NeuroPET

by Herholz, Karl; Herscovitch, Peter; Heiss, W. D.

• ISBN13: 9783540006916
• ISBN10: 3540006915
• Edition: CD
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-08-01
• Publisher: Springer Nature

Summary

Neurological applications of PET include using it to identify Alzheimer's Disease, including differentiating between other forms of Dementia, to show causes of seizures that were otherwise unclear, and to diagnose psychiatric disorders like Schizophrenia. Although other books on PET may have a chapter or section on neurological applications, this is the only comprehensive and up-to-date book on neurological PET. It reviews PET in neuroscience with particular emphasis on findings that indicate its potential for improving diagnosis and treatment in neurology and psychiatry. Improving the transfer of the huge scientific developments in brain PET into clinical care will produce tangible human benefit. To this end, NeuroPET focuses on practical and potentially clinically relevant issues and identify solid ground as well as open questions. In addition, the book includes major chapters on the methodological background, including tracer physiology and kinetic modeling, and a comprehensive literature review. Included in this extremely useful package is a CD-ROM that features video clips and interactive navigation in 3D data sets that illustrate the information contained in PET images in major neurological diseases and its potential to improve diagnosis and neurosurgical planning in brain tumors.

Table of Contents

1 Introduction	1	(6)
2 Clinical Studies	7	(136)
2.1 Dementia and Memory Disorders	7	(25)
2.1.1 Clinical and Research Issues	7	(2)
2.1.2 Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment	9	(15)
2.1.2.1 Cerebral Glucose Metabolism	9	(11)
2.1.2.2 Cholinergic Degeneration	20	(2)
2.1.2.3 Other Receptors and Transmitters	22	(1)
2.1.2.4 Amyloid Imaging	22	(1)
2.1.2.5 Activation Studies	23	(1)
2.1.3 Dementia with Lewy Bodies	24	(1)
2.1.4 Frontotemporal Dementia and Related Disorders	25	(3)
2.1.5 Vascular Dementia	28	(2)
2.1.6 Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease	30	(1)
2.1.7 Other Memory Disorders	31	(1)
2.1.7.1 Hypoxic and Global Ischemic Brain Damage	31	(1)
2.1.7.2 Other Amnesic Syndromes	31	(1)
2.2 Movement Disorders	32	(31)
2.2.1 Idiopathic Parkinson Disease	35	(13)
2.2.1.1 Diagnostic Issues	35	(2)
2.2.1.2 Dopamine Synthesis	37	(2)
2.2.1.3 Dopamine Release and Turnover	39	(1)
2.2.1.4 Dopamine Transporters	39	(1)
2.2.1.5 Vesicular Monoamine Transporter	40	(1)
2.2.1.6 Dopamine Receptors	40	(1)
2.2.1.7 Mesocortical Dopaminergic Innervation	41	(1)
2.2.1.8 Other Transmitters	41	(1)
2.2.1.9 Resting Glucose Metabolism	41	(1)
2.2.1.10 Activation Studies	42	(1)
2.2.1.11 Familial PD	42	(2)
2.2.1.12 Disease Progression	44	(1)
2.2.1.13 Depression in PD	45	(1)
2.2.1.14 Improving and Understanding Treatment Effects	45	(3)
