Neuroanatomy : Text and Atlas

by Martin, John

• ISBN13: 9780071381833
• ISBN10: 007138183X
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-03-27
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Medical

Summary

TOP-RANKED BY STUDENTS-- CLEAR, VISUALLY COMPELLING, AND MEMORABLE Neuroanatomy: Text and Atlas approaches neuroanatomy from both functional and regional perspectives to provide an understanding of how the components of the central nervous system work together to sense the world around us, regulate body systems, and produce behavior. *Completely revised and updated to reflect advances in clinical neuroanatomy and neural science *Builds knowledge of the regional and functional organization of the spinal cord and brain, one system at a time *Provides thorough coverage of the sensory, motor, and integrative systems of the brain, together with cerebral vasculature *Promotes understanding of the complex details of neuroanatomy needed for astute interpretation of radiological images *Authoritative content enhanced by informative line illustrations, brain views produced by MRI and PET imaging technology and angiography, and myelin-stained histological sections *Comprehensive atlas provides key views of the surface anatomy of the central nervous system and photographs of myelin-stained sections in three anatomical planes *Includes features such as clinical topic boxes, chapter summaries, and a Glossary of key terms and structures

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xix
Acknowledgments	p. xxi
Guide to Using This Book	p. xxiii
The Central Nervous System	p. 1
Introduction to the Central Nervous System	p. 3
Neurons and Glia Are the Two Principal Cellular Constituents of the Nervous System	p. 4
The Nervous System Consists of Separate Peripheral and Central Components	p. 6
The Spinal Cord Displays the Simplest Organization of All Seven Major Divisions	p. 8
The Brain Stem and Cerebellum Regulate Body Functions and Movements	p. 8
The Diencephalon Consists of the Thalamus and Hypothalamus	p. 11
The Cerebral Hemispheres Have the Most Complex Three-Dimensional Configuration of All Central Nervous System Divisions	p. 11
Cavities Within the Central Nervous System Contain Cerebrospinal Fluid	p. 18
The Central Nervous System Is Covered by Three Meningeal Layers	p. 19
An Introduction to Neuroanatomical Terms	p. 21
Summary	p. 25
Structural and Functional Organization of the Central Nervous System	p. 27
The Dorsal Column--Medial Lemniscal System and Corticospinal Tract Have a Component at Each Level of the Neuraxis	p. 28
The Modulatory Systems of the Brain Have Diffuse Connections and Use Different Neurotransmitters	p. 29
Guidelines for Studying the Regional Anatomy and Interconnections of the Central Nervous System	p. 32
The Spinal Cord Has a Central Cellular Region Surrounded by a Region That Contains Myelinated Axons	p. 32
Surface Features of the Brain Stem Mark Key Internal Structures	p. 34
The Internal Capsule Contains Ascending and Descending Axons	p. 41
Cerebral Cortex Neurons Are Organized Into Layers	p. 42
The Cerebral Cortex Has an Input-Output Organization	p. 43
The Cytoarchitectonic Map of the Cerebral Cortex Is the Basis for a Map of Cortical Function	p. 44
Summary	p. 52
Development of the Central Nervous System	p. 55
The Neurons and Glial Cells Derive From Cells of the Neural Plate	p. 55
The Neural Tube Forms Five Brain Vesicles and the Spinal Cord	p. 57
The Spinal Cord and Brain Stem Have a Segmented Structure	p. 59
The Location of Developing Spinal Cord and Brain Stem Nuclei Determine Their Functions and Connections	p. 63
The Cerebellum Develops From the Rhombic Lips	p. 69
The Rostral Portion of the Neural Tube Gives Rise to the Diencephalon and Cerebral Hemispheres	p. 69
Summary	p. 78
Vasculature of the Central Nervous System and the Cerebrospinal Fluid	p. 81
Neural Tissue Depends on Continuous Arterial Blood Supply	p. 82
The Vertebral and Carotid Arteries Supply Blood to the Central Nervous System	p. 83
The Spinal and Radicular Arteries Supply Blood to the Spinal Cord	p. 85
