Networking Essentials

Thoroughly updated to reflect the latest version of CompTIA's Network+ exam, Networking Essentials, 3/e,is a practical, up-to-date, and hands-on guide to the basics of networking. Written from the viewpoint of a working network administrator, it requires absolutely no experience with either network concepts or day-to-day network management. This new edition splits the previous edition into two volumes. This first volume has been revised and reorganized around the needs of introductory networking students, and assumes no previous knowledge. Sections on cabling have been expanded, IPv6 is introduced, and new chapters on basic switch configuration and troubleshooting have been added. In addition, this volume's wireless and security chapters now focus strictly on introductory material. Clear goals are outlined for each chapter, and every concept is introduced in easy to understand language that explains how and why networking technologies are used. Each chapter is packed with real-world examples and practical exercises that reinforce all concepts, and guide readers through using those concepts to configure, analyze, and troubleshoot networks. Students can practice online with hands-on router and switch configuration exercises, using the accompanying NetChallenge software.

Jeff Beasley is a professor and department head in the Engineering Technology program and Communications Technology program at New Mexico State University, where he teaches computer networking and many related topics. He is coauthor of Modern Electronic Communication, Ninth Edition and author of Networking, Second Edition

Piyasat Nilkaew is a network manager at New Mexico State University with more than fifteen years of experience in network management and consulting. He has extensive expertise in deploying and integrating multi-protocol and multi-vendor data, voice, and video network solutions.

