(1)
Intra-lineage and Blood Marriages as Extra-cohesive Relinking	428	(3)
Graphic Approaches	431	(2)
General Methodological Conclusions	433	(4)
Complexity Theory	434	(1)
Looking to the Future of Longitudinal Studies	435	(2)
Further Readings	437	(1)
Notes	438	(3)
Glossary	441	(26)
List of Terms in the Glossary	441	(5)
Ethnographic and Sociological Vocabulary	446	(2)
Behavior	446	(1)
Norm	446	(1)
Types of Kin	446	(1)
Marriage Behaviors	447	(1)
Role Relations	447	(1)
Kinship Terms	447	(1)
Political Terminology	448	(1)
Graph Theory	448	(1)
Node	448	(1)
Line	448	(1)
Graph	449	(1)
Relation	449	(1)
Networks Vocabulary:	449	(1)
Network	449	(1)
Small world	450	(1)
Tie	450	(1)
Structural Properties of Graphs and Networks:	450	(3)
Reciprocity	450	(1)
Curvature	450	(1)
Balance, Clustering and Ranking	450	(1)
Transitivity	451	(1)
Properties of Triples	451	(1)
Cohesion, Structural Cohesion	451	(1)
k-components	451	(1)
Exocohesion	451	(1)
Adhesion	451	(1)
Centrality	452	(1)
Recursive centrality	452	(1)
Centralization	452	(1)
Edge Betweenness and Cohesion	452	(1)
Structural and Regular Equivalence and Blockmodeling	453	(1)
Methods of Graph and Network Analysis:	453	(1)
Hierarchical Clustering	453	(1)
Automatic drawing, spring embedding	453	(1)
Eigenvalue/Eigenvector analysis	453	(1)
Analytic Vocabulary for Kinship and Social Organization:	454	(2)
Asset and Marriage Transfers:	454	(1)
Wealth-asset	454	(1)
Bridewealth	454	(1)
Dowry	454	(1)
Descent Groups:	454	(1)
Clan	455	(1)
Lineage	455	(1)
Affinity and Descent:	455	(1)
Agnatic	455	(1)
Uterine	455	(1)
Cognatic or Bilateral	455	(1)
Modes of reckoning descent	455	(1)
Postmarital Residence:	456	(1)
Patrilocal	456	(1)
Matrilocal	456	(1)
Neolocal	456	(1)
Network-Defined Concepts in Social Organization
Structural Endogamy	456	(1)
P-graph	457	(1)
Emergent group	457	(1)
Emergent rule	457	(1)
Emergent role	458	(1)
Emergent process	458	(1)
Complexity Theory:	458	(9)
Micro-macro linkages	458	(1)
Emergents and Emergence	459	(1)
Complexity	459	(1)
Tipping Point	459	(1)
Power-law growth or decay	459	(1)
Fractality	460	(5)
Exponential growth or decay	465	(2)
Appendix	467	(6)
Bibliography	473	(16)
Index of Authors	489	(4)
Index of Subjects	493	(4)
About the Authors	497