The Neurology of Eye Movements

by Leigh, R. John; Zee, David S.

• ISBN13: 9780195129724
• ISBN10: 0195129725
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-04-08
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

The new edition of this highly praised text has been completely rewritten,revised, referenced and expanded, with a new chapter that demonstrates theanatomical substrate for the gaze-hoding network (neural integrator). Otheradvances since the publication of the first edition include new insight into therole of the otolith-ocular reflexes, identification of a pathway for smoothpursuit, elucidation of eye-head movements, and perhaps the most significantadvance in the field, the progress in clinical reports from simple"phenemenology" toward the presentation of pathophysiological mechanisms forobserved abnormalities of eye movements.

Table of Contents

PART I THE PROPERTIES AND NEURAL SUBSTRATE OF EYE MOVEMENTS	3	(318)
1. A SURVEY OF EYE MOVEMENTS: CHARACTERISTICS AND TELEOLOGY	3	(16)
Why Study Eye Movements?	3	(2)
Visual Requirements of Eye Movements	5	(1)
Functional Classes of Eye Movements	5	(1)
Orbital Mechanics: Phasic and Tonic Innervation	6	(2)
Vestibular and Optokinetic Systems	8	(2)
Saccadic System	10	(1)
Smooth Pursuit and Visual Fixation	10	(1)
Combined Movements of the Eyes and Head	11	(1)
Vergence Eye Movements	12	(1)
Three-Dimensional Aspects of Eye Movements	12	(1)
Adaptive Control of Eye Movements	13	(1)
Voluntary Control of Eye Movements	13	(1)
Eye Movements and Spatial Localization	14	(1)
The Scientific Method Applied to the Study of Eye Movements	15	(1)
Summary	15	(4)
2. THE VESTIBULAR-OPTOKINETIC SYSTEM	19	(71)
Function of the Vestibular-Optokinetic System	21	(3)
Anatomy and Physiology of the Peripheral Vestibular System	24	(5)
Brain Stem Elaboration of the Vestibulo-ocular Reflex	29	(7)
Neural Substrate for Optokinetic Responses	36	(1)
Quantitative Aspects of the Vestibular-Optokinetic System	37	(11)
Adaptive Properties of the Vestibulo-ocular Reflex	48	(5)
Vestibulocerebellar Influences on the Vestibulo-ocular Reflex	53	(3)
Vestibular Sensation	56	(1)
Clinical Examination of Vestibular and Optokinetic Function	57	(6)
Laboratory Evaluation of Vestibular and Optokinetic Function	63	(4)
Pathophysiology of Disorders of the Vestibular System	67	(5)
Summary	72	(18)
3. THE SACCADIC SYSTEM	90	(61)
The Purpose of Saccades	90	(1)
Behavior of the Saccadic System	91	(11)
Neurophysiology of Saccadic Eye Movements	102	(24)
Saccades and Movements of the Eyelids	126	(2)
Examination of Saccades	128	(2)
Pathophysiology of Saccadic Abnormalities	130	(4)
Summary	134	(17)
4. SMOOTH PURSUIT AND VISUAL FIXATION	151	(47)
The Purpose of Smooth Pursuit	151	(1)
Visual Fixation	152	(4)
Stimulus for Smooth Pursuit	156	(3)
Quantitative Aspects of Smooth Pursuit	159	(5)
Neural Substrate for Smooth Pursuit	164	(10)
Models of Smooth Pursuit	174	(3)
Clinical Examination of Fixation and Smooth Pursuit	177	(2)
Laboratory Evaluation of Fixation and Smooth Pursuit	179	(1)
Abnormalities of Visual Fixation and Smooth Pursuit	180	(6)
Summary	186	(12)
5. GAZE HOLDING AND THE NEURAL INTEGRATOR	198	(17)
Neural Coding of the Ocular Motor Signal	199	(2)
Quantitative Aspects of Neural Integration	201	(2)
Neural Substrate for Gaze Holding	203	(5)
