Neurology for the Boards

by Geyer, James D.; Keating, Janice M.; Potts, Daniel C.

• ISBN13: 9780781737197
• ISBN10: 0781737192
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-05-20
• Publisher: LWW

Summary

Thoroughly updated for its Third Edition, Neurology for the Boards provides a comprehensive, methodical review of the neurology material candidates must master for the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology examination. The book equips neurologists and psychiatrists at all levels of training with the up-to-date knowledge required for both certification and recertification exams. Chapters are written in an easy-to-follow outline format that facilitates study and retention. This edition's new co-author, Paul R. Carney, MD, provides greatly expanded coverage of pediatric neurology in each chapter. Coverage of pain disorders--including headache, complex regional pain syndromes, and radiculopathy--has also been expanded.

Table of Contents

Foreword	xv
John N. Whitaker
Preface	xvii
Acknowledgments	xix
Embryology and Development	1	(8)
Divisions
Basal and Alar Plates
Neural Tube Formation
Caudal Neural Tube Formation (Secondary Neurulation)
Disorders of Primary Neurulation
Disorders of Secondary Neurulation-Occult Dysraphic States
Disorders of Prosencephalic Development
Congenital Hydrocephalus
Dandy-Walker Malformation
Neuronal Proliferation and Migration Disorders
Neuronal Migration
Organizational Disorders of the Cortex
Disorders of Myelination
Primitive Reflexes
Normal Developmental Milestones
Anatomy	9	(56)
The Cerebellum and Connections	9	(8)
External Architecture
Internal Architecture
Blood Supply
Functional Considerations and Tracts
Summary Table-Cerebellum and Connections
Thalamus	17	(3)
Function/Functional Subdivisions	17	(1)
Specific Relay Nuclei
Nonspecific Nuclei
Association Nuclei
Subcortical Nuclei
Thalamic Reticular Nucleus	17	(2)
Blood Supply	19	(1)
Posteromedial Arteries (Thalamoperforating)
Posterolateral Arteries (Thalamogeniculate)
Posterior Choroidal Artery
Anterior Choroidal Artery
Clinical Correlates	19	(1)
Thalamic Aphasia
Nondominant Thalamic Lesions
ventral Posterior Lesions
Lateral Geniculate Lesion
Bilateral Thalamic Lesions
Hypothalamus	20	(1)
Anatomy
Clinical Presentations
Limbic System	20	(2)
General Information
Components of the Limbic System
Connections of the Limbic System
Clinical Correlates
The Basal Ganglia	22	(5)
Function
Anatomy
Terminology
Functional Anatomy
Basal Ganglia Connections
The Pallidothalamic Connections (Fields of Forel and Associated Structures)
Connections-Summary
Clinical Application-Diseases of the Basal Ganglia
Cranial Nerves	27	(16)
Introduction-Definition of Functional Components
Cranial Nerve I-Olfactory Nerve
Cranial Nerve II-Optic Nerve
Cranial Nerve III-Ocutomotor Nerve
Cranial Nerve IV Trochlear Nerve
Cranial Nerve V Trigeminal Nerve
Cranial Nerve VI Abducens Nerve
Cranial Nerve VII-Facial Nerve
Cranial Nerve VIII-Vestibulocochlear Nerve
Cranial Nerve IX-Glossopharyngeal
Cranial Nerve X-Vagus Nerve
Cranial Nerve XI Accessory
Cranial Nerve XII-Hypoglossal
Cranial Nerves and Associated Foramina
Spinal Cord Anatomy and Diseases	43	(5)
Epidemiology
Anatomy
Pathology
Localization
Etiologies
Management
The Plexi and Extremities	48	(12)
Brachial Plexus
Peripheral Nerves of the Upper Extremity
Peripheral Nerves of the Lower Extremity
Bladder
Muscle	60	(5)
Anatomy
Muscle Contraction
Energy Sources for Muscle Contraction
Muscle Fiber Types
Motor Units and Control of Muscle Contraction
Muscle Spindles
The Stretch Reflex
Golgi Tendon Organs (GTOs)
Pharmacology	65	(18)