Introduction xxii

Chapter 1 Introduction to Computer Networks 2

1-1 INTRODUCTION 5

1-2 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES 7

Section 1-2 Review 11

Test Your Knowledge 12

1-3 THE OSI MODEL 12

Section 1-3 Review 14

Test Your Knowledge 15

1-4 THE ETHERNET LAN 15

IP Addressing 19

Section 1-4 Review 21

Test Your Knowledge 22

1-5 HOME NETWORKING 22

Securing the Home Network 34

IP Addressing in the Home Network 36

Section 1-5 Review 37

Test Your Knowledge 38

1-6 ASSEMBLING AN OFFICE LAN 38

Section 1-6 Review 43

Test Your Knowledge 44

1-7 TESTING AND TROUBLESHOOTING A LAN 44

Section 1-7 Review 46

Test Your Knowledge 47

Summary 48

Questions and Problems 48

Section 1-1 48

Section 1-2 49

Section 1-3 50

Section 1-4 51

Section 1-5 52

Section 1-6 54

Section 1-7 55

Certification Questions 55

Chapter 2 Physical Layer Cabling: Twisted Pair 58

2-1 INTRODUCTION 61

2-2 STRUCTURED CABLING 62

Horizontal Cabling 65

Section 2-2 Review 68

Test Your Knowledge 69

2-3 UNSHIELDED TWISTED-PAIR CABLE 69

Shielded Twisted-pair Cable 72

Section 2-3 Review 72

Test Your Knowledge 72

2-4 TERMINATING CAT6/5E/5 UTP CABLES 73

Computer Communication 74

Straight-through and Crossover Patch Cables 76

Section 2-4 Review 85

Test Your Knowledge 85

2-5 CABLE TESTING AND CERTIFICATION 86

Section 2-5 Review 90

Test Your Knowledge 90

2-6 10 Gigabit Ethernet over Copper 90

Overview 91

Alien Crosstalk 91

Signal Transmission 93

Section 2-6 Review 94

Test Your Knowledge 94

2-7 TROUBLESHOOTING CABLING SYSTEMS 94

Installation 94

Cable Stretching 95

Cable Failing to Meet Manufacturer

Specifications 95

CAT5e Cable Test Examples 96

Section 2-7 Review 103

Test Your Knowledge 104

Summary 105

Questions and Problems 105

Section 2-1 105

Section 2-3 106

Section 2-4 107

Section 2-5 109

Section 2-6 109

Certification Questions 112

Chapter 3 Physical Layer Cabling: Fiber Optics 114

3-1 INTRODUCTION 117

3-2 THE NATURE OF LIGHT 119

Graded-Index Fiber 123

Single-Mode Fibers 124

Section 3-2 Review 125

Test Your Knowledge 125

3-3 FIBER ATTENUATION AND DISPERSION 126

Attenuation 126

Dispersion 127

Dispersion Compensation 129

Section 3-3 Review 130

Test Your Knowledge 130

3-4 OPTICAL COMPONENTS 130

Intermediate Components 132

Detectors 132

Fiber Connectorization 134

Section 3-4 Review 135

Test Your Knowledge 135

3-5 OPTICAL NETWORKING 136

Defining Optical Networking 136

Building Distribution 138

Campus Distribution 141

Section 3-5 Review 144

Test Your Knowledge 145

3-6 SAFETY 145

Section 3-6 Review 146

Test Your Knowledge 146

Summary 147

Questions and Problems 147

Section 3-1 147

Section 3-2 147

Section 3-3 148

Section 3-4 148

Section 3-5 149

Section 3-6 149

Certification Questions 150

Chapter 4 Wireless Networking 152

4-1 INTRODUCTION 154

4-2 THE IEEE 802.11 WIRELESS LAN STANDARD 155

Section 4-2 Review 162

Test Your Knowledge 162

4-3 802.11 WIRELESS NETWORKING 163

Section 4-3 Review 171

Test Your Knowledge 172

4-4 Bluetooth, WiMAX, and RFID 172

Bluetooth 172

WiMAX 174

Radio Frequency Identification 175

Section 4-4 Review 179

Test Your Knowledge 179

4-5 SECURING WIRELESS LANS 179

Section 4-5 Review 182

Test Your Knowledge 182

4-6 CONFIGURING A POINT-TO-MULTIPOINT

WIRELESS LAN: A CASE STUDY 183

1. Antenna Site Survey 183

2. Establishing a Point-to-Point Wireless Link to the Home Network 184

3–4. Configuring the Multipoint Distribution/Conducting an RF Site Survey 185

5. Configuring the Remote Installations 187

Section 4-6 Review 187

Test Your Knowledge 188

Summary 189

Questions and Problems 189

Section 4-2 189

Section 4-3 190

Section 4-4 191

Section 4-5 192

Section 4-6 193

Critical Thinking 193

Certification Questions 194

Chapter 5 Interconnecting the LANs 196

5-1 INTRODUCTION 198

5-2 THE NETWORK BRIDGE 199

Section 5-2 Review 203

Test Your Knowledge 204