2.2.2 Multiple System Atrophy	48	(4)
2.2.2.1 Olivo-ponto-cerebellar Atrophy	49	(1)
2.2.2.2 Striatonigral Degeneration	50	(1)
2.2.2.3 Shy-Drager Syndrome	50	(2)
2.2.3 Other Neurodegenerative Disorders	52	(4)
2.2.3.1 Progressive Supranuclear Palsy	52	(1)
2.2.3.2 Corticobasal Degeneration	53	(2)
2.2.3.3 Disorders with Abnormal Deposition of Metals	55	(1)
2.2.3.4 Parkinsonism Attributable to Toxic and Inflammatory Brain Damage	55	(1)
2.2.3.5 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis	56	(1)
2.2.3.6 Other Rare Disorders	56	(1)
2.2.4 Hyperkinetic Syndromes	56	(4)
2.2.4.1 Huntington's Chorea (Huntington Disease)	56	(2)
2.2.4.2 Other Choreic Disorders	58	(1)
2.2.4.3 Restless Legs Syndrome	58	(1)
2.2.4.4 Essential and Orthostatic Tremor	59	(1)
2.2.4.5 Tourette Syndrome	59	(1)
2.2.5 Dystonia and Related Disorders	60	(1)
2.2.5.1 Idiopathic Dystonia and Torticollis	60	(1)
2.2.5.2 DOPA-responsive Dystonia	61	(1)
2.2.5.3 Dystonia Attributable to Localized Lesions or Degeneration	61	(1)
2.2.6 Ataxia	61	(3)
2.2.6.1 Spinocerebellar Ataxia	62	(1)
2.2.6.2 Friedreich's Ataxia	63	(1)
2.2.6.3 Other Ataxias	63	(1)
2.3 Brain Tumors	63	(1)
2.3.1 Biological Grading	64	(22)
2.3.1.1 Glucose Consumption	64	(4)
2.3.1.2 Amino Acid Uptake	68	(3)
2.3.1.3 Nucleoside Uptake	71	(1)
2.3.2 PET-Guided Stereotactic Biopsy	71	(1)
2.3.3 Differentiation Between Recurrent Tumor and Radiation Necrosis	71	(2)
2.3.4 Monitoring of Therapy	73	(4)
2.3.5 Identification of Hypoxic Tumor Tissue	77	(1)
2.3.6 Improving and Planning Therapy	77	(2)
2.3.7 New Therapies	79	(1)
2.3.8 Other Tracers for Brain Tumors	80	(1)
2.3.9 Extracranial Tumors of the Nervous System	80	(1)
2.3.10 Detection of Primary Tumors	81	(1)
2.3.11 Activation Studies	81	(5)
2.3.11.1 Motor Function	82	(2)
2.3.11.2 Language	84	(2)
2.4 Cerebrovascular Disease	86	(14)
2.4.1 Ischemic Stroke	87	(2)
2.4.2 Intracerebral and Subdural Hemorrhage	89	(1)
2.4.3 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage	90	(1)
2.4.4 Remote Effects (Diaschisis)	90	(3)
2.4.5 Chronic Hemodynamic Impairment	93	(2)
2.4.6 Moyamoya Disease	95	(1)
2.4.7 Genetic Disorders (MELAS, CADASIL)	95	(1)
2.4.8 Brain Function and Recovery After Stroke	95	(5)
2.4.8.1 Aphasia	96	(2)
2.4.8.2 Motor Function	98	(1)
2.4.8.3 Neglect	99	(1)
2.5 Epilepsy	100	(13)
2.5.1 Localization of Epileptogenic Foci	101	(8)
2.5.1.1 Temporal Lobe Epilepsy	101	(4)
2.5.1.2 Neocortical Focal Epilepsy	105	(1)
2.5.1.3 Ictal Studies	105	(1)
2.5.1.4 GABA-A and Benzodiazepine Receptors	106	(1)
2.5.1.5 Other Transmitters and Receptors	107	(1)
2.5.1.6 Inflammatory Lesions and Glial Reaction	108	(1)
2.5.2 Progression of Epileptic Lesions	109	(1)
2.5.3 Prediction of Surgical Outcome	109	(1)
2.5.4 Malformations of Cortical Development	109	(2)
2.5.5 Childhood Epileptic Syndromes	111	(1)
2.5.6 Language Dominance	112	(1)