The Vertebral and Basilar Arteries Supply Blood to the Brain Stem	p. 86
The Internal Carotid Artery Has Four Principal Portions	p. 86
The Anterior and Posterior Circulations Supply the Diencephalon and Cerebral Hemispheres	p. 86
Cerebral Veins Drain Into the Dural Sinuses	p. 92
The Blood-Brain Barrier Isolates the Chemical Environment of the Central Nervous System From That of the Rest of the Body	p. 96
Cerebrospinal Fluid Serves Many Diverse Functions	p. 97
Summary	p. 102
Sensory Systems	p. 105
Spinal Somatic Sensory Systems	p. 107
Functional Anatomy of the Spinal Somatic Sensory Pathways	p. 107
The Dorsal Column--Medial Lemniscal System and the Anterolateral System Mediate Different Somatic Sensations	p. 108
The Two Ascending Somatic Sensory Pathways Each Receive Inputs From Different Classes of Sensory Receptor Neurons	p. 109
The Somatic Sensory Pathways Have Different Relay Nuclei in the Spinal Cord and Brain Stem	p. 109
The Two Ascending Somatic Sensory Pathways Decussate at Different Levels of the Neuraxis	p. 109
The Dorsal Column--Medial Lemniscal and Anterolateral Systems Synapse in Different Brain Stem, Diencephalic, and Cortical Regions	p. 109
Regional Anatomy of the Spinal Somatic Sensory Pathways	p. 111
The Peripheral Axon Terminals of Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons Contain the Somatic Sensory Receptor	p. 114
Dorsal Root Axons With Different Diameters Terminate in Different Central Nervous System Locations	p. 117
The Dorsal Columns Contain Ascending Branches of Mechanoreceptive Sensory Fibers	p. 119
The Somatotopic Organization of the Dorsal Columns Is Revealed in Human Postmortem Specimens	p. 119
The Decussation of the Dorsal Column--Medial Lemniscal System Is in the Caudal Medulla	p. 120
Vascular Lesions of the Medulla Differentially Affect Somatic Sensory Function	p. 124
Descending Pain Suppression Pathways Originate From the Brain Stem	p. 124
Three Separate Nuclei in the Thalamus Process Somatic Sensory Information	p. 125
Several Areas of the Parietal Lobe Process Touch and Proprioceptive Information	p. 126
Limbic and Insular Areas Contain the Cortical Representations of Pain, Itch, and Temperature Sensations	p. 130
Summary	p. 131
Cranial Nerves and the Trigeminal and Viscerosensory Systems	p. 135
Cranial Nerves and Nuclei	p. 135
Important Differences Exist Between the Sensory and Motor Innervation of Cranial Structures and That of the Limbs and Trunk	p. 137
There Are Seven Functional Categories of Cranial Nerves	p. 137
Cranial Nerve Nuclei Are Organized Into Rostrocaudal Columns	p. 140
Functional Anatomy of the Trigeminal and Viscerosensory Systems	p. 140
Separate Trigeminal Pathways Mediate Touch and Pain and Temperature Senses	p. 143
The Viscerosensory System Originates from the Caudal Solitary Nucleus	p. 145
Regional Anatomy of the Trigeminal and Viscerosensory Systems	p. 145
Separate Sensory Roots Innervate Different Parts of the Face and Mucous Membranes of the Head	p. 145
The Key Components of the Trigeminal System Are Present at All Levels of the Brain Stem	p. 146
The Caudal Solitary and Parabrachial Nuclei Are Key Brain Stem Viscerosensory Integrative Centers	p. 155
The Ventral Posterior Nucleus Contains Separate Trigeminal and Spinal Subdivisions and Projects to the Postcentral Gyrus	p. 155
The Thalamic Viscerosensory Relay Nucleus Projects to the Insular Cortex	p. 157
Summary	p. 158
The Visual System	p. 161
Functional Anatomy of the Visual System	p. 161
Anatomically Separate Visual Pathways Mediate Perception and Ocular Reflex Function	p. 161
The Pathway to the Primary Visual Cortex Is Important for Perception of the Form, Color, and Motion of Visual Stimuli	p. 162
The Pathway to the Midbrain Is Important in Voluntary and Reflexive Control of the Eyes	p. 162
Regional Anatomy of the Visual System	p. 162
Optical Properties of the Eye Transform Visual Stimuli	p. 162
The Retina Contains Five Major Layers	p. 165
Each Optic Nerve Contains All of the Axons of Ganglion Cells in the Ipsilateral Retina	p. 169
The Superior Colliculus Is Important in Oculomotor Control and Orientation	p. 169