5-3 THE NETWORK SWITCH 204

Hub–Switch Comparison 206

Managed Switches 209

Multilayer Switches 214

Section 5-3 Review 214

Test Your Knowledge 215

5-4 THE ROUTER 215

The Router Interface: Cisco 2800 Series 216

The Router Interface—Cisco 2600 Series 217

The Router Interface—Cisco 2500 Series 218

Section 5-4 Review 220

Test Your Knowledge 220

5-5 INTERCONNECTING LANS WITH THE ROUTER 221

Gateway Address 223

Network Segments 223

Section 5-5 Review 224

Test Your Knowledge 224

5-6 CONFIGURING THE NETWORK INTERFACE—AUTO-NEGOTIATION 225

Auto-Negotiation Steps 225

Full-Duplex/Half-Duplex 226

Section 5-6 Review 228

Test Your Knowledge 228

Summary 229

Questions and Problems 229

Section 5-2 229

Section 5-3 230

Section 5-4 232

Section 5-5 232

Section 5-6 233

Critical Thinking 233

Certification Questions 234

Chapter 6 TCP/IP 236

6-1 INTRODUCTION 238

6-2 THE TCP/IP LAYERS 239

The Application Layer 240

The Transport Layer 241

The Internet Layer 245

The Network Interface Layer 248

Section 6-2 Review 248

Test Your Knowledge 249

6-3 NUMBER CONVERSION 249

Binary-to-Decimal Conversion 249

Decimal-to-Binary Conversion 251

Hexadecimal Numbers 252

Section 6-3 Review 255

Test Your Knowledge 255

6-4 IPv4 ADDRESSING 255

Private IP Addresses n hj h 258

IP Address Assignment 258

Section 6-4 Review 259

Test Your Knowledge 259

6-5 SUBNET MASKS 259

Section 6-5 Review 266

Test Your Knowledge 266

6-6 CIDR BLOCKS 267

Section 6-6 Review 269

Test Your Knowledge 270

6-7 IPV6 ADDRESSING 270

Section 6-7 Review 273

Test Your Knowledge 273

Summary 274

Questions and Problems 274

Section 6-2 274

Section 6-3 276

Section 6-4 277

Section 6-5 278

Section 6-6 280

Section 6-7 282

Critical Thinking 282

Certification Questions 283

Chapter 7 Introduction to Router Configuration 286

7-1 INTRODUCTION 288

7-2 ROUTER FUNDAMENTALS 289

Layer 3 Networks 290

Section 7-2 Review 296

Test Your Knowledge 296

7-3 THE CONSOLE PORT CONNECTION 296

Configuring the HyperTerminal

Software (Windows) 298

Configuring the Z-Term Serial

Communications Software (Mac) 300

Section 7-3 Review 302

Test Your Knowledge 302

7-4 THE ROUTER’S USER EXEC MODE (ROUTER>) 303

The User EXEC Mode 303

Router Configuration Challenge: The User

EXEC Mode 305

Section 7-4 Review 308

Test Your Knowledge 308

7-5 THE ROUTER’S PRIVILEGED EXEC MODE (ROUTER#) 308

Hostname 309

Enable Secret 310

Setting the Line Console Passwords 310

Fast Ethernet Interface Configuration 311

Serial Interface Configuration 312

Router Configuration Challenge: The

Privileged EXEC Mode 314

Section 7-5 Review 316

Test Your Knowledge 316

Summary 317

Questions and Problems 317

Section 7-1 317

Section 7-2 317

Section 7-3 320

Section 7-4 320

Section 7-5 321

Critical Thinking 322

Certification Questions 323

Chapter 8 Introduction to Switch Configuration 326

8-1 INTRODUCTION 328

8-2 Introduction to VLANs 329

Virtual LAN 329

Section 8-2 Review 330

Test Your Knowledge 330

8-3 Introduction to Switch Configuration 330

Hostname 331

Enable Secret 332

Setting the Line Console Passwords 332

Static VLAN Configuration 333

Networking Challenge—Switch Configuration 337

Section 8-3 Review 337

Test Your Knowledge 338

8-4 Spanning-Tree Protocol 338

Section 8-4 Review 339

Test Your Knowledge 340

8-5 Network Management 340

Configuring SNMP 341

Section 8-5 Review 344

Test Your Knowledge 344

8-6 Power over Ethernet 344

Section 8-6 Review 346

Test Your Knowledge 347

Summary 348

Questions and Problems 348

Section 8-2 348

Section 8-3 349

Section 8-4 350

Section 8-5 350

Section 8-6 352

Critical Thinking 353

Certification Questions 353

Chapter 9 Routing Protocols 356

9-1 INTRODUCTION 358

9-2 STATIC ROUTING 359

Gateway of Last Resort 366

Configuring Static Routes 366

Networking Challenge: Chapter 9—

Static Routes 368

Section 9-2 Review 369

Test Your Knowledge 369

9-3 DYNAMIC ROUTING PROTOCOLS 370