2.5.7 Effects of Surgical Intervention and Medical Treatment	112	(1)
2.5.8 Generalized Epilepsy	113	(1)
2.6 Other Neurological Disorders	113	(10)
2.6.1 Traumatic Brain Injury	113	(1)
2.6.2 Persistent Vegetative State	114	(1)
2.6.3 Perinatal Brain Damage	115	(2)
2.6.4 Inflammatory Disease	117	(2)
2.6.5 Pain	119	(2)
2.6.6 Migraine and Cluster Headache	121	(1)
2.6.7 Narcolepsy	122	(1)
2.6.8 Hypoparathyroidism (Fahr's Disease)	122	(1)
2.6.9 Systemic Inherited Metabolic Disorders	122	(1)
2.7 Psychiatric Disorders	123	(29)
2.7.1 Depression	124	(4)
2.7.1.1 Cerebral Blood Flow and Cerebral Metabolic Rate (Glucose)	125	(2)
2.7.1.2 Serotonin Receptors	127	(1)
2.7.1.3 Serotonin Transporters	128	(1)
2.7.1.4 Other Transmitter Systems	128	(1)
2.7.2 Fatigue	128	(1)
2.7.3 Schizophrenia	129	(2)
2.7.3.1 CBF and Energy Metabolism	129	(1)
2.7.3.2 Activation Studies	129	(1)
2.7.3.3 Dopamine Receptors and Dopamine Release	130	(1)
2.7.3.4 Other Receptors	131	(1)
2.7.3.5 Receptor Binding of Antipsychotic Drugs	131	(1)
2.7.4 Anxiety Disorders	131	(4)
2.7.4.1 Panic Disorder	132	(1)
2.7.4.2 Phobic Disorders	132	(1)
2.7.4.3 Obsessive-compulsive Disorder	133	(1)
2.7.4.4 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder	134	(1)
2.7.5 Drug and Substance Abuse	135	(6)
2.7.5.1 Alcoholism	135	(1)
2.7.5.2 Cocaine	136	(2)
2.7.5.3 Amphetamine and Derivatives	138	(1)
2.7.5.4 Opiates	139	(1)
2.7.5.5 Nicotine	140	(1)
2.7.5.6 Hallucinogens	140	(1)
2.7.5.7 Phencyclidine	140	(1)
2.7.6 Personality and Behavioral Disorders	141	(1)
2.7.6.1 Borderline Personality Disorder	141	(1)
2.7.6.2 Violence and Suicide	141	(1)
2.7.7 Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia	142	(1)
3 Imaging Brain Function	143	(1)
3.1 Blood-Brain Barrier Transfer	143	(4)
3.2 Cerebral Blood Flow	147	(2)
3.3 Oxygen Consumption	149	(1)
3.4 Glucose Consumption	150	(2)
3.5 Influence of Brain Function on CBF and Metabolism	152	(35)
3.5.1 Wakefulness and Sleep	153	(1)
3.5.2 Effect of Drugs	153	(1)
3.5.3 The "Resting State"	154	(1)
3.5.4 Activation Studies	155	(1)
3.6 Tissue Oxygen Pressure and pH	156	(1)
3.7 Amino Acid Transport and Protein Synthesis	156	(1)
3.7.1 Transport-only Tracers	157	(1)
3.7.2 Tracers with Incorporation into Proteins	158	(2)
3.7.3 Precursors and Analogues for Transmitter Systems	160	(1)
3.8 Nucleosides and DNA Synthesis	160	(1)
3.9 Molecular Imaging	161	(2)
3.9.1 Herpes Simplex Virus Thymidine Kinase Imaging	163	(1)
3.9.2 Reporter Gene Imaging	164	(1)
3.9.3 Oligonucleotides	164	(1)
3.9.4 Apoptosis and p53	164	(1)
3.9.5 Cell Trafficking	164	(1)
3.9.6 Angiogenesis	165	(1)
3.10 Dopamine System	165	(8)
3.10.1 Precursors and Analogues of Dopamine	165	(2)
3.10.2 Dopamine Transporter	167	(1)
3.10.3 Vesicular Monoamine Transporter	168	(1)
3.10.4 D1 Receptors	169	(1)
3.10.5 D2 Receptors	169	(1)
3.10.6 Studies of Synaptic Dopamine Release	170	(2)
3.10.7 Monoamine Oxidase	172	(1)