The Retinotopic Maps in Each Layer of the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus Are Aligned	p. 171
The Primary Visual Cortex Is the Target of Projections From the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus	p. 173
The Magnocellular and Parvocellular Systems Have Differential Laminar Projections in the Primary Visual Cortex	p. 173
The Primary Visual Cortex Has a Columnar Organization	p. 176
Higher-Order Visual Cortical Areas Analyze Distinct Aspects of Visual Stimuli	p. 180
The Visual Field Changes in Characteristic Ways After Damage to the Visual System	p. 184
Summary	p. 187
The Auditory System	p. 191
Functional Anatomy of the Auditory System	p. 192
Parallel Ascending Auditory Pathways May Be Involved in Different Aspects of Hearing	p. 192
Regional Anatomy of the Auditory System	p. 194
The Auditory Sensory Organs Are Located Within the Membranous Labyrinth	p. 194
The Topography of Connections Between Brain Stem Auditory Nuclei Provides Insight Into the Functions of Parallel Ascending Auditory Pathways	p. 196
The Olivocochlear System May Regulate Hair Cell Sensitivity	p. 198
Auditory Brain Stem Axons Ascend in the Lateral Lemniscus	p. 199
The Inferior Colliculus Is Located in the Midbrain Tectum	p. 199
The Medial Geniculate Nucleus Contains a Division That Is Tonotopically Organized	p. 200
The Auditory Cortical Areas Are Located on the Superior Surface of the Temporal Lobe	p. 201
Summary	p. 204
Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell	p. 207
The Gustatory System: Taste	p. 208
The Ascending Gustatory Pathway Projects to the Ipsilateral Insular Cortex	p. 208
Regional Anatomy of the Gustatory System	p. 210
Branches of the Facial, Glossopharyngeal, and Vagus Nerves Innervate Different Parts of the Oral Cavity	p. 210
The Solitary Nucleus Is the First Central Nervous System Relay for Taste	p. 211
The Parvocellular Portion of the Ventral Posterior Medial Nucleus Relays Gustatory Information to the Insular Cortex and Operculum	p. 212
The Olfactory System: Smell	p. 216
The Olfactory Projection to the Cerebral Cortex Does Not Relay in the Thalamus	p. 216
Regional Anatomy of the Olfactory System	p. 216
The Primary Olfactory Neurons Are Located in the Nasal Mucosa	p. 216
The Olfactory Bulb Is the First Central Nervous System Relay for Olfactory Input	p. 219
The Olfactory Bulb Projects to Structures on the Ventral Brain Surface Through the Olfactory Tract	p. 219
The Primary Olfactory Cortex Receives a Direct Input From the Olfactory Bulb	p. 219
Projections From the Olfactory Bulb to the Cortex Have a Parallel Organization	p. 222
Summary	p. 224
Motor Systems	p. 227
Descending Motor Pathways and the Motor Function of the Spinal Cord	p. 229
Functional Anatomy of the Motor Systems and the Descending Motor Pathways	p. 230
Diverse Central Nervous System Structures Comprise the Motor Systems	p. 230
Many Cortical Regions Are Recruited Into Action During Visually Guided Movements	p. 231
There Are Three Functional Classes of Descending Pathways	p. 232
Multiple Parallel Motor Control Pathways Originate From the Cortex and Brain Stem	p. 232
Motor Pathways of the Spinal Cord Have a Hierarchical Organization	p. 232
The Functional Organization of the Descending Pathways Parallels the Somatotopic Organization of the Motor Nuclei in the Ventral Horn	p. 234
Regional Anatomy of the Motor Systems and the Descending Motor Pathways	p. 235
The Cortical Motor Areas Are Located in the Frontal Lobe	p. 239
The Projection From Cortical Motor Regions Passes Through the Internal Capsule En Route to the Brain Stem and Spinal Cord	p. 243
The Corticospinal Tract Courses in the Base of the Midbrain	p. 247
Descending Cortical Fibers Separate Into Small Fascicles in the Ventral Pons	p. 247
The Pontine and Medullary Reticular Formation Gives Rise to the Reticulospinal Tracts	p. 247
The Lateral Corticospinal Tract Decussates in the Caudal Medulla	p. 248
The Intermediate Zone and Ventral Horn of the Spinal Cord Receive Input From the Descending Pathways	p. 248
