The Neurology of AIDS

by Gendelman, Howard E.; Lipton, Stuart A.; Epstein, Leon; Swindells, Susan

• ISBN13: 9780412086311
• ISBN10: 041208631X
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1997-06-01
• Publisher: Hodder Education Publishers

Summary

This book provides a comprehensive coverage of the basic science and clinical aspects of the neurological manifestations of HIV infection. The basic science of HIV, is looked at and mechanisms of the disease are described in detail, as well as animal models, studies on opportunistic infection,and development of experiental drugs. In addition, there is a focus on clinical aspects of neurological complications in the adult patient including information on HIV-associated cognitive motor function, clinical markers of disease progression, neuropathological manifestations, peripheralneuropathy and peripheral nerve function in individuals with HIV. Opportunistic infections associated with HIV (viral and non-viral), neuroradiologic procedures for diagnosis and treatment, and therapeutic information, such as 3-clinical aspects in children, particularly related toneurodevelopmental aspects affected by HIV are looked at and there is special attention paid to maternal-fetal transmission, and therapeutic approaches for children. Finally, the neuropsychological/psychiatric manifestations of HIV-infected patients is examined with particular attention on theassessment of AIDS-related cognitive changes, sleep disturbance, and correlation of neurological problems with substance abuse and/or depression. The management and long-term care of the HIV-infected patient with psychiatric disorders, and methods of psychiatric treatment will also be presented. Theworkup and management of these patients revolves around a variety of healthcare professionals with different perspectives. Internists, neuroradiologists, neurologists and neuropsychologists have all collaborated in developing a uniquely inter-disciplinary discussion of the condition.