3.11 Cholinergic System	173	(3)
3.11.1 Acetylcholine Synthesis	173	(1)
3.11.2 Vesicular Acetylcholine Transporter	173	(1)
3.11.3 Nicotinic Receptors	173	(1)
3.11.4 Muscarinic Receptors	174	(1)
3.11.5 Acetylcholine Esterase	174	(2)
3.12 Serotonin System	176	(4)
3.12.1 Serotonin Precursors	176	(1)
3.12.2 Serotonin Transporter	177	(1)
3.12.3 Serotonin Receptors	177	(3)
3.12.3.1 Serotonin 1A Receptors	177	(3)
3.12.3.2 Serotonin 2A Receptors	180	(1)
3.13 Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)	180	(2)
3.13.1 Central Benzodiazepine-binding Sites	181	(1)
3.13.2 Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptors	181	(1)
3.14 Glutamate and NMDA Receptors	182	(1)
3.15 Adenosine Receptors	182	(1)
3.16 Histamine Receptors	182	(1)
3.17 Cannabinoid Receptors	183	(1)
3.18 Opioid Receptors and Sigma Receptor	183	(1)
3.19 Steroid Receptors	184	(1)
3.20 Substance P	184	(1)
3.21 Secondary Neurotransmitters	185	(2)
4 Data Acquisition, Reconstruction, Modeling, Statistics	187	(1)
4.1 Positron Emitters and Tracers	187	(2)
4.2 Scanners and Detector Systems	189	(2)
4.3 Data Acquisition	191	(1)
4.4 Image Reconstruction	192	(2)
4.5 Motion Detection and Correction	194	(1)
4.6 Data Visualization	194	(1)
4.7 Image Coregistration	195	(40)
4.7.1 Fiducial Markers	196	(1)
4.7.2 Matching of Brain Structures	197	(1)
4.7.3 Algorithms for Maximization of Similarity	198	(1)
4.7.4 PET/CT and PET/MRI Scanners	199	(1)
4.8 Anatomical Standardization	200	(1)
4.8.1 Orientation of Transaxial Slices	200	(1)
4.8.2 Matching of Individual Brains to Image Templates ("Spatial Normalization")	201	(1)
4.8.3 Atlases for Identification of Anatomical Structures	202	(1)
4.9 Physiological Modeling	203	(2)
4.9.1 Blood and Homogeneous Tissue (One Tissue Compartment)	205	(7)
4.9.1.1 Transport across the BBB	206	(1)
4.9.1.2 Cerebral Blood Flow	207	(4)
4.9.1.3 Mixed Effects of Transport and Blood Flow	211	(1)
4.9.1.4 Measurement of the Partition Coefficient	211	(1)
4.9.1.5 Saturable Transport and Enzyme Reactions	212	(1)
4.9.2 Metabolism	212	(6)
4.9.2.1 Irreversible Metabolism (Metabolic Trapping)	213	(1)
4.9.2.2 Measurement of Local Cerebral Glucose Metabolism	214	(2)
4.9.2.3 The Reference Tissue Model for Dopamine Synthesis and Storage	216	(1)
4.9.2.4 Reversible Metabolism or Binding	217	(1)
4.9.3 Receptor Binding	218	(4)
4.9.3.1 Irreversible Receptor Binding	219	(1)
4.9.3.2 Equilibrium Approaches for Quantification of Reversible Receptor Binding	220	(2)
4.9.4 Extraction of Model Parameters from Kinetic Data	222	(1)
4.10 Quantitative Data Analysis	223	(12)
4.10.1 Regions/Volumes of Interest	225	(1)
4.10.2 Partial Volume Correction	226	(1)
4.10.3 Statistical Models for Quantitative Data	227	(4)
4.10.4 Parametric Imaging	231	(1)
4.10.5 Statistical Parametric Mapping	232	(1)
4.10.6 Lesion Detection and Pattern Recognition	233	(2)
References	235	(50)
Subject Index	285