Section 9-3 Review 371

Test Your Knowledge 371

9-4 DISTANCE VECTOR PROTOCOLS 372

Section 9-4 Review 374

Test Your Knowledge 374

9-5 LINK STATE PROTOCOLS 375

Section 9-5 Review 378

Test Your Knowledge 378

9-6 HYBRID PROTOCOLS 378

Section 9-6 Review 379

Test Your Knowledge 379

9-7 CONFIGURING RIP and RIPv2 379

Configuring Routes with RIP 381

Configuring Routes with RIP Version 2 385

Networking Challenge—RIP V2 387

Section 9-7 Review 388

Test Your Knowledge 388

Summary 389

Questions and Problems 389

Section 9-2 389

Section 9-3 391

Section 9-4 392

Section 9-5 392

Section 9-6 393

Section 9-7 394

Critical Thinking 395

Certification Questions 395

Chapter 10 Internet Technologies: Out to the Internet 398

10-1 INTRODUCTION 401

10-2 THE LINE CONNECTION 402

Data Channels 403

Point of Presence 404

Section 10-2 Review 406

Test Your Knowledge 407

10-3 REMOTE ACCESS 407

Analog Modem Technologies 407

Cable Modems 408

xDSL Modems 408

The Remote Access Server 410

Section 10-3 Review 411

Test Your Knowledge 411

10-4 Metro Ethernet/Carrier Ethernet 412

Ethernet Service Types 413

Service Attributes 414

Section 10-4 Review 415

Test Your Knowledge 416

10-5 NETWORK SERVICES—DHCP AND DNS 416

The DHCP Data Packets 418

DHCP Deployment 419

Network Services: DNS 420

Internet Domain Name 421

Section 10-5 Review 423

Test Your Knowledge 423

10-6 INTERNET ROUTING—BGP 424

Section 10-6 Review 426

Test Your Knowledge 427

10-7 ANALYZING INTERNET DATA TRAFFIC 427

Utilization/Errors Strip Chart 428

Network Layer Matrix 429

Network Layer Host Table 430

Frame Size Distribution 430

Section 10-7 Review 431

Test Your Knowledge 432

Summary 433

Questions and Problems 433

Section 10-2 433

Section 10-3 434

Section 10-4 434

Section 10-5 435

Section 10-6 435

Certification Questions 436

Chapter 11 Troubleshooting 438

11-1 INTRODUCTION 440

11-2 ANALYZING COMPUTER NETWORKS 441

Using Wireshark to Inspect Data Packets 442

Using Wireshark to Capture Packets 444

Section 11-2 Review 446

Test Your Knowledge 446

11-3 ANALYZING COMPUTER NETWORKS—FTP DATA PACKETS 446

Section 11-3 Review 447

Test Your Knowledge 448

11-4 ANALYZING CAMPUS NETWORK DATA TRAFFIC 448

Section 11-4 Review 450

Test Your Knowledge 450

11-5 TROUBLESHOOTING THE ROUTER INTERFACE 451

Section 11-5 Review 454

Test Your Knowledge 454

11-6 TROUBLESHOOTING THE SWITCH INTERFACE 454

Section 11-6 Review 457

Test Your Knowledge 457

11-7 TROUBLESHOOTING FIBER OPTICS—The OTDR 457

Section 11-7 Review 459

Test Your Knowledge 459

Summary 460

Questions and Problems 460

Section 11-2 460

Section 11-3 461

Section 11-4 462

Section 11-5 462

Section 11-6 462

Section 11-7 463

Certification Questions 463

Chapter 12 Network Security 466

12-1 INTRODUCTION 468

12-2 INTRUSION (HOW AN ATTACKER GAINS CONTROL OF A NETWORK) 469

Social Engineering 469

Password Cracking 470

Packet Sniffing 470

Vulnerable Software 471

Viruses and Worms 473

Section 12-2 Review 474

Test Your Knowledge 474

12-3 DENIAL OF SERVICE 475

Distributed Denial-of-service Attacks 476

Section 12-3 Review 477

Test Your Knowledge 477

12-4 SECUITY SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE 477

Antivirus Software 477

Personal Firewall 478

Firewall 484

Other Security Appliances 485

Section 12-4 Review 486

Test Your Knowledge 486

12-5 INTRODUCTION TO VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK 486

VPN Tunneling Protocols 487

Configuring a Remote Access VPN Server 489

Configuring a Remote Client’s VPN

Connection 489

Cisco VPN Client 491

Section 12-5 Review 495

Test Your Knowledge 495

Summary 497

Questions and Problems 497

Section 12-2 497

Section 12-3 498

Section 12-4 498

Section 12-5 499

Critical Thinking 500

Certification Questions 500

Glossary of Key Terms 503

TOC, 1/31/2012, 9780789749031

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