Lesions of the Descending Cortical Pathway in the Brain and Spinal Cord Produce Flaccid Paralysis Followed by Spasticity	p. 250
Summary	p. 255
Cranial Nerve Motor Nuclei and Brain Stem Motor Functions	p. 259
Organization and Functional Anatomy of Cranial Motor Nuclei	p. 260
There Are Three Columns of Cranial Nerve Motor Nuclei	p. 260
The Cranial Motor Nuclei Are Controlled by the Cerebral Cortex and Diencephalon	p. 260
Neurons in the Somatic Skeletal Motor Column Innervate the Tongue and Extraocular Muscles	p. 260
The Branchiomeric Motor Column Innervates Skeletal Muscles That Develop From the Branchial Arches	p. 263
The Autonomic Motor Column Contains Parasympathetic Preganglionic Neurons	p. 266
Regional Anatomy of Cranial Motor Nuclei	p. 269
Lesion of the Genu of the Internal Capsule Interrupts the Corticobulbar Tract	p. 269
Parasympathetic Neurons in the Midbrain Regulate Pupil Size	p. 270
The Descending Cortical Fibers Break Up Into Small Fascicles in the Pons	p. 273
The Trigeminal Motor Nucleus Is Medial to the Main Trigeminal Sensory Nucleus	p. 273
The Fibers of the Facial Nerve Have a Complex Trajectory Through the Pons	p. 273
The Glossopharyngeal Nerve Enters and Exits From the Rostral Medulla	p. 275
A Level Through the Midmedulla Reveals the Locations of Six Cranial Nerve Nuclei	p. 276
The Spinal Accessory Nucleus Is Located at the Junction of the Spinal Cord and Medulla	p. 277
Summary	p. 278
The Vestibular and Oculomotor Systems	p. 281
Functional Anatomy of the Vestibular System	p. 282
An Ascending Pathway From the Vestibular Nuclei to the Thalamus Is Important for Perception and Orientation	p. 282
The Vestibular Nuclei Have Functionally Distinct Efferent Projections for Axial Muscle Control and Perception	p. 283
Functional Anatomy of the Oculomotor System and the Control of Gaze	p. 283
The Extraocular Motor Neurons Are Located in Three Cranial Nerve Motor Nuclei	p. 283
Voluntary Eye Movement Direction Is Controlled by Neurons in the Frontal Lobe and the Parietal-Temporal-Occipital Association Cortex	p. 283
The Vestibuloocular Reflex Maintains Direction of Gaze During Head Movement	p. 289
Regional Organization of the Vestibular and Oculomotor Systems	p. 289
Vestibular Nerve Fibers Project to the Vestibular Nuclei and the Cerebellum	p. 289
The Vestibular Nuclei Have Functionally Diverse Projections	p. 289
The Extraocular Motor Nuclei Are Located in the Pons and Midbrain	p. 293
Rostral Midbrain Neurons Organize Vertical Saccades	p. 295
Eye Movement Control Involves the Integrated Functions of Many Brain Stem Structures	p. 296
The Ventral Posterior Nucleus of the Thalamus Transmits Vestibular Information to the Parietal and Insular Cortical Areas	p. 298
Multiple Areas of the Cerebral Cortex Function in Eye Movement Control	p. 298
Summary	p. 298
The Cerebellum	p. 301
Gross Anatomy of the Cerebellum	p. 301
Functional Anatomy of the Cerebellum	p. 304
All Three Functional Divisions of the Cerebellum Display a Similar Input-Output Organization	p. 304
Regional Anatomy of the Cerebellum	p. 311
The Intrinsic Circuitry of the Cerebellar Cortex Is Similar for the Different Functional Divisions	p. 312
Spinal Cord and Medullary Sections Reveal Nuclei and Paths Transmitting Somatic Sensory Information to the Cerebellum	p. 315
The Inferior Olivary Nucleus Is the Only Source of Climbing Fibers	p. 318
The Vestibulocerebellum Receives Input From Primary and Secondary Vestibular Neurons	p. 318
The Pontine Nuclei Provide the Major Input to the Cerebrocerebellum	p. 318
The Deep Cerebellar Nuclei Are Located Within the White Matter	p. 319
The Superior Cerebellar Peduncle Decussates in the Caudal Midbrain	p. 319
The Ventrolateral Nucleus Relays Cerebellar Output to the Premotor and Primary Motor Cortical Areas	p. 321
Summary	p. 324
The Basal Ganglia	p. 327
Functional Anatomy of the Basal Ganglia	p. 328
Separate Components of the Basal Ganglia Process Incoming Information and Mediate the Output	p. 328
Parallel Circuits Course Through the Basal Ganglia	p. 330
Knowledge of Basal Ganglia Connections and Neurotransmitters Provides Insight Into Their Function in Health and Disease	p. 330