Neurotransmitters and Receptors	65	(7)
Acetylchotine
Norepinephrine (NE)
Dopamine
Serotonin
Glutamate
GABA
Glycine
Taurine
Opioids
Substance P
Axonal Transport
Antidepressants	72	(2)
Depression-General Information
Classification of Antidepressants
Antipsychotics	74	(3)
Classification
General Side Effects
Neurologic Side Effects
Drug-Specific Side Effects
Uses of Neuroleptics
Dopamine Pathways
Positive/Negative Theory of Schizophrenia
Drugs Associated with Nervous System Disorders	77	(6)
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
Benign Intracranial Hypertension
Cerebellar Disorders
Myopathy
Myalgias
Neuromuscular Transmission Abnormalities
Ototoxicity
Nystagmus
Parkinsonism
Physiologic Tremor
Myoclonus
Restless Leg Syndrome
Tics
Dystonia
Chorea
Asterixis
Akathisia
Leukoencephalopathy
Central Nervous System Infections	83	(16)
Bacterial Meningitis
Subdural Empyema
Brain Abscess
viral Meningitis
Atypical Bacterial Infections	85	(1)
Tuberculosis
Leprosy
Mycoplasma
Legionella
Spirochete Infections	86	(1)
Syphilis
Lyme
Viral Diseases	87	(5)
Poliomyelitis
Herpes Zoster [Varicella Zoster (VZV), Shingles]
Herpes Encephalitis
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Tropical Spastic Paraparesis
St. Louis Encephalitis, Eastern Equine Encephalitis
Rabies
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)
Fungal Infections	92	(2)
Cryptococcus
Mucormycosis
Aspergillosis
Coccidioidomycosis
Candidiasis
Prion Diseases	94	(1)
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Gerstmann-Straussler Disease
Kuru
Fatal Familial Insomnia
Parasitic Diseases	95	(4)
Naegleria Fowlerii Meningoencephalitis (PAM)
Toxoplasmosis
Trichinosis
Cysticercosis
Metabolic Disorders	99	(24)
Glycogen Storage Diseases (GSD)	99	(2)
Acid Maltase Deficiency (AMD) (also known as Pompe's Disease)
Muscle Phosphorylase Deficiency (McArdle's Disease) GSD Type V
Muscle Phosphofructokinase Deficiency (Tauri's Disease) GSD Type VII
Lafora's Disease
Glycogen Storage Disease Quick Reference Table
Amino Acid Metabolism	101	(5)
Amino Acidemias
Glutaric Aciduria Type I
Gamma Hydroxybutyric Aciduria
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Nonketotic Hyperglycemia
Urea Cycle Defects
Hartnup Disease Amino Acid Transport Defect
Lowe's Syndrome (Oculocerebrorenal Syndrome)
Maple Syrup Urine Disease
Homocystinuria
Purine Metabolism	106	(1)
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
Lipoprotein Metabolism	106	(2)
Abetalipoproteinemia (Bassen-Kornzweig Disease)
Tangiers's Disease
Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis
Porphyria	108	(1)
Subtypes
General Characteristics
Metal Metabolism	109	(2)
Wilson's Disease (Hepatolenticular Degeneration)
Kinky Hair Disease (Menkes' Disease)
Sphingolipidoses	111	(3)
GM-2 Gangliosidosis
Fabry's Disease
Gaucher Disease
Niemann-Pick Disease
White Matter Diseases	114	(4)
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
Krabbe's Disease (Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy)
Adrenoleukodystrophy (Sudanophilic Cerebral Sclerosis)
Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease (Tigroid Leukodystrophy)
Canavan's Disease
Alexander's Disease
Zellweger's Syndrome
Peripheral Nerve Involvement
White Matter Disease Summary Table
Alcohol	118	(5)
Minor Withdrawal
Alcoholic Hallucinosis
Seizures
Delirium Tremens
Benzodiazepines
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
Alcoholic Cerebellar Degeneration
Alcoholic Polyneuropathy
Marchiafava-Bignami Disease
Central Pontine Myelinolysis
Demyelinating Diseases	123	(8)
Multiple Sclerosis	123	(8)
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathology
