Neuronal Control of Locomotion From Mollusc to Man

by Orlovsky, G. N.; Deliagina, T. G.; Grillner, S.

• ISBN13: 9780198524052
• ISBN10: 0198524056
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-11-18
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

What does the swimming leech have to do with the running human? The ability to move actively in space is essential to members of the animal kingdom, and the evolution of the nervous system relates to a large extent to the evolution of locomotion. The extreme importance of locomotion hasstimulated many studies of the neural mechanisms underlying locomotion across a range of species. For the first time, a group of three leading neurobiologists have undertaken a comparative study of these mechanisms. Neuronal Control of Locomotion: From Mollusc to Man describes how the brains invery diverse and evolutionarily removed species control the animal's locomotion. In doing so, the authors reveal unifying principles of brain function, making it essential reading for students and researchers in neurobiology generally, and motor control in particular. "In my opinion, the authorshave produced a masterful and highly readable exposition on the neural control of locomotion. It is timely and relevant to avant- garde neuroscience. It will have a major impact on the field, and is sure to be referenced well into the second half of the next century." Douglas Stuart, Universityof Arizona College of Medicine

Table of Contents

Part I Locomotion in invertebrates
Swimming in the mollusc Clione limacina based on wing flapping	3	(28)
Motor pattern	3	(2)
Central pattern generator	5	(6)
Half-centre model of the central pattern generator	11	(1)
Output motor stage. Sensory feedback	12	(1)
Activation of the locomotor system and control of speed	13	(5)
Postural orientation and equilibrium control	18	(5)
Integration of locomotion in complex behaviour	23	(6)
Conclusions	29	(2)
Other forms of locomotion in molluscs	31	(17)
Swimming in Tritonia based on whole body flexions	31	(6)
Swimming in Aplysia based on parapodia undulations	37	(3)
Crawling in Aplysia based on propagating pedal waves	40	(3)
Crawling in Planorbis based on ciliary beating	43	(3)
Conclusions	46	(2)
Swimming in the leech	48	(14)
Swim motor pattern	48	(1)
Rhythm generator	49	(2)
Intersegmental coordination	51	(4)
Output motor stage	55	(1)
Command systems	55	(6)
Conclusions	61	(1)
Walking in the crayfish and lobster	62	(12)
Motor pattern in a single leg	62	(1)
Phase shifts between legs	63	(2)
Central pattern generator	65	(1)
Sensory feedback	66	(3)
Output motor stage	69	(1)
Interaction of the central and reflex mechanisms. Functional model of walking	69	(2)
Command neurons	71	(2)
Conclusions	73	(1)
Swimming in the crayfish and lobster	74	(10)
Swim motor pattern	74	(1)
Central pattern generator	74	(3)
Output motor stage and sensory feedback	77	(1)
Command neurons for activation of the swimmeret system	77	(1)
Control of body orientation	78	(3)
Conclusions	81	(3)
Walking in the stick insect and locust	84	(14)
Motor pattern	84	(2)
Central pattern generator	86	(4)
Functional organization of the leg controller	90	(4)
Activation of the locomotor system	94	(1)
Gravity and light orientation	95	(2)
Conclusions	97	(1)
Flying in the locust	98	(15)
Motor pattern	98	(1)
Gross synergy for flying	99	(1)
Central pattern generator	100	(3)
Role of proprioception in flight control	103	(2)
Command systems for flight	105	(5)
Conclusions	110	(3)
Part II Swimming locomotion in lower vertebrates
Swimming in the lamprey	113	(35)
Motor pattern and its origin	113	(4)
Forebrain control of locomotion	117	(2)
Brainstem-spinal cord network circuitry, membrane properties, and ion channels	119	(14)
Command system for initiation of swimming	133	(7)
Control of postural orientation and equilibrium	140	(5)
Lateral turns	145	(1)
Conclusions	146	(2)
Swimming in the toad tadpole	148	(9)
Motor pattern and its origin	148	(1)
Central pattern generator	148	(4)
Initiation of swimming	152	(1)
Conclusions	153	(4)
Part III Quadrupedal locomotion in mammals
General organization of the locomotor control system in the cat	157	(18)
Motor pattern in a single limb	157	(5)
Interlimb coordination	162	(2)
Brainstem-spinal locomotor automatism	164	(3)
Role of the spinal cord in the generation of cyclic movements	167	(7)
Conclusions	174	(1)
Limb controller	175	(30)
Central pattern generators for stepping and scratching	175	(3)
Localization of the rhythm generator	178	(3)
Models of the rhythm generator	181	(8)
Output motor stage and other targets of the rhythm generator	189	(9)
Sensory feedback	198	(5)
Conclusions	203	(2)
Initiation of locomotion	205	(10)
Role of the reticulospinal system in initiation of locomotion	205	(5)
Role of the polysynaptic pathways in the initiation of locomotion	210	(1)
Inputs to the locomotor regions of the brainstem	211	(1)
Control of postural tone	212	(2)
Conclusions	214	(1)
Role of the cerebellum in locomotor coordination	215	(22)
Structures involved in the supraspinal control of hind limb movements	215	(2)
Signals coming from the spinal cord to the cerebellum	217	(6)
Formation of the output cerebellar signals	223	(8)
Signals transmitted via descending tracts and their influences on the locomotor pattern	231	(3)
Conclusions: role of the cerebellum in locomotor coordination	234	(3)
Role of the motor cortex in locomotor coordination	237	(12)
Activity of cortical neurons during locomotion on a flat surface	237	(3)
Effect of perturbation of the locomotor pattern	240	(1)
Visually induced modifications of the locomotor pattern	240	(5)
Conclusions	245	(4)
Part IV Human locomotion
Walking and running in humans	249	(11)
Motor pattern in walking and running	249	(3)
Leg controllers and their activation	252	(2)
Central pattern generator and sensory feedback	254	(2)
Maintenance of equilibrium during locomotion	256	(2)
Conclusions	258	(2)
General conclusions	260	(3)
References	263	(54)
Index	317