Clinical Evaluation of Gaze Holding	208	(1)
Abnormalities of the Neural Integrator	209	(2)
Summary	211	(4)
6. SYNTHESIS OF THE COMMAND FOR CONJUGATE EYE MOVEMENTS	215	(48)
Brain Stem Connections for Horizontal Conjugate Movements	215	(6)
Brain Stem Connections for Vertical and Torsional Movements	221	(7)
Cerebellar Influences on Gaze	228	(5)
The Cerebral Hemispheres and Voluntary Control of Eye Movements	233	(17)
Summary	250	(13)
7. EYE-HEAD MOVEMENTS	263	(23)
Stabilization of the Head	263	(2)
Voluntary Control of Eye-Head Movements	265	(8)
Examination of Eye-Head Movements	273	(1)
Laboratory Evaluation of Eye-Head Movements	273	(1)
Disorders of Eye-Head Movement	274	(4)
Summary	278	(8)
8. VERGENCE EYE MOVEMENTS	286	(35)
Stimuli to Vergence Movements	287	(1)
Fusion of Disparity-Induced Vergence	287	(3)
Blur-Induced Vergence	290	(1)
The Near Triad	290	(1)
Interactions between Accommodation and Vergence	291	(1)
Dynamic Properties of Vergence Eye Movements	292	(3)
Neural Substrate of Vergence Movements	295	(5)
Conceptual Models of Supranuclear Control of Vergence	300	(2)
Adaptive Mechanisms to Maintain Ocular Alignment	302	(4)
Examination of Vergence Movements	306	(1)
Abnormalities of Vergence	307	(3)
Summary	310	(11)
PART II: THE DIAGNOSIS OF DISORDERS OF EYE MOVEMENTS	321	(290)
9. DIAGNOSIS OF PERIPHERAL OCULAR MOTOR PALSIES AND STRABISMUS	321	(84)
Anatomy of the Orbital Fascia and the Extraocular Muscles	323	(4)
Structure and Function of Extraocular Muscle	327	(4)
Anatomy of Ocular Motor Nerves and Their Nuclei	331	(5)
Physiologic Basis for Conjugate Movements: Yoke Muscle Pairs	336	(1)
Clinical Testing in Diplopia	337	(7)
Pathophysiology of Some Commonly Encountered Signs in Strabismus	344	(4)
Clinical Features and Diagnosis of Concomitant Strabismus	348	(2)
Clinical Features of Ocular Nerve Palsies	350	(23)
Disorders of the Neuromuscular Junction	373	(6)
Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia and Restrictive Ophthalmopathies	379	(26)
10. DIAGNOSIS OF CENTRAL DISORDERS OF OCULAR MOTILITY	405	(206)
Diagnosis of Nystagmus and Saccadic Intrusions	407	(49)
Treatments for Nystagmus and Saccadic Intrusionsists	456	(7)
Skew Deviation and the Ocular Tilt Reaction (OTR)	463	(2)
Disease of the Vestibular Periphery	465	(14)
Oscillopsia	479	(3)
Ocular Motor Syndromes Caused by Lesions in the Medulla	482	(5)
Ocular Motor Syndromes Caused by Disease of the Cerebellum	487	(10)
Ocular Motor Syndromes Caused by Disease of the Pons	497	(14)
Ocular Motor Syndromes Caused by Lesions of the Mesencephalon	511	(15)
Ocular Motor Syndromes Caused by Lesions in the Superior Colliculus	526	(1)
Ocular Motor Syndromes Caused by Lesions in the Diencephalon	526	(2)
Ocular Motor Abnormalities and Disease of the Basal Ganglia	528	(6)
Ocular Motor Syndromes Caused by Lesions in the Cerebral Hemispheres	534	(14)
Abnormalities of Eye Movements in Patients with Dementia	548	(2)
Eye Movement Disorders in Psychiatric Illnesses	550	(1)
Eye Movements in Stupor and Coma	551	(5)
Ocular Motor Dysfunction and Multiple Sclerosis	556	(2)
Ocular Motor Manifestations of Metabolic and Deficiency Disorders	558	(3)
Effects of Drugs on Eye Movements	561	(50)
Appendix A	611	(3)
Appendix B	614	(3)
Index	617	(28)
CD-ROM Documentation	645