Presentation
Clinical Course
Prognosis
Diagnosis
Physical Examination
Imaging
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Evoked Potentials
Treatment
Differential Diagnosis
Cerebrovascular Diseases	131	(14)
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)	131	(1)
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Stroke	131	(11)
Epidemiology
Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF)
Stroke Subtypes
Cortical Localization
Aphasia
vascular Distributions
Stroke in the Young Adult
Evaluation
Treatment
Hemorrhage	142	(3)
Etiology
Location of Hypertensive Hemorrhages
Subdural Hematoma
Epidural Hematoma
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Radiology
Neuro-Oncology	145	(18)
Central Nervous System Tumors and Neuropathology	145	(12)
Introduction
Grading Systems for Astrocytic Tumors
Glial Tumors
Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors (PNET)
Tumors of the Nerve Sheath and Meninges
Neuronal Cell Tumors
Pituitary Tumors
Pineal Region Tumors
Choroid Plexus Tumors
Other Primary CNS Tumors
CNS Tumors---Quick Reference Tables and Lists	157	(3)
Metastatic Tumors
Most Common Tumors by Location
Tumors that Commonly Present Radiographically/Grossly as a Cyst Containing a Mural Nodule
Rosenthal Fibers
Miscellaneous Cellular Alterations of Note (Not Neoplastic)
Nervous System Complications of Chemotherapy
Brain Edema and Herniation Syndromes	160	(3)
Three Types of Brain Edema
Herniation Syndromes
Neuromuscular Diseases	163	(48)
General Approach to Peripheral Neuropathies	163	(5)
Evaluation and Classification
Treatment
Peripheral Neuropathy Syndromes	168	(11)
Acute Ascending Motor Neuropathy with variable Sensory Disturbance
Subacute Sensorimotor Paralysis
Syndrome of Chronic Sensorimotor Polyneuropathy
Syndrome of Hereditary Chronic Polyneuropathy
Acute and Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathies	179	(9)
Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (AIDP) (Guillain-Barre Syndrome)
Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP)
Myasthenic Syndromes	188	(8)
Myasthenia Gravis (MG)
Special Forms of Myasthenia
Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome
Botulism
Myasthenic Syndromes in Childhood	196	(2)
Juvenile Myasthenia
Neonatal Myasthenia
Congenital Myasthenia
Myopathy	198	(9)
Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy
Becker's Muscular Dystrophy
Limb Girdle Dystrophy
Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy
Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy (Humeroperoneal)
Oculopharyngeal Dystrophy
Myotonic Dystrophy
Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy
Myotonia Congenita (Thomsen's Disease)
Central Core Disease
Centronuclear (Myotubular) Myopathy
Nemaline Rod Myopathy
Neuromyotonia (Isaac's Disease)
Stiff Person Syndrome (Moersch-Woltman Syndrome)
Polymyositis
Dermatomyositis
Inclusion Body Myositis
Laboratory Evaluation for Muscle Diseases
Periodic Paralysis Quick Reference Table
Other Periodic Paralysis Subtypes
Dystonia	207	(4)
Dystonia
Treatment
Epilepsy	211	(14)
Seizures	211	(14)
Definitions
Classification
Etiology of Seizures
Evaluation
Treatment
Prognostic Factors for Stopping AEDs
Drug-Drug Interactions
Neonatal Seizures
Neurophysiology	225	(16)
Electroencephalography (EEG)	225	(6)
Origin of the EEG
EEG Recording
Normal Adult EEG
Sleep
Neonatal EEG
Abnormal EEG
Epilepsy
Electrocerebral Silence---EEG Settings and Results
Electromyography (EMG)/Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS)	231	(6)
Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS)
Neuromuscular Junction
Miniature Endplate Potential (MEPP)