Table of Contents

Foreword	xiii	(6)
Preface	xix	(2)
Acknowledgements	xxi	(2)
Contributors	xxiii
The Neuropathogenesis of HIV-1-Dementia: A Panel Discussion	1	(12)
Moderator: Howard E. Gendelman, M.D.
Participants: Lee Eiden, Ph.D.
Leon Epstein, M.D.
Igor Grant, M.D.
Stuart Lipton, M.D., Ph.D.
Justin McArthur, M.B.B.S., M.P.H.
Roger Pomerantz, M.D.
Richard Price, M.D.
Susan Swindells, M.D.
Part I Laboratory and Animal Model Studies of HIV-1 Neuropathogenesis	13	(216)
1. Molecular Biology of HIV-1	13	(23)
Mario Stevenson, Ph.D.
William A. O'Brien, M.D.
2. Viral Receptors and Cellular Mechanisms of HIV-1 Entry into the Central Nervous System	36	(13)
Francisco Gonzalez-Scarano, M.D.
Dennis L. Kolson, M.D., Ph.D.
Andrew V. Albright, B.S.
3. HIV-1 Entry into Brain: Mechanisms for the Infiltration of HIV-1-infected Macrophages Across the Blood-Brain Barrier	49	(12)
Hans S.L.M. Nottet, Ph.D.
Subhash Dhawan, Ph.D.
4. Mononuclear Phagocyte Heterogeneity and the Blood-Brain Barrier: A Model for HIV-1 Neuropathogenesis	61	(12)
William Hickey, M.D.
Kenneth C. Williams, Ph.D.
5. HIV Infection of the Brain: Viruses, Cytokines, and Immune Regulatory Factors Associated with Dementia	73	(13)
Diane E. Griffin, M.D., Ph.D.
6. Laboratory Models for Microglia-HIV Interactions	86	(11)
Anuja Ghorpade, Ph.D.
7. Macrophages in HIV CNS Disease: Microglia as Reservoirs and Perpetrators of HIV CNS Disease	97	(20)
Dennis W. Dickson, M.D.
8. Neurotoxins from HIV-1-Infected Mononuclear Phagocytes	117	(13)
Dana Giulian, M.D., Ph.D.
Christine A. Noonan, Ph.D.
9. Neuroimmunologic Mechanisms for Disease in AIDS: The Role of the Astrocyte	130	(17)
Etty N. Benveniste, Ph.D.
Protul Shrikant, Ph.D.
Holly K. Patton
Dale J. Benos, Ph.D.
10. Astrocytes as Mediators of CNS Injury in AIDS	147	(9)
Katherine Conant, M.D.
Eugene O. Major, Ph.D.
11. Transgenic Models to Assess the Pathogenic Potential of Viral Products in HIV-1-Associated CNS Disease	156	(12)
Stephanie M. Toggas, Ph.D.
Lennart Mucke, M.D.
12. Murine Model Systems for the HIV-Associated Cognitive Motor Complex	168	(11)
Yuri Persidsky, M.D., Ph.D.
William Tyor, M.D.
13. Neurologic Disease Producted by Visna Maedi and Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis Viruses, Lentiviruses of Sheep and Goats	179	(10)
Neal Nathanson, M.D.
14. The SIV/Macaque Model: Unraveling the Mysteries of HIV Encephalitis	189	(12)
Christine Zink, D.V.M., Ph.D.
Darryl L. Carter, M.D.
Maureen T. Flaherty, Ph.D.
Joseph L. Mankowski, D.V.M., Ph.D.
Janice Clements, Ph.D.
15. The SIV-Infected Rhesus Monkey Model for HIV-Associated Encephalopathy in Humans	201	(11)
Lee E. Eiden, Ph.D.
Elisabeth A. Murray
Dianne M. Rausch
16. JC Virus and the Molecular Pathogenesis of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy	212	(17)
Gary L. Gallia
Sidney A. Houff
Kamel Khalili, Ph.D.
Part II Clinical Aspects of HIV Infection of the Nervous System in Adult Subjects	229	(156)
17. Clinical and Biological Features of the AIDS Dementia Complex	229	(12)
Bradford A. Navia, M.D., Ph.D.
Richard W. Price, M.D.
18. HIV-Associated Neuropathology	241	(20)
Herbert Budka, M.D.
19. Neuronal Injury and Apoptosis	261	(14)
Ian Paul Everall, Ph.D., MRCPsych
Francois Gray, M.D.
Eliezer Masliah, M.D.
20. Peripheral Neuropathies Associated with HIV Infection	275	(17)
John W. Griffin, M.D.
Thomas O. Crawford, M.D.
Justin C. McArthur, M.B.B.S., M.P.H.
21. Myopathy in HIV Infection	292	(11)
Michele Tagliati, M.D.
Susan Morgello, M.D.
David M. Simpson, M.D.
22. Neurologic Opportunistic Infections in AIDS	303	(30)
Bruce A. Cohen, M.D.
Joseph R. Berger, M.D.
23. Structural, Functional and Molecular Neuroimaging in AIDS	333	(20)
R. Gilberto Gonzalez, M.D.
Armando Ruiz, M.D.
Irene Tracey, M.D.
James McConnell, M.D.
24. Antiretroviral Therapies for HIV Infection and Implications for Treatment of Neurologic Manifestations: An Overview	353	(11)
David B. Clifford, M.D.
25. Therapy of HIV-1 Infection: A Practical Guide for Providers	364	(13)
Susan Swindells, M.D.
26. Development of Adjunctive Therapies for the Neurologic Manifestations of AIDS: Dementia and Painful Neuropathy	377	(8)
Stuart A. Lipton, M.D., Ph.D.
Karl D. Kieburtz, M.D.
Part III Clinical Aspects of HIV Infection of the Nervous System in Pediatric Subjects	385	(114)
27. Clinical Features of HIV Infection in Children	385	(23)
Mark Mintz, M.D.
28. Neuropathologic Aspects of HIV-1 Infection in Children	408	(11)
Leroy R. Sharer, M.D.
29. HIV-1-Induced Neurotoxicity in the Developing Central Nervous System	419	(6)
Harris A. Gelbard, M.D., Ph.D.
30. Evaluation of Neurodevelopmental Deficits in Children with HIV Infection	425	(18)
Pamela L. Wolters, Ph.D.
Pim Brouwers, Ph.D.
31. HIV-1/SIV Infection of the Fetal and Neonatal Nervous System	443	(14)
Timothy W. Baba, M.D.
Vladimir Liska, M.D.
Ruth Ruprecht, M.D., Ph.D.
32. Psychosocial Aspects of Neurologic Impairment in Children with AIDS	457	(10)
Lori Wiener, M.D., Ph.D.
Richard Granowsky
Cindy Fair
33. Human Herpesvirus Infections of the Central Nervous System in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection	467	(19)
Mary Caserta, M.D.
Caroline Breese Hall, M.D.
34. Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Infection of the Central Nervous System in Children	486	(13)
Brigitta U. Mueller, M.D.
Philip A. Pizzo, M.D.
Part IV Behavioral and Psychiatric Manifestations of HIV Infection	499	(100)
35. HIV Neurocognitive Disorders	499	(25)
Justin C. McArthur, M.B.B.S., M.P.H.
Igor Grant, M.D.
36. Psychiatric Disorders in HIV Infection	524	(12)
Marc Fishman
Constantine Lyketsos
Glenn J. Treisman, M.D., Ph.D.
37. Pain Management in HIV Infection	536	(11)
Matthew Lefkowitz, M.D.
38. Cocaine Abuse in HIV-1 Infections: Implications for Neurologic Diagnosis and Treatment	547	(5)
Michael C. Graves, M.D.
George Bartzokis, M.D.
Milan Fiala, M.D.
39. Substance Abuse and the Management of the Chemically Dependent HIV-Infected Patient	552	(13)
Robert Paul Cabaj, MD.
James William Dotson, M.D.
40. Legal and Ethical Issues of HIV-Induced Dementia	565	(4)
Wade Smith, M.D., Ph.D.
41. Does Coping Make a Difference Among HIV-Infected Individuals?: Research and Clinical Perspectives	569	(13)
Thomas L. Patterson, Ph.D.
Harry Naasz, M.S., M.Div.
William S. Shaw, B.S.
42. AIDS-Related Death Anxiety: A Review of the Literature	582	(14)
Robert A. Neimeyer, Ph.D.
Alan E. Stewart, Ph.D.
43. Neurologic Manifestations of HIV Disease: A Patient's Perspective	596	(3)
Garrett Burton
Index	599