Regional Anatomy of the Basal Ganglia	p. 334
The Anterior Limb of the Internal Capsule Separates the Head of the Caudate Nucleus From the Putamen	p. 334
Cell Bridges Link the Caudate Nucleus and the Putamen	p. 338
The External Segment of the Globus Pallidus and the Ventral Pallidum Are Separated by the Anterior Commissure	p. 341
The Ansa Lenticularis and the Lenticular Fasciculus Are Output Paths of the Internal Segment of the Globus Pallidus	p. 342
Lesion of the Subthalamic Region Produces Hemiballism	p. 343
The Substantia Nigra Contains Two Anatomical Divisions	p. 343
The Vascular Supply of the Basal Ganglia Is Provided by the Middle Cerebral Artery	p. 346
Summary	p. 347
Integrative Systems	p. 349
The Hypothalamus and Regulation of Endocrine and Visceral Functions	p. 351
Functional Anatomy of the Neuroendocrine Systems	p. 353
The Hypothalamus Is Divided Into Three Functionally Distinct Mediolateral Zones	p. 353
Separate Parvocellular and Magnocellular Neurosecretory Systems Regulate Hormone Release From the Anterior and Posterior Lobes of the Pituitary	p. 355
Functional Anatomy of Autonomic Nervous System Control	p. 358
The Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Divisions of the Authonomic Nervous System Originate From Different Central Nervous System Locations	p. 358
Hypothalamic Nuclei Coordinate Integrated Responses to Body and Environmental Stimuli via Local Circuits and Descending Visceral Motor Pathways	p. 359
Regional Anatomy of the Hypothalamus	p. 363
The Preoptic Area Influences Release of Reproductive Hormones From the Anterior Pituitary	p. 363
The Supraoptic and Paraventricular Nuclei Comprise the Magnocellular Neurosecretory System	p. 364
The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Is the Master Clock for Circadian Rhythms	p. 366
Parvocellular Neurosecretory Neurons Project to the Median Eminence	p. 366
The Posterior Hypothalamus Contains the Mammillary Bodies	p. 367
Neurons in the Lateral Hypothalamic Area Can Have Widespread Effects on Cortical Neuron Function	p. 367
Descending Autonomic Fibers Course in the Periaqueductal Gray Matter and in the Lateral Tegmentum	p. 370
Nuclei in the Pons Are Important for Bladder Control	p. 370
Dorsolateral Brain Stem Lesions Interrupt Descending Sympathetic Fibers	p. 372
Preganglionic Neurons Are Located in the Lateral Intermediate Zone of the Spinal Cord	p. 374
Summary	p. 374
The Limbic System and Cerebral Circuits for Emotions, Learning, and Memory	p. 377
Anatomical and Functional Overview of Neural Systems for Emotions, Learning, and Memory	p. 378
The Limbic Association Cortex Is Located on the Medial Surface of the Frontal, Parietal, and Temporal Lobes	p. 381
The Hippocampal Formation Plays a Role in Memory Consolidation	p. 382
The Amygdala Contains Three Major Functional Divisions	p. 386
Connections Exist Between Components of the Limbic System and the Effector Systems	p. 388
All Major Neurotransmitter Regulatory Systems Have Projections to the Limbic System	p. 389
Regional Anatomy of Neural Systems for Emotions, Learning, and Memory	p. 392
The Nucleus Accumbens and Olfactory Tubercle Comprise Part of the Basal Forebrain	p. 393
Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Systems Have Diffuse Limbic and Neocortical Projections	p. 393
The Cingulum Courses Beneath the Cingulate and Parahippocampal Gyri	p. 394
The Three Nuclear Divisions of the Amygdala Are Revealed in Coronal Section	p. 395
The Hippocampal Formation Is Located in the Floor of the Inferior Horn of the Lateral Ventricle	p. 397
A Sagittal Cut Through the Mammillary Bodies Reveals the Fornix and Mammillothalamic Tract	p. 401
Nuclei in the Brain Stem Link Telencephalic and Diencephalic Limbic Structures With the Autonomic Nervous System and the Spinal Cord	p. 403
Summary	p. 403
Atlas	p. 407
Surface Topography of the Central Nervous System	p. 409
Myelin-Stained Sections Through the Central Nervous System	p. 425
Glossary	p. 489
Index	p. 511
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