End-Plate Potential (EPP)
Motor Unit Potential (MUP)
Compound Motor Action Potential (CMAP)
Compound Nerve Action Potential (CNAP)
Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS)
Electromyography (EMG)
Single-Fiber EMG
Repetitive Nerve Stimulation Test
Evoked Potentials	237	(4)
Visual Evoked Potentials (VEP)
Brain Stem Auditory Evoked Potentials (BAEP)
Somatosensory Evoked Potentials (SSEP)
Central Nervous System Degenerative Disorders	241	(46)
Delirium/Dementia	241	(8)
Definitions
Characteristics of Delirium
Causes of Delirium
Evaluation
Management
Characteristics of Dementia
Relative Frequency of Types
Causes of Dementia
Dementia and Delirium' Quick Reference Table
Dementia Deficits Table
Evaluation
General Management
Central Nervous System Degenerative Diseases	249	(20)
Dementias
Movement Disorders
Inherited Ataxias-Early Onset
Inherited Ataxias Late Onset
Degenerative Diseases of the Spinal Cord-Predominantly Upper Motor Neuron
Degenerative Diseases of the Spinal Cord-Predominantly Lower Motor Neuron
Degenerative Diseases of the Spinal Cord-Mixed Upper and Lower Motor Neuron
Tremor	269	(6)
Definition, Phenomenology, and Classification
Specific Tremor Syndromes
Neurocutaneous Syndromes	275	(4)
Tuberous Sclerosis
Neurofibromatosis Type I (Peripheral)
Neurofibromatosis Type II (Central)
Sturge-Weber Syndrome (Encephalotrigeminal Angiomatosis)
Familial Telangiectasia (Osler-Rendu-Weber Syndrome)
Incontinentia Pigmenti
Von Hippel-Lindau Disease (Hemangioblastoma of the Cerebellum)
Ataxia- Telangiectasia (Louis-Bar Syndrome)
Trinucleotide Repeat Diseases	279	(1)
Basic Principles
Trinucleotide Repeat Diseases
Mitochondrial Disorders	280	(2)
Genetics
Clinical Presentation
Treatment
Normal Age-Related Neurologic Changes	282	(1)
Behavioral Neurology	282	(5)
Aphasia
Dyslexia
Agraphia
Apraxia
Visual Agnosia
Auditory Agnosia
Sensory Agnosia
Transplant Neurology	287	(2)
Transplant Neurology--Complications	287	(2)
Glucocorticoids
Methotrexate
Anti-CD3
Cytarabine
Cyclosporine
FK-506
Graft versus Host Disease (GVHD)
Neuro-Ophthalmology	289	(4)
Ophthalmology	289	(4)
Nystagmus
Cerebellar Lesions
Frontal Lesions
Parietal Lesions
Parinaud's Syndrome
Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome
Miller-Fisher variant of Guillain-Barre Syndrome/Guillain-Barre Syndromes
Pituitary Apoplexy
Argyll-Robertson Syndrome
Balint's Syndrome
Optic Disc Edema
Functional Ophthalmology
Pain	293	(6)
Headache	293	(6)
Headache Classification
Headache Description
Treatment
Indications for Imaging Headache Patients
Neuroimaging	299	(4)
Neuroimaging	299	(4)
CT Density
Computed Tomography (CT) in Stroke
CT in Hemorrhage
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
T1-Weighted Imaging
T2-Weighted Imaging
MRI in Hemorrhage
Ultrasonography
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)
Autoimmune Antibodies	303	(2)
Paraneoplastic Autoantibodies
Peripheral Neuropathy Antibodies
Autonomic Nervous System Testing	305	(2)
Anatomy and Physiology
Valsalva Maneuver
Heart Rate Response to Deep Breathing
Heart Rate Response to Standing
Tilt Table Testing
Blood Pressure Response to Hand Grip
Thermoregulatory Sweat Test
Silastic Imprint Test
Quantitative Sudomotor Axon Reflex Test (QSART)
Head Injury	307	(2)
Glasgow Coma Scale
Diffuse Axonal Injury
Elevated Intracranial Pressure Management
Sleep	309	(2)
Parasomnias
Narcolepsy
Idiopathic Hypersomnia
Appendix	311	(2)
Generalized Convulsive Status Epilepticus	311	(1)
Treatment Protocol
Brain Death Criteria	312	(1)
Prerequisites
Cardinal Features
Optional Confirmatory Tests
Medical Record Documentation
Subject Index	313